Search

The history of the book is everywhere, so widely diffused that it merits comparison with the famously elusive Scarlet Pimpernel, whose pursuers sought him without success. Like that figure, book history passes among us in disguise, reluctant to reveal its presence even as it gains ever-greater recognition. In some quarters, it lurks within the domain of bibliography, a field of scholarship dedicated to describing the histories of printed texts and, in the service of this enterprise, concerned with the details of book-making. Elsewhere, book history installs itself within descriptions of libraries and education, sharing, with the first of these, a concern for how old books were accumulated and classified and, with the second, for the many ramifications of literacy and the fashioning of schoolbooks. Together with the history of journalism it studies how news was disseminated and ponders the significance of periodicals, be these newspapers or magazines. Political history has been another convenient site of disguise in the wake of efforts to connect the public sphere and concepts of nation with the emergence of print culture. And, of course, book history has enjoyed a long and fruitful kinship with literary history, a relationship freshly energized in recent decades as literary historians turned to describing the rise and remaking of a canon and to emphasizing the mediations that all texts undergo—the “sociology of texts,” to borrow a phrase made famous by D. F. McKenzie. To this list we can add the version of intellectual history that reconstructs the reading of a person or group and employs this data to generalize about the coming of the Enlightenment and similar formations.

George M. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003) Robert E. Brown, Jonathan Edwards and the Bible (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002) Avihu Zakai, Jonathan Edwards's Philosophy of History: The Re-enchantment of the World in the Age of Enlightenment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003) Amy Plantinga Pauw, “The Supreme Harmony of All”: The Trinitarian Theology of Jonathan Edwards (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2002) We play tricks on the past, but the past also plays tricks on us. We try to fool the past by reconstructing it in our own image, imposing order and significance on the untidy sources we depend upon. The trick the past plays on us is to remain defiantly strange, ever able to expose what it is that our gestures of sympathetic reconstruction have altered, ignored, or suppressed.

A simple methodology for assessing the predictive ability of critical heat flux (CHF) correlations applicable to subcooled flow boiling in a uniformly heated vertical tube is developed. Popular correlations published in handbooks and review articles as well as the most recent correlations are analyzed with the PU-BTPFL CHF database, which contains 29 718 CHF data points. This database is the largest collection of CHF data (vertical upflow of water in a uniformly heated round tube) ever cited in the world literature. The parametric ranges of the CHF database are diameters from 0.3 to 45 mm, length-to-diameter ratios from 2 to 2484, mass velocities from 0.01 × 103to 138 × 103kg/m2·s, pressures from 1 to 223 bars, inlet subcoolings from 0 to 347°C, inlet qualities from −2.63 to 0.00, outlet subcoolings from 0 to 305°C, outlet qualities from −2.13 to 1.00, and CHFs from 0.05 × 106to 276 × 106W/m2. The database contains 4357 data points having a subcooled outlet condition at CHF. A correlation published elsewhere is the most accurate in both low- and high-mass velocity regions, having been developed with a larger database than most correlations. In general, CHF correlations developed from data covering a limited range of flow conditions cannot be extended to other flow conditions without much uncertainty.

Cooling of an age-hardenable aluminum alloy after the high temperature forming process influences the metallurgical structure and, hence, the mechanical properties of the part. An intelligent spray quenching system is proposed which selects the optimal spray nozzle configuration based on part geometry and composition such that the quenched part attains superior mechanical properties. The present study demonstrates a method for maximizing the magnitude and uniformity of hardness (and yield strength) and qualitatively minimizing residual stresses within the quenched part by manipulation of spray intensity and hydrodynamic characteristics. Furthermore, the quenching of a complex-shaped alloy with multiple, partially overlapping sprays was successfully modeled using spray heat transfer correlations as boundary conditions within a finite element program. The results of this study facilitate the eventual incorporation of optimization techniques such that the nozzle configuration for a given part can be selected prior to quenching, thus achieving superior part quality with minimal costs.