75 results on '"Harder, S."'
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2. Strongly reducing magnesium(0) complexes
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Rösch, B., Gentner, T. X., Eyselein, J., Langer, J., Elsen, H., and Harder, S.
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A complex of a metal in its zero oxidation state can be considered a stabilized, but highly reactive, form of a single metal atom. Such complexes are common for the more noble transition metals. Although rare examples are known for electronegative late-main-group p-block metals or semimetals1–6, it is a challenge to isolate early-main-group s-block metals in their zero oxidation state7–11. This is directly related to their very low electronegativity and strong tendency to oxidize. Here we present examples of zero-oxidation-state magnesium (that is, magnesium(0)) complexes that are stabilized by superbulky, monoanionic, β-diketiminate ligands. Whereas the reactivity of an organomagnesium compound is typically defined by the nucleophilicity of its organic groups and the electrophilicity of Mg2+cations, the Mg0complexes reported here feature electron-rich Mg centres that are nucleophilic and strongly reducing. The latter property is exemplified by the ability to reduce Na+to Na0. We also present a complex with a linear Mg3core that formally could be described as a MgI–Mg0–MgIunit. Such multinuclear mixed-valence Mgnclusters are discussed as fleeting intermediates during the early stages of Grignard reagent formation. Their remarkably strong reducing power implies a rich reactivity and application as specialized reducing agents.
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- 2021
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3. Osseointegration of dental implants in ectopic engineered bone in three different scaffold materials.
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Naujokat, H., Açil, Y., Harder, S., Lipp, M., Böhrnsen, F., and Wiltfang, J.
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OSSEOINTEGRATED dental implants ,DENTAL implants ,OSSEOINTEGRATION ,BONE morphogenetic proteins ,BONE grafting ,BONE regeneration ,OMENTUM - Abstract
The in vivo regeneration of bone flaps might be an alternative to autogenous bone grafting. The first human case of mandibular reconstruction using the greater omentum as a bioreactor was reported in 2016. However, whether engineered bone will support the osseointegration of dental implants has not yet been investigated. In this study, bone tissue engineering was performed in the greater omentum of nine miniature pigs using bone morphogenetic protein 2, bone marrow aspirate, and three different scaffolds: hydroxyapatite, biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), and titanium. After 8 weeks, two implants were placed in each scaffold; after another 8 weeks, the bone blocks were harvested for radiographic, histological, and histomorphometric analysis. All implants exhibited sufficient primary stability, and the success rate was 100%. The bone-to-implant contact ratios (BICs) were 38.2%, 68.5%, and 42.9%; the inter-thread bone densities were 29.4%, 64.9%, and 33.5%; and the peri-implant bone-scaffold densities were 56.4%, 87.6%, and 68.6% in the hydroxyapatite, BCP, and titanium groups, respectively. The BIC showed a strong correlation (r = 0.76) with the peri-implant bone-scaffold density. This study shows that de novo engineered bone leads to successful osseointegration and therefore may allow implant-based prosthodontic rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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4. Estimating the point spread function of the adaptive optics system ADONIS using the wavefront sensor measurements
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Harder, S., Chelli, A., Harder, S., and Chelli, A.
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Adaptive Optics (AO) has been developed to compensate the wavefront deformation due to the atmospheric turbulence. The wavefront correction, however, is often only partial and a residual blur is present in a long exposure image. It is therefore important to deconvolve the image to do accurate photometry or to detect faint structures. For this, the point spread function (PSF) has to be known. The PSF is highly variable in time and difficult to calibrate. We developed an algorithm which reconstructs the PSF of the ADONIS AO system from the wavefront sensor measurements. We present the results obtained for different observing conditions and discuss the limits of the method. We prove the existence of a local non-stationary turbulence from analyzing the spatial and temporal behaviour of the turbulent phase. We found difficult to achieve photometric precision higher than 5 to 10% on secondary components of multiple systems with flux ratio larger than 4.
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- 2000
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5. Gold Complexes for Focused-Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition.
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van Dorp, W. F., Wu, X., Mulders, J. J. L., Harder, S., Rudolf, P., and De Hosson, J. T.M.
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- 2014
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6. Anticoagulant dosing in renal impairment
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Harder, S.
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- 2015
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7. CCD photometry of YY Orionis stars*
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Harder, S., Bertout, C., Mennessier, C., Harder, S., Bertout, C., and Mennessier, C.
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Photometric UBVRIobservations of the YY Orionis stars YY Ori, SY Ori, CE Ori, NS Ori and XX Ori are presented. The luminosity of all stars is variable on a timescale of a few days. This variation is rather irregular and no periodic variability was observed in the present data sets. The $V-I$and $V-R$colors become redder when the stars become fainter, suggesting that inhomogeneous surface temperature distributions are responsible for the observed irregular variability. Two stars located in the vicinity of our program stars and observed in the same frames turned out to be variable. They were identified as V481 Ori and AO Ori. We report a periodic modulation of the V481 Ori light curve with a period of 4.9 days.
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- 1998
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8. 3D-geplante schablonengeführte Implantologie
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Harder, S.
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Zusammenfassung: Hohe Überlebensraten (> 90%) dentaler Implantate nach erfolgreicher Osseointegration im zahnlosen und teilbezahnten Kiefer begründen den vielfältigen und breiten Einsatz von Implantaten zum Ersatz fehlender oder verloren gegangener Zähne. Ästhetische oder funktionelle Misserfolge sind häufig auf eine ungünstige oder falsch gewählte Implantatposition zurückzuführen. Um Fehler in der Positionierung der Implantate zu vermeiden, sind die sorgfältige Planung und Diagnostik implantatprothetischer Behandlungen unverzichtbar. Mit der Technik der 3D-Planung und der schablonengeführten Implantation wird heute die optimale Implantatpositionierung im Hinblick auf die spätere prothetische Versorgung im Sinne des „backward planning“ und hinsichtlich der vorhandenen anatomischen Voraussetzungen des Patienten ermöglicht. Der vorliegende Beitrag informiert über die klinischen sowie labortechnischen Abläufe der 3D-geplanten und schablonengeführten Implantation. Indikationen und Anwendungsbeschränkungen der 3D-Planung im Rahmen implantatprothetischer Versorgungen werden diskutiert.
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- 2012
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9. Effects of selective COX‐2 inhibition on prostanoids and platelet physiology in young healthy volunteers
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GRAFF, J., SKARKE, C., KLINKHARDT, U., WATZER, B., HARDER, S., SEYBERTH, H., GEISSLINGER, G., and NÜSING, R.M.
- Abstract
Background: Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) called coxibs, are effective anti‐inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Recently, these drugs were associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction and atherothrombotic events. The hypothesis of thromboxane‐prostacyclin imbalance has been preferred to explain these unwanted effects. Methods: We studied the effects of 14 days intake of rofecoxib (25 mg q.d.), celecoxib (200 mg b.i.d.), naproxen (500 mg b.i.d.) and placebo in a randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled study in young healthy volunteers (median age 25–30 years, each group n =10). We assessed prostanoid metabolite excretion (PGE‐M, TXB2, 6‐keto‐PGF1α, 11‐dehydro‐TXB2, 2,3‐dinor‐TXB2, and dinor‐6‐keto‐PGF1α), the expression of platelet activation markers (CD62P, PAC‐1, fibrinogen), platelet‐leukocyte formation, the endogenous thrombin potential, platelet cAMP content and plasma thrombomodulin level. Results: Naproxen suppressed biosynthesis of PGE‐M, prostacyclin metabolites and thromboxane metabolites and thrombomodulin levels. In contrast, both coxibs had an inhibitory effect only on PGE‐M, 6‐keto‐PGF1α, and on dinor‐6‐keto‐PGF1α, whereas TXB2, 2,3‐dinor‐TXB2and 11‐dehydro‐TXB2excretion were unaffected. None of the coxibs exerted significant effects on the expression of platelet activation markers, cAMP generation, platelet‐leukocyte formation, or on thrombomodulin plasma levels. Interestingly, platelet TXB2release during aggregation was enhanced after coxib treatment following arachidonic acid or collagen stimulation. Conclusion: In young healthy volunteers coxibs inhibit systemic PGE2and PGI2synthesis. Platelet function and expression of platelet aggregation markers are not affected; however, coxibs can stimulate TXB2release from activated platelets. Combined decrease in vasodilatory PGE2and PGI2together with increased TXA2in proaggregatory conditions may contribute to coxib side effects.
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- 2007
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10. Syntheses and Structures of Homoleptic Lanthanide Complexes with Chelating o-Dimethylaminobenzyl Ligands: Key Precursors in Lanthanide Chemistry
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Harder, S.
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Reaction of o-Me
2 N-C6 H4 CH2 K with YCl3 in THF yielded (o-Me2 N-C6 H4 CH2 )3 Y (5-Y ) in the form of light yellow crystalline plates (59% yield). The crystal structure shows three bidendate benzyl ligands bound to Y, which has a prismatic coordination sphere. The La analogue (5-La ) was prepared similarly (41% crystalline yield) and is isostructural to5-Y , but shows more extensive multihapto bonding of the benzyl ligand to the larger metal (short aryl−La interactions). Attempted synthesis of (o-Me3 Si-C6 H4 CH2 )3 La from o-Me3 Si-C6 H4 CH2 K and LaCl3 unexpectedly gave [(o-Me3 Si-C6 H4 CH2 )4 La-][Li+·(THF)4 ] (32% crystalline yield), the source of the Li+ ion being impure o-Me3 Si-C6 H4 CH2 K. Crystal structure determination revealed the (o-Me3 Si-C6 H4 CH2 )4 La- ion in which La has a distorted tetrahedral coordination sphere. The complexes (o-Me2 N-C6 H4 CH2 )3 Y and (o-Me2 N-C6 H4 CH2 )3 La show extraordinary thermal stability, but also sufficient reactivity in deprotonation of 9-t-BuN(H)SiMe2 -fluorene. The product, (9-t-BuNSiMe2 -fluorenyl)(o-Me2 N-benzyl)Y·(THF) (7 ; 85% crystalline yield), shows a monomeric crystal structure with allylic coordination of the fluorenyl ring and bidentate coordination of the benzyl ligand. This complex was successfully hydrogenated with molecular H2 (10 bar) to yield the dimer [(9-t-BuNSiMe2 -fluorenyl)YH·(THF)2 ]2 (8 ; 84% crystalline yield), in which the fluorenyl part of the ligand is bound to Y only in η1-fashion.- Published
- 2005
11. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Simple Dibenzylcalcium Complexes: Useful Reagents in the Preparation of Calcium Compounds
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Harder, S., Muller, S., and Hubner, E.
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Synthetic routes to dibenzylcalcium or para-substituted dibenzylcalcium complexes are described. Crystal structures of trans-(p-tBu-benzyl)
2 Ca·(THF)4 and cis-(benzyl)2 Ca·(THF)4 show similar Ca−C and Ca−O bond distances. The observation of different geometries (cis/trans) is explained by packing effects (DFT methods calculate less than 2 kcal/mol energy difference between cis- and trans-geometries). The strongly basic dibenzylcalcium complexes are useful precursors in calcium chemistry. Triphenylmethane was deprotonated, and the highly symmetric structure of [Ph3 C-]2 [Ca2+·(THF)6 ] is discussed.- Published
- 2004
12. Special Contribution:SUDETES 2003 Seismic Experiment
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Grad, M., Špičák, A., Keller, G.R., Guterch, A., Brož, M., Hegedüs, E., Behm, M., Bodoky, T., Brinkmann, R., Brož, M., Brückl, E., Czuba, W., Fancsik, T., Forkmann, B., Fort, M., Gaczynski, E., Geissler, W.H., Grad, M., Greschke, R., Guterch, A., Harder, S., Hegedüs, E., Hemmann, A., Hrubcová, P., Janik, T., Jentzsch, G., Kaip, G., Keller, G.R., Komminaho, K., Korn, M., Karousová, O., Majdański, M., Málek, J., Malinowski, M., Miller, K.C., Rumpfhuber, E.-M., Spicak, A., Środa, P., Takács, E., Tiira, T., Vozár, J., Wilde-Piórko, M., Yliniemi, J., and Żelaźniewicz, A.
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- 2003
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13. Special Contribution:CELEBRATION 2000 Seismic Experiment
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Guterch, A., Grad, M., Keller, G.R., Posgay, K., Vozár, J., Špičák, A., Brückl, E., Hajnal, Z., Thybo, H., Selvi, O., Acevedo, S., Aric, K., Asudeh, I., Belinsky, A.A., Bodoky, T., Brückl, E., Chwatal, W., Clowes, R., Czuba, W., Fancsik, T., Gaczyński, E., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Hajnal, Z., Harder, S., Hegedüs, E., Hrubcová, P., Janik, T., Jentzsch, G., Joergensen, P., Kaip, G., Keller, G.R., Komminaho, K., Kostiuchenko, S.L., Kracke, D., Kohlbeck, F., Miller, K.C., Morozov, A.F., Posgay, K., Selvi, O., Špičák, A., Snelson, C., Środa, P., Takács, E., Thybo, H., Tiira, T., Vozár, J., Wilde-Piórko, M., and Yliniemi, J.
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- 2003
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14. Special Contribution:An Overview of Recent Seismic Refraction Experiments in Central Europe
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Guterch, A., Grad, M., Špičák, A., Brückl, E., Hegedüs, E., Keller, G.R., Thybo, H., Aric, K., Acevedo, S., Asudeh, I., Behm, M., Belinsky, A. A., Bodoky, T., Brinkmann, R., Brož, M., Brückl, E., Chwatal, W., Clowes, R., Czuba, W., Fancsik, T., Forkmann, B., Fort, M., Gaczyński, E., Gebrande, H., Geissler, H., Gosar, A., Grad, M., Grassi, H., Greschke, R., Guterch, A., Hajnal, Z., Harder, S., Hegedüs, E., Hemmann, A., Hock, S., Hoeck, V., Hrubcová, P., Janik, T., Jentzsch, G., Joergensen, P., Kaip, G., Keller, G.R., Komminaho, K., Korn, M., Karousová, O., Kostiuchenko, S.L., Kohlbeck, F., Kracke, D., Majdański, M., Malinowski, M., Miller, K.C., Morozov, A.F., Rumpfhuber, E.-M., Schmid, Ch., Snelson, C., Špičák, A., Środa, P., Sumanovac, F., Takacs, E., Thybo, H., Tiira, T., Tomek, Č., Vozár, J., Weber, F., Wilde-Piórko, M., Yliniemi, J., and Żelaźniewicz, A.
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- 2003
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15. Oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis in a large kindred with a new transthyretin variant Tyr69His
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Blevins, G., Macaulay, R., Harder, S., Fladeland, D., Yamashita, T., Yazaki, M., Hamidi Asl, K., Benson, M. D., and Donat, J. R.
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To describe the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of a kindred with oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis and a newly associated transthyretin mutation.
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- 2003
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16. Homoleptic β-Diketiminato Complexes of the Alkaline-Earth Metals: Trends in the Series Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba
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Harder, S.
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Four homoleptic β-diketiminato complexes were prepared and structurally characterized: (DIPP-nacnac)
2 M with M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba (DIPP-nacnac = (2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 )NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N(2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 )). The crystal structures show very similar C2 -symmetric monomeric species in which the ligand backbones are nearly planar and the metals are situated out-of-plane. Several C−H···π interactions between the ligands stabilize the complexes substantially and play a role in their solution structures. A dynamic process, which involves inversion of the puckered six-membered metal−N−C−C−C−N ring, leads to exchange of the aryl rings and a reorganization of the C−H···π network. The activation energies (kcal/mol) for this process are metal dependent: Mg 17.8(1), Ca 17.6(1), Sr 16.6(1), and Ba 15.2(1). The NMR chemical shifts point to increased ionicity of the ligand−metal bond along the row Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba. Delocalization of negative charge from the nitrogen sp2 electron pair into the aryl ring increases along the row Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba.- Published
- 2002
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17. Dimeric Benzylcalcium Complexes: Influence of THF in Stereoselective Styrene Polymerization
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Harder, S. and Feil, F.
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Two dimeric benzylcalcium complexes were prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: {(Me
3 Si-fluorenyl)[o-(dimethylamino)benzyl]Ca}2 (6 ) and {(EtMe4 Cp)[o-(dimethylamino)benzyl]Ca}2 (8 ). Both complexes show a core of Ca2+ ions that are symmetrically bridged by benzyl anions. Fluorenyl or cyclopentadienyl ligands are bonded in terminal positions. The Me2 N groups coordinate each on a different Ca2+ ion. Their dimeric nature is preserved in apolar solvents (benzene, toluene), and addition of THF results in cleavage of the dimer in THF-solvated monomers. The THF-free dimeric benzylcalcium complex6 initiates the living polymerization of styrene. Polymers enriched in syndiotactic sequences are obtained (ca. 85% r-diads). Addition of equimolar amounts of THF (Ca/THF ratio is 1:1) does not disturb the stereocontrol in the polymerization reaction. A Ca/THF ratio of 1:4, however, significantly impairs the stereocontrol. We propose an insertion step that proceeds with a high degree of syndiotactic selectivity and an inversion mechanism that racemizes the chiral chain-ends. Excess THF increases the rates of inversion of the chiral carbanionic chain-ends, thus destroying the stereoregularity in the polymer chain.- Published
- 2002
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18. Benzyl Complexes of the Heavier Alkaline-Earth Metals: The First Crystal Structure of a Dibenzylstrontium Complex
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Feil, F. and Harder, S.
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The first benzylstrontium complex, di(2-Me
2 N-α-Me3 Si-benzyl)strontium, has been prepared via reaction of the benzylpotassium complex with SrI2 . The crystal structure of the bis(THF)-solvate complex shows hexacoordination at Sr. Structural analyses and NMR analyses of the related Li, K, and Ca complexes reveal that the delocalization of the negative charge in the phenyl ring is metal dependent and decreases along the row K > Li ≥ Sr > Ca. The presented benzylstrontium complex contains two chiral benzylic centers and forms diastereomers. In apolar solvents at room temperature both diastereomers are observed. Either higher temperatures or extra added THF ligands result in fast inversion of the chiral benzylic carbanion. The process is concentration independent and follows a dissociative mechanism in which one of the Sr−Cα bonds is broken. The chiral benzylic carbon atom in the strontium complex shows faster inversion than that in the analogue benzylcalcium complex (Ca, 0.07 M, ΔG&thermod;(60 °C) = 16.8 kcal mol-1; Sr, 0.08 M, ΔG&thermod;(30 °C) = 15.0 kcal mol-1). The new benzylstrontium complex is an active initiator for the anionic living polymerization of styrene and is more reactive than its Ca analogue. - Published
- 2001
19. Levodopa pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and 6-[18F]levodopa positron emission tomography in patients with Parkinson's disease*
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Dietz, M., Harder, S., Graff, J., Künig, G., Vontobel, P., Leenders, K.L., and Baas, H.
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Objective: Parameters of a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model of levodopa have been claimed to reflect the magnitude of the dopaminergic deficit in patients with Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to correlate such parameters with positron emission tomography (PET) with levodopa tagged with 6-fluorine 18, an established imaging method for striatal dopaminergic neurons.Methods: Twenty-three patients in different disease stages (Hoehm and Yahr stage 2.5-5 [Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967;4:427-42]; median duration, 12 years) were studied. PK-PD modeling followed a single oral dose of levodopa/benserazide. The sum score of the Columbia Rating Scale (CURSΣ) was used for clinical assessments. A nonparametric effect compartment approach assuming a sigmoidal Emaxmodel was applied to the PK-PD analysis of plasma levodopa concentrations and corresponding CURSΣ. Thereafter 6-[18F]levodopa PET was performed, and the influx rate constants (kc) for the putamen and the caudatus region were correlated with the median effective concentration (EC50) and the equilibrium half-life (Teq) of the PK-PD model.Results: (1) A significant correlation was observed between PK-PD parameters or with kcputamen as the dependent variable and the duration of the disease as the independent variable, which explains 33% of the variability of the EC50, 42% of the variability of Teq, and 36% of the variability of kc. (2) Significant correlations were observed between kcand either EC50or Teq, yielding the closest correlation for the putamen region (r = −0.47, P < .05; and r = 0.55, P < .01; respectively).Conclusions: Our findings show that key parameters of a PK-PD model of levodopa were in fairly close agreement with imaging of dopaminergic neurons by 6-[18F]levodopa PET. However, although PK-PD modeling of levodopa has been proven as a useful investigation of approaches aimed to restore dopaminergic deficits or to monitor disease progression, this modeling cannot serve as a pathomorphologic surrogate for the loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons.
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- 2001
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20. In Vitro Dose Response to Different GPIIb/IIIa-Antagonists: Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Various Platelet Function Tests
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Harder, S., Klinkhardt, U., Graff, J., Westrup, D., Kirchmaier, C. M., Glusa, E., Mascelli, M. A., Marciniak, S. J., Just, A., and Losche, W.
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- 2001
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21. α,α-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-Substituted Benzyl Complexes of Potassium and Calcium
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Feil, F. and Harder, S.
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The first benzylcalcium complex, (α,α-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzyl)
2 calcium·(THF)2 (7 ), has been prepared by reacting CaI2 with α,α-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzylpotassium (6 ) in THF. The solid state structure of the K precursor shows an interesting Lewis base-free coordination polymer in which the coordination sphere of K is additionally saturated by agostic Si−Me···K interactions. The crystal structure of the Ca product displays a THF-solvated monomeric compound, which shows considerably less delocalization of negative charge into the phenyl ring than the corresponding K compound. NMR investigations as well as ab initio calculations show that the TMS substituents at the benzylic carbon have a charge-localizing influence. Only the more ionic K precursor shows activity in initiating the polymerization of styrene.- Published
- 2000
22. The effect of exercise on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa
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Reuter, I., Harder, S., Engelhardt, M., and Baas, H.
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The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of low‐intensity exercise on levodopa absorption and levodopa motor effect. We studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa under resting conditions and under a workload of 50 watts for 2 hours on a cycle ergometer in 12 parkinsonian patients with predictable fluctuations of motor disability. The patients attended the hospital on both days in a provoked off state. After a baseline assessment of motor disability using the Columbia University rating scale (CURS scale) and a blood test for measurement of the baseline levodopa concentration in the plasma, 100 mg levodopa and 25 mg benserazide were administered as a single dose orally. Blood samples for measurement of the levodopa concentration in the plasma were taken, and motor assessments were conducted at 15‐minute intervals for 240 minutes and at 30‐minute intervals from 240 to 360 minutes. All patients were able to perform the exercise program. The baseline Columbia University rating scale score did not differ significantly between both days. The mean levodopa concentration in plasma at half‐maximal motor effect tended to be higher during exercise and indicated that the patients needed a higher levodopa concentration in plasma to achieve the half‐maximal motor effect. The maximal levodopa concentration in plasma tended to be higher with exercise. Both trends did not reach statistical significance. In summary, there was not a negative or a positive net effect of exercise on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa. However, there were two counteracting trends: a trend toward better levodopa absorption and a trend toward a deteriorated concentration–effect correlation.
- Published
- 2000
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23. Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Barium Benzyl Complexes: Synthesis and Reactivity as Initiators for Anionic Styrene Polymerizations
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Weeber, A., Harder, S., Brintzinger, H. H., and Knoll, K.
- Abstract
Dibenzylbarium is prepared in yields of 80−90% by reaction of the tetramethyl ethylenediamine adduct of benzyllithium with the bis-THF adduct of barium bis(bis-trimethylsilylamide) or with barium bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl phenolate). It is converted, by reaction with diphenylmethane in THF, to bis(diphenylmethyl)barium in 90% yield and, by reaction with 1,1-diphenylethene in THF, to bis(1,1,3-triphenylpropyl)barium in essentially quantitative yield. The latter is soluble also in hydrocarbon solvents, while dibenzylbarium and bis(diphenylmethyl)barium are soluble only in THF. Reaction of the bis-chelate complex (C
5 Me4 SiMe2 C6 H5 )2 Ba, the phenyl residues of which are coordinated to the Ba center, with each of the bis(arylalkyl)barium species generates heteroleptic barium complexes with one chelate and one reactive arylalkyl ligand. Homoleptic and heteroleptic triphenylpropylbarium complexes both induce, in cyclohexane solution, living polymerization of styrene to atactic polystyrene.- Published
- 2000
24. Feasibility of simultaneous fluorescence immunophenotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization study for the detection of estrogen receptor expression and deletions of the estrogen receptor gene in breast carcinoma cell lines
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Zhang, Y., Siebert, R., Matthiesen, P., Harder, S., Theile, M., Scherneck, S., and Schlegelberger, B.
- Abstract
Abstract: For the first time, combined immunophenotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique according to the ”fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics as a tool for investigation of neoplasms” (FICTION) technique have been successfully applied in solid tumors. Thus, we were able to visualize the antigen expression of cells with chromosomal deletions of a tumor suppressor region directly. In six breast carcinoma cell lines, we investigated the correlation between estrogen receptor (ER) expression status and deletions of the estrogen receptor gene (ESR). To screen for deletions of the ESR gene, dual-color FISH was performed with a YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) probe containing the ESR gene and, as internal control, with a centromeric probe of chromosome 6. Deletions of the ESR gene were detected in four of six cell lines. For direct comparison of ER expression with the copy number of the ESR gene at the single cell level, immunophenotyping with mouse anti-human ER antibody was combined with FISH with the YAC probe containing the ESR gene according to the FICTION technique. There was no correlation between lack of or reduced ER expression and deletions of the ESR gene. One cell line with deletions of the ESR gene did express ER on the protein level, while another cell line without a deletion did not. Cells with deletions of the ESR gene were either ER expression positive or negative. The staining intensity of ER expression was not associated with the copy number of the ESR gene. Thus, this FICTION study unequivocally shows that deletions of the ESR gene are not the major cause of absent or reduced ER expression in breast carcinoma cell lines.
- Published
- 2000
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25. Differential in Vitro Effects of the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors abixicimab or SR121566A on Platelet Aggregation, Fibrinogen Binding and Platelet Secretory Parameters - The first anti-integrin receptor therapeutics
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Klinkhardt, U., Kirchmaier, C.M., Westrup, D., Breddin, H.K., Mahnel, R., Graff, J., Hild, M., and Harder, S.
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- 2000
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26. Effects of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors on Platelet Function
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Harder, S., Kirchmaier, C. M., and Breddin, H. K.
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- 1999
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27. Abstracts Second Congress of the European Society for Clinical Neuropharmacology
- Author
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Agid, Y., Arendt, T., Gärtner, U., Holzer, M., Fruth, P., Brückner, M. K., Arzberger, T., Weindl, A., Baas, H., Demisch, L., Harder, S., Bürklin, F., Fischer, P. A., Bagli, M., Rao, M. L., Sobanski, T., Laux, G., Barbier, P., Fumagalli, F., Donati, E., Maggio, R., Racagni, G., Corsini, G. U., Riva, M., Berger, J., Löschl, B., Bernheimer, H., Lugowska, A., Tylki-Szymanska, A., Gieselmann, V., Molzer, B., Faé, I., Bernocchi, G., Scherini, E., Necchi, D., Bigl, M., Bleyl, D., Bigl, V., Eschrich, K., Block, F., Schwarz, M., Blum-Degen, D., Müller, Th., Kuhn, W., Gerlach, M., Przuntek, H., Riederer, R., Bonuccelli, U., Ceravolo, R., Nuti, A., D'Avino, C., Placidi, G., Perugi, G., Cassano, G. B., Del Dotto, P., Piccini, P., Colzi, A., Muratorio, A., Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer, D. M., de Vos, R. A. I., Jansen, E. N. H., Bringmann, G., Clement, H. W., Grote, C., Rausch, F., Reichmann, H., Riederer, P., Sontag, K. -H., Wesemann, W., God, R., Feineis, D., Brückner, R., Protzen, J. -A., Fähr, S., Rausch, W. -D., Brunt, E. R. P., Pruim, J., Willemsen, A. J., van Weerden, T. W., Bryan-Lluka, L. J., Bönisch, H., Büttner, Th., Kühn, W., McMonagle, U., Calza, L., Pozza, M., Coraddu, F., Farci, G., Carlsson, A., Napolitano, A., Salvetti, S., Dell'Agnello, G., Renna, M., Conquet, F., Bashir, Z., Daniel, H., Ferraguti, F., Collingridge, G., Crépel, F., Coos Verhoef, J., Merkus, F. W. H. M., Junginger, H. E., Cruz-Sánchez, F. F., Kutschka, T., Beeg, M., Deuschle, M., Weber, B., Körner, A., Standhardt, H., Lammers, C. -H., Motzek-Noé, T., Heuser, I., Earl, C. D., Reum, T., Sautter, J., Xie, J. -X, Kupsch, A., Oertel, W. H., Morgenstern, R., Emilien, G. M., Maloteaux, J. M., Seghers, A., Charles, G., Erdmann, R., Högemann, D., Fichter, N., Lücking, C. H., Landwehrmeyer, G. B., Winter, T., Feuerstein, T. J., Fitzgeral, D., Anderson, M. C., Lawlor, B., Tipton, K. F., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Freo, U., Dam, M., Pizzolato, G., Merico, A., Ori, C., Sale, E., Battistin, L., Fritze, J., Froelich, L., Goetz, M., Gsell, W., Jellinger, K., Beckmann, H., Fünfgeld, E. W., Glinka, Y., Youdim, M. B. H., Götz, M. E., Breithaupt, W., Burger, R., Streifler, M., Simanyi, M., Müller, F., Danielczyk, W., Hirning, T., Sohlbach, M., Nafc, R., Sternadl, H., Winter, M., Nöth, U., Heim, C., Hartmann, J., Künig, G., Niedermeyer, B., Berger, W., Deckert, J., Abel, F., Heinsen, H., Senitz, D., Mayr, J., Ransmayr, G., Hartung, H. -P., Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S., Seemann, M., Bengel, D., Degen, H. J., Lesch, K. P., Sontag, T., Heinen, F., Korinthenberg, R., Heiss, W. -D., Rüb, U., Gangus, B., Jungkunz, G., Bauer, M., Ulmar, G., Böcker, F., Schüler, M., Bethke, B., Lockemann, U., Hermans, E., Vanhoorde, P., Hesse, S., Hüll, M., Fiebich, B., Lieb, K., Strauss, S., Berger, M., Volk, B., Bauer, J., Iversen, L. L., Janetzky, B., Hauck, S., Jeanjean, A. P., Laterre, E. C., Bancher, C., Jost, W. H., Kalus, P., Kanner, B., Khrapova, E. V., Brusov, O. S., Knauber, J., Müller, W. E., Korczyn, A. D., Kornhuber, J., Parsons, C. G., Hartmann, S., Retz, W., Kamolz, S., Thome, J., Koutsilieri, E., Chen, T. -S., Kreutzberg, G. W., Krieglstein, J., Winkel, R., Danielcyk, S., Gerstner, A., Mattern, C., Häcker, R., Labunsky, D., Zhirnova, I., Komelkova, L., Popova, L., Avdiunina, I., Lakke, J. P. W. F., Lange, K. W., Steup, A., Tucha, O., Naumann, M., Lassmann, H., Leszek, J., Gasiorowski, K., Inglot, D., Lohse, M. J., Löschmann, P. -A., Eblen, F., Wüllner, U., Klockgether, T., Dichgans, J., Macrae, I. M., Mimmack, M. L., Emson, P., Norta, M., Borchert, H. -H., Medori, R., Chan, W. W., Heinemann, T., Melzacka, M., Kolasiewicz, W., Sieklucka, M., Jaros, T., Mesec, A., Šega, S., Kiauta, T., Moser, A., Vieregge, P., Siebecker, F., Münch, G., Schinzel, R., Michaelis, J., Cunningham, A., Da Prada, M., Borroni, E., Zürcher, G., Reiners, K., Neveu, P. J., Nitsch, R. M., Pavese, N., Lucetti, C., Rossi, G., Offen, D., Ziv, I., Stein, R., Barzilai, A., Hochman, A., Melamed, E., Ozawa, H., Hashimoto, E., Saito, T., Ymamoto, M., Takahata, N., Frölich, L., Paulus, W., Hermsteiner, E., Haug, B., Bandelow, B., Peckys, D., Gleichauf, O., Jackisch, R., Landwehrmeyer, B., Bloß, H. G., Plaschke, K., Müller, D., Hoyer, S., Avdyuna, L. A., Putzke, J., Spanagel, R., Tolle, T. R., Zieglgänsberger, W., Rabey, J. -M., Orlov, E., von Raison, F., Lehmann, K., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Butà, M., Federspiel, S., Maier, H., Abdel-mohsen, M., Abdel-moneim, M., Reynolds, G. P., Sardar, A. M., Eggett, C. J., Rosario, P., de la Morena, E., José Barro, M., Rossini, P. M., Roth, J., Růžička, E., Svobodová, I., Mečíř, P., Jech, R., Remeš, F., Kleinschroth, A., Schliebs, R., Roßner, S., Heider, M., Schubert, H., König, P., Schuttes, H., HaveIec, L., Schwartz, J. -C., Sendtner, M., Smith, A., Li, M., Griesbeck, O., Parsadanian, A., Holtmann, B., Carroll, P., Toyka, K. V., Thoenen, H., Sharkawy, A. A., Ibrahim, T. A., Pulkowski, U., Siesjö, B. K., Klessaschek, M., Sopper, S., Demuth, M., Dörries, R., Hemm, S., Stahl-Hennig, C., Brinkmann, R., ter Meulen, V., Sperk, G., Schwarzer, C., Stern, G., Storm, G., Strein, I., Struck, M., Stürenburg, H. J., Kunze, K., Svadovsky, A. I., Morgunov, K. V., Peresedov, V. V., Moshkin, A. V., Teherani, D. K., Baumer, A., Rösier, M., Rösler, M., Wiesbeck, G. A., Wodarz, N., Boning, J., Timerbaeva, S. L., Alekseeva, N. S., Toso, A., Barletta, D., Tuulik, V., Lossmann, E., Raja, A., Meister, A., Uitti, R. J., Rajput, A. H., Ahlskog, J. E., Offord, K. P., Schroeder, D. R., O'Brien, P. C., Vaglini, F., Fascetti, F., Pardini, C., Mancino, L., Velbinger, K., Hartmann, H., Eckert, A., Grüter, S., Behrens, S., Niemann, J., Guschelbauer, B., Lauk, M., Wissel, J., Poewe, W., Wurthman, C., Janzen, E. N. H., Goping, G., Adegemo, O. M., Gemma, A., Kuijpers, J., Pollard, H. B., Zielke, B., Ziemann, U., and Bruns, D.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. 4-quinolones inhibit biotransformation of caffeine
- Author
-
Harder, S., Staib, A. H., Beer, C., Papenburg, A., Stille, W., and Shah, P. M.
- Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of caffeine, including formation of its major metabolite paraxanthine in plasma, has been investigated in 12 healthy males (age 20–40 years) alone and during co-administration of the 4-quinolones ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin; ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were given in 3 different dose levels.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Measurement of theophylline absorption from different regions of the gastro-intestinal tract using a remote controlled durg delivery device
- Author
-
Staib, A. H., Loew, D., Harder, S., Graul, E. H., and Pfab, R.
- Abstract
The absorption of a theophylline solution containing 80–120 mg doses delivered to different sites in the gastro-intestinal tract has been determined in 3 male volunteers using a remote controlled drug release system (HF-capsule). There was no difference between the stomach, ileum and the colon in the amount of theophylline absorbed (AUC). The T
1/2abs of theophylline absorbed via the colon was prolonged when compared with that entering via the upper gastro-intestinal tract. The results provide a rational basis for the further development of theophylline formulations and are indispensable for planned development and to account for variation in the bioavailability of retarded release drug preparations.- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain
- Author
-
Harms, L., Bock, A., JÄnisch, W., Valdueza, J., Weber, J., Link, I., De Keyser, J., Goossens, A., Wilczak, N., Vedeler, C., Bjorge, L., Uvestad, E., Conti, G., Williams, K., Ginsberg, L., Rafique, S., Rapoport, S. I., Gershfeld, N. L., De La Meilleure, G., Crevits, L., Faiss, J. H., Heye, N., Blanke, J., Sackmann, A., Kastrup, O., Doornbos, R., van der Worp, H. B., Kappelle, L. J., Bar, P. R., Davie, C. A., Barker, G. J., Brenton, D., Miller, D. H., Thompson, A. J., Block, F., Schwarz, M., Delodovici, L., Baruzzi, F., Bonaldi, G., Dario, A., Marra, A., Mercuri, A., Dworzak, F., Cavallari, P., Confalonieri, P., Zuffi, M., Antozzi, C., Cornelio, F., Baldissera, F., Chassande, B., Ameri, A., Eymard, B., Poisson, M., Vérier, A., Brunet, P., Congia, S., Murgia, P. L., Cannas, A., Borghero, G., Uselli, S., Mellino, G., Ferrai, R., Lampis, R., Massa, R., Muzzetto, B., Giannini, F., Rossi, S., Cioni, R., d'Aniello, C., Guarneri, A., Battistini, N., Ceriani, F., Del Santo, A., Poloni, M., Campo, J. F., Iglesias, F., Guitera, M. V., Farinas, C., Pascual, J., Leno, C., Berciano, J., Thorpe, I. W., Kendall, B. E., McDonald, W. I., Moulignier, A., Dromer, F., Baudrimont, M., Dupont, B., Gozlan, J., El Amrani, M., Petit, J. C., Roullet, E., Sterzi, R., Causaran, R., Protti, A., Riva, M., Erminio, F., Arena, O., Villa, F., Maccagnano, E., Miletta, M., Spinelli, F., Ben-Hur, T., Weidenfeldl, J., Rao, N. S., Chari, C. C., Laforet, P., Matheron, S., Adams, D., Chemouilli, Ph., Desi, M., Said, G., Davous, P., Lionnet, F., Pulik, M., Genet, P., Rozenberg, F., Cartier, L. M., Castillo, J. L., Cea, J. G., Villagra, R., de Saint Martin, L., Mahieux, F., Manifacier, M. J., Mattos, K., Queiros, C., Publio, L., Vinhas, V., PeÇanha-Martins, A. C., Melo, A., Liska, U., Zifko, U., Budka, H., Drlicek, M., Grisold, W., Kaufmann, R., Kaiser, R., Czygan, M., Gomes, I., Jones, N., Cunha, S., EmbiruÇu, E. Katiane, Vieira, V., Araujo, I., Alexandra, M., Ferreira, A., Goes, J., Chemouilli, P., Israel-Biet, Masson, H., Lacroix, C., Gasnault, J., Hildebrandt-Müller, B., Oschmann, P., Krack, P., Willems, W. R., Dorndorf, W., Freitas, V., Bittencourt, A., Fernandes, D., Nascimento, M. H., Severo, M., Moraes, D., Muller, M., Hasert, K., Merkelbach, S., Schimrigk, K., van Oosten, B. W., Lai, M., Polman, C. H., Bertelsmann, F. W., Hodgkinson, S., Cabre, P. H., Volpe, L., Smadja, D., Vernant, J. P., Villaroya, H., Violleau, K., Younes-Chennoufi, A. Ben, Baumann, N., Villanueva-Hemandez, P., Ballabriga, J., Basart, E., Arbizu, T. X., Perez-Serra, J., Vinuels, F., Giron, J. M., Castilla, J. M., Redondo, L., Izquierdo, G., Lauer, K., Henneberg, A., Bittmann, N., Link, D., Wollinsky, K. H., Mobner, R., Fassbender, K., Kuhnen, J., Schwartz, A., Hennerici, M., Miller, A., Lider, O., Abramsky, O., Weiner, H. L., Offner, H., Vanderbark, A. A., Paoino, E., Fainardi, E., Addonizio, M. C., Ruppi, P., Tola, M. R., Granieri, E., Carreras, M., Sazdovitch, V., Joutel, A., Verdier-taillefer, M. H., Heinzlef, O., Radder, C., Tournier-Lasserve, E., Brenner, R. E., Munro, P. M. G., Williams, S. C. R., Bell, J. D., Hawkins, C. P., Filippi, M., Campi, A., Dousset, V., Canal, N., Comi, G., Zhu, J., Weber, F., Retska, R., List, J., Zhang, L., Brock, M., Taphoorn, M. J. B., Heimans, J. J., van der Veen, E. A., Karim, A. B. M. F., Sarazin, M., Argentino, N., Delattre, J. Y., Derkinderen, P., Buchwald, B., Schroter, G., Serve, G., Franke, C. H., Conrad, B., Kitchen, N. D., Thomas, D. G. T., Forman, A. D., Ang, Kie- Kian, Price, R., Stephens, C., Salmaggi, A., Nermni, R., Silvani, A., Forno, M. G., Luksch, R., Boiardi, A., Grzelec, H., Fryze, C., Nowacki, P., Zdziarska, B., Sanson, M., Merel, P., Richard, S., Rouleau, G., Thomas, G., Olsen, N. K., Pfeiffer, P., Egund, N., Bentzen, S. M., Johannesen, L., Mondrup, K., Rose, C., Zyluk, B., Wondrusch, E., Berger, O., Fast, N., Jellinger, K., Lindner, K., Urman, A., Thibault, J. L., Duyckaerts, Ch., Strik, H., Muller, B., Richter, E., Krauseneck, P., Steinbrecher, A., Schabet, M., Hess, C., Bamberg, M., Dichgans, J., Counsell, C. E., McLeod, M., Grant, R., Creel, G. B., Claus, D., Sieber, E., Engelhardt, A., Rechlin, T., Thierauf, P., Neubauer, U., Peresson, M., Di Giovacchino, G., Romani, G. L., Di Silverio, F., Danek, A., Kuffner, M., Hoermann, R., Schopohl, J., Laska, M., Heye, B., Zangaladze, A. T., Valls-SoIè, J., Cammarota, A., Alvarez, R., Tolosa, E., Hallett, M., Ulbricht, D., Ganslandt, O., Kober, H., Vieth, J., Grummich, P., Pongratz, H., Brigel, C., Fahlbusch, R., Serra, F. P., Palma, V., Nolfe, G., Buscaino, G. A., Rothstein, T. L., Gibson, J. M., Morrison, P. M., Collins, A. D., Eiselt, M., Wagnur, H., Zwiener, U., Schindler, T., Efendi, H., Ertekin, C., Erfas, M., Larsson, L. E., Sirin, H., AraÇ, N., Toygar, A., Demir, Y., Seddigh, S., Vogt, T. H., Hundemer, H., Visbeck, A., Pastena, L., Faralli, F., Mainardi, G., Gagliardi, R., Linden, D., Berlit, P., Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Jungreis, C., Brenner, R., Rezek, D., Dekesky, S. T., Estol, C., Boller, F., Fernandez, J. M., Mederer, S., Batlle, J., Turon, A., Codina, A., Hitzenberger, P., Vila, N., Valls-SolÇ, J., Chamorro, A., Pouget, J., Schmied, A., Morin, D., Azulay, J. Ph., Vedel, J. P., Montalt, J., Escudero, J., Barona, R., Campos, A., Varli, K., Ertem, E., Uludag, B., Yagiz, A., Privorkin, Z., Steinvil, Y., Kott, E., Combarros, O., Sanchez-Pernaute, R., Orizaola, P., Mokrusch, Th., Kutluaye, E., Selcuki, D., Ertikin, C., Zettl, U., Gold, R., Harvey, G. K., Hartung, H. P., Toyka, K. V., Wokke, J. H. J., Oey, P. L., Ippel, P. F., Jansen, G. H., Franssen, H., Toyooka, K., Fujimura, H., Ueno, S., Yoshikawa, H., Yorifuji, S., Yanagihara, T., Talamon, C., Tzourio, C., Kiefer, R., Jung, S., Toyka, K., Ruolt, I., Tranchant, C., Mohr, M., Warter, J. M., Younger, D. S., Rosoklija, G., Hays, A. P., Kurita, R., Hasegawa, O., Matsumto, M., Komiyama, A., Nara, Y., Oueslati, S., Belal, S., Turki, I., Ben Hamida, C., Hentati, F., Ben Hamida, M., Kwiecinski, H., Krolicki, L., Domzal-Stryga, A., Dellemijn, P. L. I., van Deventer, P., van Moll, B., Drogendijk, T., Vecht, Ch. J., Nemni, S., Amadio, Fazio, R., Galardin, G., Delodovici, M. L., Peghi, E., Monticelli, M. L., Sessa, A., Viguera, M. L., Palomar, M., Gamez, J., Cervera, C., Navarro, C., Serena, J., Duran, I., Fernandez, A. L., Comabella, M., Nos, C., Rio, J., Montalban, J., Navarro, X., Verdu, E., Darbra, S., Buti, M., Mrabet, A., Fredj, M., Gouider, R., Tounsi, H., Khalfallah, N., Haddad, A., Dbaiss, T., Ghnassia, R., Rouillet, E., Chedru, F., Porsche, H., Strenge, H., Li, S. W., Young, Y. P., Garcia, A. A., Baron, P., Scarpini, E., Bianchi, R., Conti, A., Livraghi, S., Rees, J. H., Gregson, N. A., Hughes, R. A. C., Sedano, M. J., Calleja, J., Canga, E., Bahou, Y., Biary, N., Al Deeb, S. M., Guern, E. L. E., Gugenheim, M., Tardieu, S., Aisonobe, T. M., Agid, Y., Bouche, P., Brice, A., Rautenstrauss, B., Nelis, E., Grehl, H., Van Broeckhoven, C., Pfeiffer, R. A., Liehr, T., Ganzmann, E., Gehring, C., Neundörfer, B., Geremia, L., Doronzo, R., Sacilotto, G., Sergi, P., Pastorino, G. C., Scarlato, G., Planté-Bordeneuve, V., Mantel, A., Baas, F., Moser, H., Antonini, A., Psylla, M., Günther, I., Vontobell, P., Beer, H. F., Leenders, K. L., Chaudhuri, K. Ray, Parker, J., Pye, I. F., Millac, P. A. H., Abbott, R. J., Sutter, M., Albani, C., de Rijk, M. C., Breteler, M. M. B., Graveland, G. A., van der Mechè, F. G. A., Hofman, A., Keipes, M., Hilger, Ch., Diederich, N., Metz, H., Hentges, F., Pollak, P., Benabid, A. L., Limousin, P., Hoffmann, D., Benazzouz, A., Perret, J., Laihinen, A., Rinne, J. O., Ruottinen, H., Nagren, K., Lehikoinen, P., Oikonen, V., Ruotsalainen, U., Rinne, U. K., Cocozza, S., Pizzuti, A., Cavalcanti, F., Monticelli, A., Pianese, L., Redolfi, E., Paiau, F., Di Donato, S., Pandolfo, M., Palau, F., Monros, E., De Michele, G., Smeyers, P., Lopez-ArLandis, J., Uilchez, J., Filla, A., Genis, D., Matilla, T., Volpini, V., Blanchs, M. I., Davalos, A., Molins, A., Rosell, J., Estivill, X., De Jonghe, P., Smeyers, G., Krols, L., Mercelis, R., Hazan, J., Weissenbach, J., Martin, J. J., Warner, T. A. T., Williams, L., Orb, A. S., Harding, A. E., Giunti, P., Sweeney, M. G., Spadaro, M., Jodice, C., Novelletto, A., Malaspina, P., Frontali, M., Salmon, E., Gregoire, Fiore, Del, Comar, Franck, G., Scheltens, P. H., Siegfried, K., Dartigues, E., De Deyn, P., Horn, R., Nelson, I., Hanna, M. G., Morgan-Hughes, J. A., Collinge, J., Palmer, M. S., Campbell, T., Mahal, S., Sidle, K., Humphreys, C., Tavitian, B., Pappata, S., Jobert, A., Crouzel, A. M., DiGiamberardino, L., Steimetz, G., Barbanti, P., Fabbrini, G., Salvatore, M., Buzzi, M. G., Di Piero, V., Petraroli, R., Sbriccoli, A., Pocchiari, M., Macchi, G., Lenzi, G. L., Spiegel, R., Maguire, P., Schmid, W., Ott, A., Bots, M. L., Grobbe, D. E., Hofman, A., Howard, R. S., Russell, S., Losseff, N., Hirsch, N. P., Couderc, R., Bailleul, S., Nargeot, M. C., Touchon, J., Picot, M. C., Rizzo, M., Watson, G., McGehee, D., Dingus, T., Kappos, L., Radü, E. W., Haas, J., Hartard, C. H., Spuler, S., Yousry, T., Voltz, R., Scheller, A., Holler, E., Hohlfeld, R., Scolding, N. J., Sussman, J., Kolar, O. J., Farlow, M. R., Rice, P. H., Zipp, F., Sotgiu, S., Weiss, E. H., Wekerle, H., Chalmers, R., Robertson, N., Compston, D. A. S., Martino, G., Clementi, E., Brambilla, E., Moiola, L., Martinelli, V., Colombo, B., Poggi, A., Rovaris, M., Grimaldi, L. M. E., Roth, M. P., Descoins, P., Ballivet, S., Ruidavets, J. B., Waubant, E., Nogueira, L., Cambon-Thomsen, A., Clanet, M., Leppert, D., Hauser, S., Lugaresi, A., Tartaro, A., D'aurelio, P., Befalo, L. L. O., Thomas, A., Malatesta, G., Gambi, D., Benedikz, J. E. G., Magnusson, H., Poser, C. M., Guomundsson, G., Bates, T. E., Davies, S. E. C., Clark, J. B., Landon, D. N., ùther, J. R., Rautenberg, W., Overgaard, K., Sereghy, T., Pedersen, H., Boysen, G., Diez-Tejedor, E., Carceller, F., Gutierrez, M., Lopez-Pajares, R., Roda, J. M., Chandra, B., Ricart, W., Gonzalez-Huix, F., Molina, A., Rundek, T., Demarin, V., De Reuck, J., Boon, P., Decoq, D., Strijckmans, K., Goethals, P., Lemahieu, I., Nibbio, A., Chabriat, H., Vahedi, K., Nagy, T., Verin, M., Mas, J. L., Julien, J., Ducrocq, X., Iba-Zizen, M. T., Cabanis, E. A., Bousser, M. G., Rolland, Y., Landgraf, F., Bompais, B., Lemaitre, M. H., Edan, G., Vorstrup, S., Knudsen, L., Olsen, K. Skovgaard, Videbaek, C., Schroeder, T., van Gijn, J., Jansen, H. M. L., Pruim, J., Paans, A. M. J., Willemsen, A. T. M., Hew, J. M., vd Vliet, A. M., Haaxma, R., Vaalburg, W., Minderhoud, J. M., Korf, J., Soudain, S. E., Ho, T. W., Mishu, B., Li, C. Y., Nachainkin, I., Gao, C. Y., Cornblath, D. R., Griffin, J. W., Asbury, A. K., Blaser, M. J., McKhann, G. M., Ho, T., Macko, C., Xue, P., Stadlan, E. M., Ramos-Alvarez, M., Valenciano, L., Visser, L. H., van der Meché, F. G. A., van Darn, P. A., Meulstee, J., Schmitz, P. I. M., Jacobs, B., Oomes, P. G., Kleyweg, R. P., Jacobs, B. C., Endtz, H. P., van Doorn, P. A., van der Mech, F. G. A., Van den Berg, L. H., Mollee, I., Logtenberg, T., Thomas, P. K., Plant, G., Baxter, P. J., Luis, R. Santiago, Matsumoto, M., Notermans, N. C., Wokke, J. H. J., Lokhorst, H. M., van der Graaf, Y., Jennekens, F. G. I., Azulay, J. P., Bille-Turg, F., Valentin, P., Farnarier, G. G., Pellissier, J. F., Serratrice, G., Quasthoff, S., Schneider, U., Grafe, P., Hilkens, P. H. E., Moll, J. W. B., van der Burg, M. E. L., Planting, A. S. T., van Putten, W. L. J., van den Bent, M. J., Birklein, F., Spitzer, A., Lang, E., Neundorfer, B., Diehl, R. R., Lücke, D., Smith, G. D. P., Mathias, C. J., Serra, J., Campera, M., Ochoa, J. L., Ray Chaudhuri, K., Pavitt, D., Alam, M., Handwerker, H. O., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Smith, G., Murray, N. M. F., Hawkins, P., Pepys, M., Gellera, C., DiDonato, S., Taroni, F., Uncini, A., Di Muzio, A., Servidei, S., Silvestri, G., Lodi, R., Iotti, S., Barbiroli, B., Morrissey, S. P., Borruat, F. X., Francis, D., Mosely, I., Hansen, H. C., Helmke, K., Kunze, K., Sadzot, B., Maquet, P., Lemaire, Plenevaux, Damhaut, Sommer, C., Myers, R. R., Berta, E., Mantegazza, R., Argov, Z., Shapira, Y., Wirguin, I., Beuuer, J., Franke, C., Roberts, M., Willison, H., Vincent, A., Newsom-Davis, J., Morrison, K. E., Damels, R., Francis, M., Campbell, L., Davies, K. E., Kohler, W., Bucka, C., Hertel, G., Kanovsky, P., Auer, D., Ackermann, H., Klose, U., Naegele, Th., Bien, S., Voigt, K., Fink, G. R., Stephan, K. M., Wise, R. J. S., Mullatti, N., Hewer, L., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Weiller, C. S., Rijnites, M., Jueptner, M., Bauermann, T., Krams, M., Diener, H. C., van Walderveen, M. A. A., Barkhof, F., Hommes, O. R., Valk, J., Willmer, J. P., Guzman, D. A., Passingham, R. E., Silbersweig, D., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R., Lucas, C. H., Goullard, L., Marchau, M. J., Godefroy, O., Rondepierre, P. H., Chamas, E., Mounier-Vehier, F., Leys, D., Renato, J., Verdugo, M. S. C., Campero, M., Jose, L., Ochoa, D. S. C., Vivancos, F., Tejedor, E. Diez, Martinez, N., Roda, J., Frank, A., Barreiro, P., Satoh, Y., Nagata, K., Maeda, T., Hirata, Y., YalÇinerner, B., Ozkara, C., Ozer, F., Ozer, S., Hanoglu, L., Zunker, P., Pozo, J. L., Oberwittler, C., Schick, A., Buschmann, H. -Ch., Ringelstein, E. Bernd, Lara, M., Anzola, G. P., Magoni, M., Volta, G. Dalla, Tarasov, A., Feigin, V., Beaudry, M. G., Carrier, S., Chicoutimi, Henriques, I. L., Bogoussslavsky, J., van Melle, G., Mathieu, J., Perusse, L., Allard, P., Prevost, C., Cantin, L., Bouchard, J. M., De Braekeleer, M., Agbo, C., Neau, J. P., Tantot, A. M., Dary-Auriol, M., Ingrand, P., Gil, R., Baltadjiev, D., Zekin, D., Sabey, K., Gennaula, C. P., Pope, B. A., Caparros-Lefebvre, D., Girard-Buttaz, I., Pruvo, J. P., Petit, H., Hipola, D., Martin, M., Giménez-Roldan, S., Ivanez, V., Japaridze, G., Carrasco, J. L., Picomell, I., Herranz, J. L., Macias, J. A., Nieto, M., Noya, M., Oller, L., Kiteva-Trencevska, G., Delgado, M. R., Liu, H., Luengo, A., Parra, J., Colas, J., Fernandez, M. J., Manzanares, R., Kornhuber, M. E., Malashkhia, V., Orkodashili, G., Martinez, M., Bonaventura, I., Porta, G., Martinez, I., Fernandez, A., Aguilar, M., Masnou, P., Drouet, A., Dreyfus, M., Cartron, J., Morel-Kopp, M. C., Tchernia, G., Kaplan, C., Lammers, M. W., Hekster, Y. A., Keyser, A., Meinardi, H., Renier, W. O., Boon, P. A. J. M., Have, M. D., Kint, B., Cruz, P., Cadilha, A., Almeida, R., Goncalves, M., Pimenta, M., Ramos, L. M. P., Polder, T. W., Broere, C. A., Polman, L., Rother, I., Rother, M., Schlaug, G., Arnold, S., Holthausen, H., Wunderlich, G., Ebner, A., Luders, H., Witte, O. W., Seitz, R. J., Serra, L. L., Gallicchio, B., Rotondi, F., Wieshmann, U., Meierkord, H., Sabev, K., Di Carlo, V., Gueguen, B., Derouesné, Ch., Ancri, D., Bourdel, M. C., Guillou, S., Aliaga, R., Chornet, M. A., Rodrigo, A., Pascual, A. Pascual -Leone, Catala, M. D., Pascual-Leone, A., Benbadis, S. R., Dinner, D. S., Chelune, G. J., Lüders, H. O., Piedmonte, M. R., Blanco, T., Lopez, M. P., Romero, B., Deltoro, A., Pascual, A., Pascual, Leone, Bolgert, F., Josse, M. O., Tassan, P., Touze, E., Laplane, D., Godenberg, F., Brizioli, E., Del Gobbo, M., Pelliccioni, G., Scarpino, O., Durak, H., Damlacik, G., Tunca, Z., Fidaner, H., Yurekli, Y., Yemez, B., Kaygisiz, A., Anllo, E. A., Esperet, E., Giovagnoli, A. R., Casazza, M., Spreafico, R., Avanzini, G., Mascheroni, S., Vecchio, I., Tornali, C., Antonuzzo, A., Grasso, A. A., Bella, R., Pennisi, G., Raffaele, R., Broeckx, J., Schildermans, F., Hospers, W., Deberdt, W., Carney, J. M., Aksenova, M., Chen, M. S., Juncadella, M., Busquets, N., De la Fuente, I., Rodriguez, A., Rubio, F., Soler, R., Khati, C., Pillon, B., Deweer, B., Malapani, C., Malichard, N., Dubois, B., Rancurel, G., Lopez, D. L., Jungreia, G., DeKosky, S. T., Boiler, F., Weiller, C., Rijntjes, M., Mueller, S. P., Maguire, E. A., Burke, E. T., Staunton, H., Phillips, J., Rousseaux, M., Pena, J., Bertran, I., Santacruz, P., Lopez, R., Catafau, A., Lomena, F., Blesa, R., Rampello, L., Nicoletti, A., Cabaret, M., Lesoin, F., Steinling, M., Tournev, I., Maier-Hauff, K., Schroeder, M., Wolf, A., Cochin, J. P., Noel, I., Augustin, P., Auzou, P., Hannequin, D., Maria, V., Lopez-Bresnahan, Danielle, D. M., Antin-Ozerkis, B. A., Bartels, E., Rodiek, S. O., Flugel, K. A., Campos, D. M., Salas-Puig, J., Del Rio, J. Sanhez, Vidal, J. A., Lahoz, C. H., Eraksoy, M., Barlas, O., Barlas, M., Bayindir, C., Ozcan, H., Birbamer, G., Gerstenbrand, F., Felber, S., Luz, G., Aichner, F., Seidel, G., Kaps, M., Hutzelmann, A., Gerriets, T., Kruggel, F., Martin, P. J., Gaunt, M. E., Abbot, R. J., Naylor, A. R., Meary, E., Dilouya, A., Meder, J. F., De Recondo, J., Lebtahi, R., Neff, K. W., Meairs, S., Viola, S., Matta, E., Aquilone, L., Rise, I. R., Authier, F. J., Kondo, H., Ghnassia, R. T., Degos, J. D., Gherardi, R. K., Bardoni, A., Ciafaloni, E., Comi, G. P., Bresolin, N., Robotti, M., Moggio, M., Rigoletto, C., Roses, A., Scarlato, G., Castelli, E., Turconi, A., Bresolin, N., Perani, D., Felisari, G., Chariot, P., de Pinieux, G., Astier, A., Jacotot, B., Gherardi, R., Fischer-Gagnepain, V., Louboutin, J. P., Crespo, F., Florea-Strat, A., Fromont, G., Sabourin, J. -C., Gonano, E. -F., Moroni, I., Prelle, A., Iannaccone, S., Quattrini, A., deRino, F., Sessa, M., Golzi, V., Smirne, S., Nemni, R., Turpin, J. C., Lucotte, G., Jacobs, S. C. J. M., Willems, P. W. A., Bootsma, A. L., Lasa, A., Calaf, M., Baiget, M., Gallano, B., Fichter-Gagnepain, V., Mazzucchelli, F., D'Angelo, M. G., Velicogna, M., Bet, L., Comi, G. P., Bordoni, A., Gonano, E. F., Bazzi, P., Rapuzzi, S., Moggio, M., Fagiolari, G., Ciscato, P., Messina, A., Battistel, A., Ryniewicz, B., Sangla, I., Desnuelle, C., Paquis, V., Cozzone, P. J., Bendahan, D., Sturenburg, H. J., Kohncke, G., Castellli, E., Linssen, W., Stegeman, D., Binkhorst, R., Notermans, S., Jaspert, A., Fahsold, R., de Munain, A. Lopez, Cobo, A., Martorell, L., Poza, J. J., Navarrete Palau, D., Emparanza, J. I., Sanchez-Roy, R., Vilchez, J. J., Hernandez, M., Tena, J. Garcia, Perla, C., Koutroumanidis, M., Papathanasopoulos, P., Papadimitriou, A., Papapetropoulos, T. H., Divari, R., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Anastasopoulos, I., Sansone, V., Rotondo, G., Meola, G., Rigoletto, C., Messina, S., Szwabowska-Orzeszko, E., Jozwiak, S., Michalowicz, R., Szaplyko, W., Petrella, M. A., Della Marca, G., Masullo, G., Mennuni, G. F., Kompf, D., Wascher, E., Verleger, R., Kaido, M., Soga, F., Toyooka, H., Bayon, C., Rubio, J., Carlomagno, S., Parlato, V., Santoro, A., Lavarone, A., Bonavita, V., Pentore, R., Venneri, A., Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., Grymonprez, L., Lefebvre, C., Van der Linden, M., Derouesné, C., Renault, B., Lacomblez, L., Homeyer, P., Ouss, L., Neuman, E., Malbezin, M., Barrandon, S., Guez, D., Stevens, M., van Swieten, J. C., Franke, C. L., Sanchez, A., Castellvirel, S., Mila, M., Jimenez, D., Pallesta, F., Ruiz, P. J. Garcia, Barrio, A., Barroso, T., Benitez, J., de Yebenes, J. Garcia, Manubens, J. M., Martinez-Lage, J. M., Larumbe, R., Muruzabal, J., Lacruz, F., Quesada, Pedro, Gallego, J., Ferini-Strambi, L., Marcone, A., Garancini, P., Tedesi, B., Jacob, B., Rozewicz, L., Langdon, D., Davie, C., Ron, M., Thompson, A., Koepp, M. J., Hansen, M. L., Guldin, B., Pressler, R. M., Ried, S., Scholz, C., Monaco, F., Gianelli, M., Schiavalla, M. P., Naldi, P., Cantello, R., Torta, R., Verze, L., Mutani, R., Knott, H., Ferbert, A., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Aust, W., Di Mascio, R., Marchioli, R., Vitullo, F., Di Pasquale, A., Sciulli, L., Kramer, V., Tognoni, G., Santacruz, P., Lopez, R., Marti, M. J., Charques, I., Catafau, A., Lomeila, F., Peila, J., Bertran, I., Blesa, R., Krendel, D. A., Costiga, D. A., Koeppen, S., Korn, W. M., Brugge, S., Schmitz, D., Scheulen, M. E., King, R. H. M., Robertson, A. M., Thomas, P. K., Kerkhofs, A., Vermersch, P., Dereeper, O., Daems Monpeun, C., Parent, M., Deplanque, D., Petit, H., Campero, M., Serra, J., Ochoa, J. L., Martinez-Matos, J. A., Montero, J., Olivé, M., Rene, R., Vidaller, A., Gugenheim, M., Gouider, R., Le Guern, E., Brice, A., Agid, Y., Bouche, P., Grisold, W., Ziflo, U., Drlicek, M., Budka, H., Jellinger, K., Zielinski, C. H., Ginsberg, L., King, R. H. M., Workman, J., Platts, A. D., Thomas, P. K., Gherardi, R. K., Florea-Strat, A., Poron, F., Sabourin, J. -C., Fazio, R., Nemni, R., Franceschi, M., Lorenzetti, I., Rinaldi, L., Canal, N., Weilbach, F. X., Sennlaub, A., Jung, S., Gold, R., Toyka, K. V., Hartung, H. P., Giegerich, G., Ellie, E., Vital, A., Steck, A. J., Vital, C., Julien, J., Doneda, P., Pizzul, S., Scarpini, E., Chiodi, P., Ramacci, M. T., Livraghi, S., Maimone, D., Annunziata, P., Salvadori, C., Guazzi, G. C., Arne-Bes, M. C., Delisle, M. B., Fabre, N., Hurtevent, J. F., Bes, A., Baudoin-Martin, D., Laborde, E., Viallet, F., Creisson, C., Crespi, V., Bogliun, G., Marzorati, L., Zincone, A., D'Angelo, L., Liberani, A., Merlini, M., Rivolta, R., Creange, A., Sabourin, J. -C., Theodorou, I., Gherardi, R. K., Conti, A. M., Malosio, M. L., Baron, P. L., Scarlato, G., Chorao, R., Rosas, M. J., Leite, I., Callea, L., Donati, E., Bargnani, C., Bud, M., Verdu, E., Navarro, X., Braun, S., Einius, S., Poindron, P., Warier, J. M., Bradley, J., Bekkelund, S. I., Torbergsen, T., Mellgren, S. I., Carlomagno, S., Parlato, V., Santoro, A., Lavarone, A., Boller, F., Bonavita, V., Engelhardt, A., Lörler, H., Robeck, S., Kluglein, C., Comi, G., Avoledo, V., Locatelli, T., Leocani, L., Galardi, G., Magnani, G., Medaglini, S., Chkhikvishvili, T. S., Zangaladze, A., Bratoeva, M., Kovachev, P., Chavdarov, D., Artemis, N., Karacostas, D., Milonas, I., Arpa, J., Lopez-Pajares, R., Cruz-Matinez, A., Sarria, J., Palomo, F., Alonso, M., Rodriguez-Al-barino, A., Lacasa, T., Nos, J., Barreiro, P., Martinez, A. Cruz, Villoslada, C., Alons, M., Taghavy, A., Hamer, H., Kratzer, A., Dethy, S., Pauwels, T., Monclus, M., Luxen, A., Goldman, S., Ziegler, M., Crambes, O., Ragueneau, I., Arnaud, F., Zappia, M., Montesanti, R., Colao, R., Palmieri, A., Branca, D., Nicoletti, G., Rizzo, M., Parlato, G., Quattrone, A., Vanacore, N., Zuchegna, P., Bonifati, V., Meco, G., Scholz, J., Friedrich, H. -J., Rohl, A., Ulm, G., Vieregge, P., Savettieri, G., Rocca, W. A., Meneghini, F., Grigoletto, F., Morgante, L., Reggio, A., Salemi, G., Di Pierri, R., OzckmekÇi, S., Ertan, S., Yeni, N., Apaydin, H., Erkol, G., Kiziltan, G., Denktas, F., Ranoux, D., de Recondo, J., Ostergaard, L., Werdelin, L., Odin, P., Lindvall, O., Dupont, E., Christensen, P. B., Boisen, E., Jensen, N. B., Schmiegelow, M., Ingwersen, S. H., Matias-Guiu, J., Canet, T., Falip, R., Martin, R., Galiano, L., Voloshin, M. Y., Burchinskaya, L. F., Cabrera-Valdivia, F., Jimenez-Jimenez, F. J., Molina, J. A., Fernandez-Calle, P., Vazquez, A., Canizares-Liebana, F., Larumbe-Lobalde, S., Ayuso-Peralta, L., Rabasa, M., Codoceo, R., Arrieta, F. J., Aguilar, M. V., Jorge-Santamaria, A., Martinez-Para, M. C., Alarcon, J., Mateo, D., Gimenez-Roldan, S., Gencheva, E., Tzonev, T. z., Georgiev, G., Petkova, P., Gasparini, M., Vanacore, N., Meco, N. G., de la Sierra, G., Aguado, F., Revilla, M., Varela, L., Rico, H., Feve, A., N'Guyen, J. P., Bathien, N., Fenelon, G., Veroust, J., Cesaro, P., Egersbach, G., Hattig, H., Schelosky, L., Wissel, J., Poewe, W., Durif, F., Albuisson, E., Debilly, B., Tournilhac, M., Magnani, C., Mocellini, C., Soffietti, R., Schiffer, D., Cardozo, A., Cruz-Sanchez, F. F., Falip, L., Potagas, G., Ziegler, M., Rondot, P., Bonifati, V., Fabrizio, E., Meco, G., Bostantjopoulou, S., Katsarou, Z., Kyriazis, G., Baas, H., Demisch, L., Esser, A., Zoeller, F., Burklin, F., Harder, S., Fischer, P. A., Arcusa, M. J., Hermandez, S., Claramonte, F. J., Pascual, A. Pascual- Leone, Alonso, M. D., Catata, M. D., Alessandri, A., Giustini, P., Dufour, A., Ciusani, E., Nespolo, A., Roelcke, U., Radu, E. W., von Ammon, K., Maguire, R. P., Leenders, K. L., Radionova, M., Chavdarov, D., Bratoeva, M., Tzekov, Ch., Pietrangeli, A., Bove, L., Pace, A., Falqui, L., Jandolo, B., Potemkowski, A., Muller, B., Reinhard, I., Krone, A., Warmuth, M., Brocker, E. M., Krauseneck, P., Meyding-Lamadé, U., Krieger, D., Sartor, K., Hacke, W., Maugard-Louboutin, C., Fayet, G., Sagan, C., Martin, S., Ménégalli, D., Lajat, Y., Resche, F., Koriech, O. M., Al Moutaery, K., Yaqub, B., Jochens, R., Wolters, A., Venz, S., Cordes, M., Hecht, B. K., Chatel, M., Gaudray, P., Turc-Carel, C., Gioanni, J., Ayraud, N., Hecht, F., Rumbach, L., Racadot, E., Bataillard, M., Billot, M., Pariset, J., Wijdenes, J., Montalban, Rio J., Tintoré, M., Galan, I., Acarin, N., Rapaport, S., Huberman, M., Shechtcr, D., Karabudak, R., Kilinc, M., Boyacigil, S., Cila, A., Polo, J. M., Setien, S., Sanchez, R., Figols, J., Zubimendi, A., Nadareishvili, Z. G., Massot, R., Marés, R., Gallecho, F., Richart, C., Hernandez, M. A., Garcia, M. R., Lorenzo, J. N., Leon, C., Muros, M., Togores, J., Kutluk, K., Damlacik, G. A., Tekinsoy, B., Obuz, O., Baklan, B., Idiman, E., Genc, K., Zielasek, J., Schmidt, B., Liew, F. Y., Gulay, Z., Yulug, N., Wong, K. S., Wong, T. W., Yu, T. 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L., Giannini, P., Liguori, M., Lucivero, V., Picciola, E., Tortorella, C., Drislane, F., Wang, A. Ming, Di Mascio, R., Marchioli, R., Vitullo, F., Di Pasquale, A., Sciulli, L., Kramer, V., Tognoni, G., Levivier, M., del Olmo, A., Caballero, E., Degaey, I., de Bruijn, S. F. T. M., Tchaoussoglou, I., Bastianello, S., Pozzilli, C., Cervello, A., Catala, N., Koskas, F., Kieffer, E., Botia, E., Vivancos, J., Leon, T., Segura, T., Ramo, C., Lopez, F., Karepov, V. G., Gur, A. J., Berlanga, B., Gracia, V., Fiol, C., Kurtel, H., Ozkutlu, U., Yegen, B., Grau, A. J., Buggle, F., Heindle, S., Steichen-Wiehn, C., Banerjee, T., Maiwald, M., Becher, H., Villafana, W., Medina, F., Fernandez-Real, J. M., Soler, S., Planas, E., Iceman, E., Doganer, I., Badlan, G., Genc, B., Yulug, K., Ideman, E., Dural, H., Kutlul, K., Damalik, G., Baklan, Y., Metin, B., Tekinsoy, E., Iriarte, I., Subira, M. L., Crockar, A. D., Treacy, M., McNell, T. A., Grazzi, L., Ediboglu, N., Bilgin, H., Ertas, S., Goument, J. -P., Basset, C., Campos, Y., Garcia-Silva, T., Cabello, A., Bussaglia, E., Tizzano, E., Colomer, J., Gimbergues, P., Campagne, D., Bommelaer, C., Delaguillaume, B., Ramtami, H., Ait-Kaci-Ahmed, M., Pascual, L. F., Fernandez, T., Hortells, M., Sanz, C., Morales, F., Lauritzen, L., Picard, F., Sellal, F., Collard, M., Avramidis, T., Alexiou, E., Anastopoulos, T., Frongillo, D., Delfino, F. A., Cannata, M., Calo, L., Vichi, R., Antonini, G., Fragola, V., Cannata, D., Salas, M., Ruiz, C., Angelard, B., Lacau, J., Guily, St., Sendtner, M., Goadsby, Peter J., Quin, N. P., Gadian, D. G., Roland, P. E., Seitz, Rudiger J., Frackowiak, Richard S. J., Becker, G., Krone, A., Schmidt, K., Hofmann, E., Bogdahn, U., Rosenfeld, M. R., Meneses, P., Kaplitt, M. G., Dalmau, J., Posner, J., Cordon-Cardon, C., Hoang-Xuan, K., Vega, F., Nishisho, I., Moisan, J. P., Theillet, C., Delattre, O., Zhu, Jiahong, Walther, W., Posner, J. B., Roelcke, U., von Ammon, K., Pellikka, R., Lucking, C. H., Walon, C., Boucquey, D., -Van Rijckevorsel, K. Harmant, Lannoy, N., Verellen-Dunoulin, Ch., Liszka, U., Cavaletti, G., Casati, B., Kolig, C., Bogliun, G., Marzorati, L., Johannsen, L., Chio, A., Ruda, R., Vigliani, M. C., Sciolla, R., Seliak, D., Hoang-Xuang, K., Villanueva, J. A., Montalban, X., Arboix, A., Colosimo, C., Albanese, A., Hughes, A. J., de Bruin, V., Lees, A. J., Kowalski, J. W., Banfi, S., Santoro, L., Perretti, A., Castaldo, I., Barbieri, F., Campanella, G., Bhatia, K. P., Mardsen, C. D., de Bruin, V. S., Machedo, C., Ceballos-Baumann, D., Marsden, C. D., Brooks, D. B. J., Wennlng, G. K., Quinn, N., McDonald, W. l., Warner, T. T., Bain, P. C., Davis, M. B., Conway, D., Shaunak, S., O'Sullivan, E., Crawford, T., Lawden, M., Blunt, S., Rapoport, A., Sarova-Pinchas, I., de Beyl, D. Zegers, Mavroudakis, N., Blanc, S., Godinot, C., Lenoir, G., Barkhof, M. S. F., Tas, M. W., Baron, P. L., Constantin, C., Cassatella, M. A., Langdon, D. W., Webb, S., Gasparini, P., Zeviani, A., Kidd, D., Mammi, S., Cahalon, L., Hershkoviz, R., Lahat, N., Wallach, D., Annunziata, P., Martino, T., Maimone, D., Guazzi, G. C., Porrini, A. M., Dell'Arciprete, L., Rothwell, P. M., Stewart, R. R. C., Cull, R. E., Willmes, K., Poeck, K., Russell, D., Braekken, S. K., Brucher, R., Svennevig, J., Hermesl, M., Bruckmann, H., Biraben, A., Sliwka, U., Meyer, B., Schondube, F., Noth, J., Lavenu, I., Lammers, C., Waldecker, B., Haberbosch, W., Stam, J., Schneider, R., Gautier, J. C., Berlit, T. P., Fauser, B., Kuhne, D., Geraud, G., Danielli, A., Larrue, V., Bes, A., Timmerman, E., Bono, F., Bruni, A. C., Valalentino, P., Montesi, M. P., Talerico, G., Zappia, M., Sabatelli, M., Quattrone, A., Pareyson, D., Lorenzetti, D., Sghirlanzoni, A., Castellotti, B., Lupski, J. R., Archidiacono, N., Antonacci, R., Marzella, R., Rocchi, M., Samuel, D., Goulon-Goeau, C., Costa, P. P., Bismuth, H., Said, G., De Jongh, P., Lofgren, A., Timmerman, V., Vance, J. M., Van Broeckhoven, C., Martin, J. -J., Martinez, A. Cruz, Bort, S., Arpa, J., Misra, P., King, R. H. M., Badhia, K., Anderson, M., Caballo, A., Vichez, J., Gabriel, J. M., Erne, B., Miescher, G. C., Ulrich, J., Vital, A., Vital, C., Steck, A., Petry, K., Labatut, I., Hilmi, S., Ellie, E., Ferrini-Strambi, L., Zucconl, M., Marchettini, P., Palazzi, S., Oehlschlager, M., Pepinsky, R. B., Gemignani, F., Marbini, A., Pavesi, G., Di Vittorio, S., Manganelli, P., Mancia, D., Vermersh, P., Roche, J., Durocher, A. M., Dewailly, Ph., Dettmers, C., Fink, G., Lemon, R., Stephan, K., Passingham, D., Weder, B., Knorr, U., Huang, Y., Butterfield, D. A., Peris, M. L., Peiro, C., Pascual, A. Pascual-Leone, Bottini, G., Folnegovic-Smalc, V., Knezevic, S., Bokonjic, R., Ersmark, B., Torres, M. Gonzalez, Guiraud-Chaumeil, B., Haugaard, K., Jovicic, A., Chr, Lang, Levic, Z., Parra, C. Martinez, Ochoa, J. Patrignani, Titlbach, O., Wikkelso, C., Caparros-Lefevre, D., Debachy, B., Verier, A., Cantinho, G., Santos, A. I., Godinho, F., Bagunya, J., Roig, T., Ensenyat, A., Santiag, O., Trabucchi, H., De Leo, D., Koch, Ch., Zeumer, H., Matkovic, Z., Morris, P., Donaghy, M., Köhler, W., Kammer, T., Röther, J., Navon, R., Fontaine, B., Wu, Y., Capdevila, A., Guardiola, M. J., van Dijk, G. W., Notermans, N. C., Kruize, A. A., Kater, L., Bertelt, C., Hesse, S., Friedrich, H., Mauritz, K. -H., Giron, L. T., Watanabe, I. S., Ewing, D., Koepp, M., Lempert, T., Sander, B., Kauerz, U., Mehdorn, H. M., Hezel, J., Eickhoff, W., Kryst, T., Timsit, S., Gardeur, D., Reis, Mitermayer Galvao dos, Secor, E., Filho, A. Andrade, Silva, M. Cardoso, Santos, S. R. Silveira, Vasilaski, G., Reis, E. A. dos, Velupillai, P., Harn, D. A., Tigera, J. Garcia, Dreke, R. Martinez, Crespo, R. Piedra, Besses, C., Acin, P., Massons, J., Florensa, L., Oliveres, M., Sans-Sabrafen, J., Wicklein, E. M., Pleiffer, G., Kunre, K., Dieterich, M., Brandt, Th., Guarino, M., Stracciari, A., Pazzaglia, P., D'Alessandro, R., Santilli, I., and Donato, M.
- Published
- 1994
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31. Recent developments in cyclopentadienyl-alkalimetal chemistry
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Harder, S.
- Published
- 1998
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32. The Phosphonium Dibenzylide Anion as a Ligand in Organobarium Chemistry
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Harder, S. and Lutz, M.
- Abstract
The structural analysis of [Ph
2 P(4-methylbenzylide)2 ]2 Ba represents that of the first organobarium compound not belonging to the cyclopentadienyl series. The structure consists of two C2 -symmetric phosphonium ligands (of opposite chirality) encapsulating the Ba2+ ion. The Ba2+ ion is in bonding contact with the ylidic and benzylic ring carbon atoms. The benzylidic carbon adopts a planar sp2 bonding geometry, in the solid state as well as in solution. In solution, a dynamic process exchanges the two antipodes of the chiral dibenzylide ligands. Ab initio calculations and NPA charge analyses show that the di-ylide ligands in [Ph2 P(4-methylbenzylide)2 ]2 Ba should be described as species with highly polar P+−C- bonds. Calculations and detailed analysis of the benzyl ring geometries in the crystal structure show that the negative charge on the benzyl group is mainly localized on the ylidic carbon. The bonding geometries at P are distorted from tetrahedral geometry such as to increase the effect of C(lone pair) → π* (PR2 ) hyperconjugation. Thus, ylene character in the P−C bonds of dibenzylide anions is not negligible.- Published
- 1997
33. Silicon-Bridged Alkali-Metal and Alkaline-Earth-Metal Metallocene Complexes
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Harder, S., Lutz, M., and Straub, A. W. G.
- Abstract
The crystal structures of Si-bridged fluorenyl metallocenes with several alkali or alkaline-earth metals have been determined. Me
2 Si(Fl)2 Li2 (Fl = fluorenyl) crystallizes from THF as a solvent-separated ion pair: [Me2 SiFl2 Li·2THF]-[Li·4THF]+. The Li+ cation encapsulated by Me2 SiFl2 2- is bonded to both fluorenyl rings in an η1-fashion. The structure of Me2 SiFl2 Ca·3THF shows η3-bonding of both fluorenyl rings to Ca. The analogous Ba compound crystallizes as a tetrakis-THF solvate Me2 SiFl2 Ba·4THF. The unit cell contains two independent molecules with different Ba coordination geometries, (η5, η3) in one and (η3, η3) in the other. The structures of the Si-bridged fluorenyl metallocenes reported here do not show the distortions that are typical for Si-bridged d- and f-block metallocenes. No squeezing of the Cipso −Si−Cipso angles and tilting of the fluorenyl ring toward the metal are observed. Instead, the fluorenyl rings tilt away from the metal in order to create room for a more extended solvation of the cation by THF.- Published
- 1997
34. Mixed Aggregates of Alkali Metal Compounds: Structure and Stability of Superbase Models
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Kremer, T., Harder, S., Junge, M., and Schleyer, P. v. R.
- Abstract
This ab initio study of the structure and stability of mixed alkali metal dimers models the transmetalation reactions which may lead to superbasic reagents. Such reagents are mixtures of RLi and MOR (M = Na−Cs) and show strongly enhanced metalating power. The possible existence of mixed dimers RM/LiOR (M = Li−Cs, R = H, CH
3 , NH2 , OH, F, and R = H) has been evaluated at reasonably high levels of ab initio theory by MP2 calculations, using the pseudopotential method for the heavier alkali metals (K−Cs) and the 6-31++G** basis set for all other elements. Structures and energies of dimeric aggregates resulting from possible transmetalation reactions (metal exchange, anion exchange, anion and cation exchange and complete transmetalation) are calculated and compared. In almost every case, mixed aggregates are more stable than other possible combinations. The driving force favoring such mixed aggregates is the formation of stronger Li bonds and the reduction of electrostatic metal−metal repulsion. Additional BECKE3LYP calculations on the (MOH)2 /(LiCH3 )2 (M = Na, K) equilibria using the 6-311+G* basis sets for H, C, O, Li, and Na, as well as pseudopotentials for K were performed on the RHF optimized geometries. One O(CH3 )2 molecule on each of the metals decreases the differences in the relative stabilities of mixed aggregates and transmetalated compounds, relative to the unsolvated equilibria.- Published
- 1996
35. Syntheses and X-ray Structures of Anionic Sodocene Sandwiches
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Harder, S., Prosenc, M. H., and Rief, U.
- Abstract
While, the lithocene anion (Cp
2 Li-) can simply be generated by reacting 2 equiv of CpLi with PPh4 Cl in THF, the attempted synthesis of the sodocene anion under similar reaction conditions results in the crystallization of [Cp-][PPh4 +]. The structure consists of naked Cp anions pinched between metaphenyl hydrogens of the phosphonium cations. An ansa-sodocene anion in which the two Cp rings are bridged by a −C(Me)2 −C(Me)2 − chain is obtained by reaction of Me4 C2 (C5 H4 Na)2 with 1 equiv of PPh4 Cl in THF. Its crystal structure shows a disordered ansa-sodocene anion containing a sandwiched sodium cation solvated by a THF molecule. Unbridged Cp2 Na- was obtained by pushing the (CpNa + Cp-) &rlarr2; Cp2 Na- equilibrium to the sodocene anion side. Cell dimensions, space group symmetry, and the molecular structure of [Cp2 Na-][PPh4 +] are remarkably similar to that of [Cp2 Li-][PPh4 +]. The anion can be described as a centrosymmetric (η5,η5)Cp2 Na- sandwich (average C−Na = 2.630(3) Å) with approximate D5 d symmetry. - Published
- 1996
36. Interaction Between Quinolones and Caffeine
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Staib, A., Stille, W., Dietlein, G., Shah, P., Harder, S., Mieke, S., and Beer, C.
- Abstract
The effects of multiple doses of ofloxacin 200mg, ciprofloxacin 250mg or enoxacin 400mg (all twice daily) on the pharmacokinetic properties of single doses of caffeine (220 to 230mg) were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Intraindividual comparisons showed that ciprofloxacin and enoxacin significantly inhibited the elimination of caffeine. Ofloxacin, however, did not affect any of the measured pharmacokinetic properties of caffeine. Thus, caffeine should be avoided in patients with liver disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, latent epilepsy or in intensive care while undergoing treatment with enoxacin or ciprofloxacin.
- Published
- 1987
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37. Influence of piroxicam coadministration on pharmacodynamic parameters and the plasma concentration/effect relationship of recombinant hirudin (CGP 39393)
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Thürmann, P., Harder, S., and Kirchmaier, C. M.
- Abstract
Recombinant hirudins are currently under investigation for use in myocardial infarction and unstable angina. In this study the influence of piroxicam on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a recombinant hirudin preparation (CGP 39393) administered intravenously was determined. Twelve healthy, male volunteers received piroxicam 10 mg and matching placebo once daily for 12 days according to a double-blind, randomised cross-over design. On the 12th day, the dose of piroxicam was followed by a 6-hour infusion of hirudin 0.1 mg·kg
-1 ·h-1 . Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of hirudin and repeated measurements of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), bleeding time and platelet adhesion index were assessed up to 24 h after the start of the infusion. The maximum APTT was 83 s (placebo) and 84 s (piroxicam), 3 to 4 h after the start of the infusion, and was comparable on both study days. The AUD0–24 (APTT) came to 913 s·h·kg-1 under placebo and it was slightly increased to 1,017 s·h·kg-1 after piroxicam; the 95%-confidence interval according to MOSES ranged from 0.97 to 1.24, and the point estimator was 1.10. Bleeding time was significantly prolonged from 290 s under placebo to 345 s under piroxicam before the start of the infusion of hirudin. No further prolongation was found during or after the infusion. No change was observed in the platelet adhesion index. Responsiveness parameters according to a sigmoidal Emax -model were obtained from the hirudin-plasma concentration/effect (i.e. APTT-prolongation)-curves after placebo and piroxicam. Maximal APTT-prolongation (Emax ; i.e. peak APTT minus the baseline value) was 53 s after placebo and 52 s after piroxicam. The EC50 was 34 nmol·l-1 after placebo and 40 nmol·h·l-1 after piroxicam. The AUC0 of hirudin was to 539 nmol·h·l-1 ·kg-1 under placebo and 557 nmol·h·l-1 ·kg-1 after piroxicam coadministration; the 95%- confidence interval according to MOSES ranged from 0.95 to 1.14, and the point estimator was 1.03. No period effect was detected. There were no significant differences between the other pharmacokinetic parameters except Vss , which was increased slightly from 0.23 l to 0.27 l under piroxicam. The results do not show a clinically relevant pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic interaction between hirudin and piroxicam.- Published
- 1995
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38. Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between carvedilol and digitoxin or phenprocoumon
- Author
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Harder, S., Brei, R., Caspary, S., and Merz, P.
- Abstract
Summary: The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between carvedilol and digitoxin (Study I) or phenprocoumon (Study II) has been evaluated in groups of 12 healthy volunteers. The bioavailability (C
max , tmax , AUC) of digitoxin and phenprocoumon were assessed after a single dose, given once alone and once on day 6 of treatment with carvedilol 25 mg o.d. Cmax , tmax , AUC and Ut of carvedilol and desmethylcarvedilol were also investigated after the fifth dose of carvedilol and after the sixth dose given concomitantly with digitoxin or phenprocoumon. In Study I, the 95% confidence intervals of the ratio test versus the reference findings were; digitoxin Cmax 0.80–1.20, tmax 0.56–1.14, AUC 0.97–1.33, and for carvedilol Cmax 0.81–1.22; tmax 0.66–1.23; AUC 0.91–1.17. Formation of the active metabolite desmethylcarvedilol and the urinary recovery of carvedilol and esmethylcarvedilol were not influenced by digitoxin. In Study II Cmax and AUC of phenprocoumon were not changed after carvedilol. Cmax of carvedilol was decreased after phenprocoumon. The kinetic parameters of phenprocoumon were Cmax 0.80–1.05, tmax 0.47–2.00, AUC 0.78–1.05, and for carvedilol Cmax 0.59–1.06, tmax 0.71–1.73; AUC 0.80–1.08, respectively. The plasma levels of desmethylcarvedilol and the urinary recovery of carvedilol and desmethylcarvedilol were not influenced by phenprocoumon. The blood pressure and heart rate after carvedilol alone were not affected by concomitant administration of digitoxin or phenprocoumon.- Published
- 1993
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39. Prescription of drugs not listed in a clinic's pharmacopoeia: supervision by clinical pharmacologists
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Harder, S., Thürmann, P., Huber, Th., and Rietbrock, N.
- Abstract
The pharmaceutical market in the FRG offers about 11,000 different preparations and formulations. A restricted list (pharmacopoeia) containing approximately 1,000 drugs has been proved to cover the routine requirements of a university clinic and most of the additional drugs demanded by the physicians as ‘exceptis excipiendis’.
- Published
- 1991
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40. Investigation of nifedipine absorption in different regions of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract after simultaneous administration of 13C- and 12C-nifedipine
- Author
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Bode, H., Brendel, E., Ahr, G., Fuhr, U., Harder, S., and Staib, A. H.
- Abstract
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the absorption of nifedipine in man from four different sites of the gastrointestinal tract. Methods:On separate occasions, nifedipine solution was administered locally to the stomach, the small intestine and two sites in the colon in 4 healthy male volunteers (age 29–34 y weight 73–82 kg, non-smokers) using a remote controlled drug delivery device (HF-capsule). In order to assess absolute and relative bioavailabilities, an intravenous infusion was given on a separate occasion and all treatments were accompanied by a simultaneous oral dose of a stable-isotope labelled nifedipine solution. This allowed to minimise the influence of intra-individual variability. Plasma samples were collected up to 24 h post dose and faeces for 72 h. A new method of analysis of nifedipine in plasma and faeces using gas chromatography with mass-selective detection (GCMS) was employed. Results:Dissolved nifedipine was found to enter the systemic circulation completely along the intestine, being absorbed from jejunum to colon. Absorption was less rapid from the colon than from the upper part of the gut, but this was not associated with a decrease in absorption and/or bioavailability: Absolute bioavailability, calculated from the normalised AUC values, ranged from 42 to 56%, and bioavailability relative to oral solution was 100 to 126% (medians of the application sites). Conclusion: The absence of an absorption window in the intestinal tract suggests that nifedipine is well suited for use in controlled-release formulations.
- Published
- 1996
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41. Pharmacodynamic Profile of Verapamil in Relation to Absolute Bioavailability
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Harder, S., Thürmann, P., Siewert, M., Blume, H., Huber, Th., and Rietbrock, N.
- Abstract
The absolute bioavailability Fand response (prolongation of the PR interval) of verapamil after single doses of the same oral formulation administered on two different days were investigated in 16 male subjects with and 80 mg fast dissolving and a 240 mg controlled-release preparation and compared with a bolus injection of 5 mg of verapamil. The absolute bioavailability was 23 in both investigations for the 80 mg preparation and 32 in both investigations for the 240 mg dosage form. The individual values obtained for tmax, cmax, F, and AUC0-, showed a wide intersubject variability: therefore, no significant differences could be observed between the two trials for each dosage, but significant differences existed between the investigations of the two preparations. After intravenous administration, concentration-effect curves were about twofold left shifted when compared with the 80 mg tablet and about threefold left shifted when compared with the 240 mg tablet. Estimation of the drug input rate showed significantly (p < 0.05) smaller values when the controlled-release tablet was given (80 mg tablet: 95.1 and 107.7 mg/h; 240 mg tablet: 55.8 and 46.3 mg/h). Thus, the effect and bioavailability of verapamil show sufficient intersubject reproducibility if the same formulation is given. The differences between the responses and the bioavailability after administration of different preparations may be related as well to the drug absorption rate and the stereoselective first pass of verapamil as to saturation of first-pass metabolism.
- Published
- 1991
42. Effect of the Calcium Channel Blockers S-, R-Verapamil and Ro 40-5967 on Adhesion and Migration Properties of Lymphocytes Acting on Human Vascular Endothelium
- Author
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Blaheta, R., Harder, S., Hailer, N., Scholz, M., Bereiter-Hahn, J., Encke, A., Rietbrock, N., and Markus, B. H.
- Abstract
The effects of the calcium channel blockers S- and R-verapamil or Ro 40-5967 on penetration processes of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) added to allogenic human vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were studied. Both PBL adhesion and migration were evaluated by combined phase contrast and reflection interference contrast microscopy. PBL adhesion was inhibited by 22% when 100 μg/ml verapamil was added to the cell cultures. PBL migration was completely suppressed with verapamil concentrations above 80 μg/ml (EC50: S-verapamil: 59.7 μg/ml, R-verapamil: 52.3 μg/ml). No differences were seen in the results obtained either with or without cytokine (γ-IFN or IL-1) stimulation. Ro 40-5967 redlfced adhesion completely above concentrations of 40 μg/ml. EC50 for migration was 13 ± 2 or 13 ± 1 μg/ml, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of adhesion molecule expression on HUVEC revealed no inhibition of 1CAM-1 and VCAM-1 by verapamil or Ro 40-5967. We concluded that the effects of the calcium channel blockers did not depend on cytokine stimulation and, as they were found similar for both verapamil enantiomers, also did not depend on the calcium channel blocking properties of the compounds. Since adhesion molecule expression was not reduced on HUVEC the Ca2+-channel blockers tested in this assay seem to affect cellular infiltration via other pathways.
- Published
- 1994
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43. The Effect of Socio-Demographic and Crash-Related Factors on the Prognosis of Whiplash
- Author
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Harder, S., Veilleux, M., and Suissa, S.
- Published
- 1998
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44. Structure and activities of hospital drug committees in Germany
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Thürmann, P. A., Harder, S., and Steioff, A.
- Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: Hospital drug committees have been established to ensure rational drug use. However, with regard to their structure and duties remarkable differences between European countries may exist, reflecting the differences in drug legislation and market. Our aim was to obtain information about the structure, present activities and decision-making processes of hospital drug committees in Germany and especially the role of clinical pharmacologists in these committees. Methods: In 1995, a questionnaire with 36 items was designed and sent to all 450 hospitals in Germany with more than 400 beds. One hundred forty three returned questionnaires were evaluated. Results: According to hospital size, the median value for the annual drug budget (including the cost of blood and blood-derived products) in 1993 ranged between DM 2.4 million for hospitals with less than 500 beds and DM 30.0 million for university hospitals with more than 1 000 beds. In 53.2% of drug committees, a pharmacist holds the position of chairman, followed by medical specialists (32%); (clinical) pharmacologists hold this position in only 7.7% of the general hospitals, but in almost 50% of the university hospitals. In most cases, all clinical specialities are represented in the drug committee, the number of members ranging between 5 and 40 (median 12). The number of drugs included in the internal drug list, ranging between 400 in hospitals with <500 beds and about 700 in university hospitals, strongly correlated with the number of beds and, interestingly, with the number of drug committee members. Treatment guidelines were implemented mainly for anti-infectives (87%), infusion solutions (30%), anti-emetic drugs (5-HT
3 -receptor antagonists, 27%) and blood and blood-derived products such as intravenous immunoglobulins (23%). However, effective control of these guidelines was only performed in about 50% of the hospitals. A drug information service was provided in most hospitals, where 95% of queries were answered by pharmacists. Conclusion: The results of our survey showed that German hospital drug committees vary considerably with regard to their function and control mechanisms of drug use. Most of the responders would appreciate a more intensive exchange of current problems and treatment guidelines. Although the process of pharmacotherapeutic decision making should be supported by clinical pharmacologists, experts in this field are often not involved in German hospital drug committees.- Published
- 1997
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45. Test stand for the Silicon Vertex Detector of the Collider Detector Facility
- Author
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Zimmermann, S., Anderson, J., Andresen, J., Barsotti, E., Chramowicz, J., Duerling, G., Gao, M., Gonzalez, H., Haynes, B., Knopf, W., Treptow, K., Walsh, D., Zmuda, T., Huffman, T., Shepard, P., Gay, C., Harder, S., Hill, H., Huth, J., O'Kane, J., Oliver, J., Robins, H., Spiropulu, M., Strohmer, R., Gold, M., and Thomas, T.
- Abstract
A test stand for the next generation of the Silicon Vertex Detector (SVX-II) of the Collider Detector Facility (CDF) at Fermilab has been developed. It is capable of performing cosmic ray, beam, and laser pulsing tests on silicon strip detectors using the new generation of SVX chips. The test stand is composed of a SGI workstation, a VME CPU, the Silicon Test Acquisition and Readout (STAR) board, the Test Fiber Interface Board (TFIB), and the Test Port Card (TPC). The STAR mediates between external stimuli for the different tests and produces appropriate high level commands which are sent to the TFIB. The TFIB, in conjunction with the TPC, translates these commands into the correct logic levels to control the SVX chips. The four modes of operation of the SVX chips are configuration, data acquisition, digitization, and data readout. The data read out from the SVX chips is transferred to the STAR. The STAR can then be accessed by the VME CPU and the SGI workstation for future analyses. The detailed description of this test stand will be given.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
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46. A Peculiar Reaction of Aminoallenes with Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Aldehydes
- Author
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Nijs, R., Verkruijsse, H. D., Harder, S., van der Kerk, A. C. H. T. M., and Brandsma, L.
- Abstract
Addition of the Allenic amine H2C═C═CHNMe2 and the corresponding N-morpholinoallene to a solution of an aromatic or heteroaromatic aldehyde, RCH═O, and lithium bromide in tetrahydrofuran followed by treatment of the reaction mixture with a small amount of acetic acid at elevated temperatures affords the aldehydes RCH═C(CH2NR'2)CH═O (NR'2=NMe2 or morpholino) in reasonable yields.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Controlled potential enzymology of methyl transfer reactions involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis by CO dehydrogenase and the corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein from Clostridium thermoaceticum.
- Author
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Lu, W P, Harder, S R, and Ragsdale, S W
- Abstract
Many anaerobic bacteria fix CO2 via the Wood pathway of acetyl-CoA synthesis. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), also called acetyl-CoA synthase, accepts the methyl group from the methylated corrinoid/iron-sulfur protein (C/Fe-SP), binds a carbonyl group from CO, CO2, or the carboxyl of pyruvate, and binds coenzyme A. Then CODH catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from these enzyme-bound groups. Here, we have characterized the methyl transfer steps involved in acetyl-CoA synthesis. We have studied the reactions leading to methylation of CODH by methyl iodide and shown an absolute requirement of the C/Fe-SP in this reaction. In addition, we have discovered and partly characterized two previously unknown exchange reactions catalyzed by CODH: between the methylated C/Fe-SP and methylated CODH and between methylated CODH and the methyl moiety of acetyl-CoA. We have performed these two exchange reactions, methylation of the C/Fe-SP, and methylation of CODH at controlled potentials. The rates of all these reactions except the exchange between methylated C/Fe-SP and methylated CODH are accelerated (from 1 to 2 orders of magnitude) when run at low potentials. Our results provide strong evidence for a nucleophilic redox-active metal center on CODH as the initial acceptor of the methyl group from the methylated C/Fe-SP. This metal center also is proposed to be involved in the cleavage of acetyl-CoA in the reverse reaction.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Untersuchungen zur elektrischen Aufzeichnung von Augenbewegungen
- Author
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Mackensen, G. and Harder, S.
- Published
- 1954
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Influence of argatroban on coagulation parameters in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia patients after cardiothoracic surgery
- Author
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HARDER, S., MERZ, M., KLINKHARDT, U., LORENZ, H., and KOSTER, A.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Synthesis and Structure of an Arylcalcium Compound with an Unusual Calcium Tetrahedron Containing an Encapsulated Oxide
- Author
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Ruspic, C. and Harder, S.
- Abstract
The attempted synthesis of homoleptic bis(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)calcium reproducibly yielded a crystalline product of composition Ar
6 Ca4 O, in which the Ca2+ ions span a tetrahedron, the six aryl ligands bridge the vertices, and O2- occupies the center.- Published
- 2005
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