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Lateral intrusions flowing from the boundaries of lakes and oceans might influence basin‐scale distributions of heat, chemical solutes, sediments, and organisms. Here, observations of numerous intrusions from multiple locations in a small lake were used to examine the relation of intrusions to a lakewide internal seiche, and to estimate mean exchange between sloping bottom boundary layers (BBLs) and the lake interior. BBL waters were observed periodically separating from the bed and flowing laterally offshore. Boundary layer separation was initiated where strong downslope flows encountered upslope‐propagating temperature fronts. These separation events propagated upslope, coherent with the vertically propagating internal seiche, resembling previously reported cases of upslope‐propagating internal bores. Following separation, jets flowed offshore immediately above temperature fronts, transporting boundary layer water at least 61 m into the interior. Jet propagation could be traced upwards, from the bed at 9.4 m depth to the base of the surface mixed layer. Mean offshore transport was most intense within the metalimnion (4–7 m depth). Intruding intermediate‐temperature thermocline water was likely supplied both by river inputs and by boundary mixing of cold and warm waters. These findings suggest that periodic jets, resulting from seiche‐induced boundary layer separation, transported significant quantities of water from the boundary layer toward the stratified lake interior, with possible implications for distributions of sediments, solutes, and organisms.

Oncohistones represent compelling evidence for a causative role of epigenetic perturbations in cancer. Giant cell tumours of bone (GCTs) are characterised by a mutated histone H3.3 as the sole genetic driver present in bone-forming osteoprogenitor cells but absent from abnormally large bone-resorbing osteoclasts which represent the hallmark of these neoplasms. While these striking features imply a pathogenic interaction between mesenchymal and myelomonocytic lineages during GCT development, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We show that the changes in the transcriptome and epigenome in the mesenchymal cells caused by the H3.3-G34W mutation contribute to increase osteoclast recruitment in part via reduced expression of the TGFβ-like soluble factor, SCUBE3. Transcriptional changes in SCUBE3are associated with altered histone marks and H3.3G34Wenrichment at its enhancer regions. In turn, osteoclasts secrete unregulated amounts of SEMA4D which enhances proliferation of mutated osteoprogenitors arresting their maturation. These findings provide a mechanism by which GCTs undergo differentiation in response to denosumab, a drug that depletes the tumour of osteoclasts. In contrast, hTERTalterations, commonly found in malignant GCT, result in the histone-mutated neoplastic cells being independent of osteoclasts for their proliferation, predicting unresponsiveness to denosumab. We provide a mechanism for the initiation of GCT, the basis of which is dysfunctional cross-talk between bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. The findings highlight the role of tumour/microenvironment bidirectional interactions in tumorigenesis and how this is exploited in the treatment of GCT.

Methane (CH4) produced in anoxic sediments plays a significant role in the carbon economy of many lakes and reservoirs. CH4released from sediments first crosses the bottom boundary layer (BBL), the layer of water overlying the lakebed where currents are slowed by friction with the sediments below. Physical and biogeochemical conditions in the BBL, which can fluctuate hourly to daily with basin‐wide internal waves (seiches), likely influence CH4transport from sediments into the hypolimnion. In this study, we estimated CH4fluxes across the BBL of a eutrophic lake using a novel in situ flux gradient approach adapted from marine applications. For 2–6 h periods throughout the spring and summer, we estimated CH4fluxes across the BBL using simultaneous measurements of CH4concentrations, turbulent mixing, and thermal stratification. Sub‐daily variation in CH4fluxes was high, and CH4fluxes sometimes changed several‐fold within hours. These rapid shifts in BBL fluxes were likely influenced by fluctuations in seiche‐driven variations in the intensity of BBL turbulent mixing. Fluxes increased from spring to summer, concurrent with the development of lake stratification, and fueled an accumulation of CH4below the thermocline. Throughout the summer, CH4flux across the BBL exceeded CH4accumulation below the thermocline, suggesting significant methanotrophy in the hypolimnion, consistent with incubation‐based oxidation rates. Our results are the first to demonstrate sub‐daily and seasonal variability in the timing and magnitude of CH4fluxes within a lake BBL, and highlight a need to quantify such variability in other lentic systems.

In a stratified lake, where an internal seiche maintained an oscillating bottom boundary layer (BBL), processes including strain‐induced periodic stratification (SIPS), a downslope mean flow, and upslope‐propagating internal waves controlled fluctuating BBL mixing rates. To investigate these processes, high‐resolution temperature and velocity profiles were measured within 2 m of the sloping bed, through more than 100 cycles of upslope and downslope flows. The associated seiche‐induced velocity reversals coincided with the arrival of upslope‐propagating cold fronts. Although fronts are sometimes associated with internal wave breaking, in this lake the measured frontal slopes were small and breaking did not occur. When fronts were not propagating past instruments, near‐bed stratification was consistent with SIPS, being intensified by downslope flows and reduced by upslope flows. Owing to a downslope near‐bed mean flow, which was previously shown to cancel an upslope internal‐wave Stokes drift, peak downslope velocities regularly exceeded peak upslope velocities. Given these strong downslope velocities, turbulent dissipation rates were most intense during downslope phases. Therefore, during downslope flow, creation of stratification by SIPS coincided with elevated dissipation, creating conditions for effective mixing. Correspondingly, two simple parameterizations for mixing efficiency suggest that most of the total near‐bed buoyancy flux (≥ 82%), and most of the irreversible flux (87%), occurred during the downslope‐flow phase of internal seiche cycles. The observed mechanism for dominant mixing during downslope flow has potential to act in other environments where internal waves propagate up sloping beds.

Objectives To evaluate the impact of a course in surgical dentistry on the confidence of 32 general dental practitioners, each of whom attended a one-day hands-on course.Design Questionnaire survey.Setting General dental practitioners attending a course on surgical dentistry, which was run over a day, for eight participants per day.Results The course was rated highly by participants. The hands-on component was particularly well received. Confidence scores increased for several surgical procedures, particularly for removal of impacted teeth and for apicectomies of single-rooted teeth. There were concomitant decreases in the proportion of participants who said that they would refer patients requiring these surgical procedures. Confidence scores remained low for complex procedures such as molar apicetomies. However, it would be appropriate to refer these cases for specialist care.Conclusions The results of this pilot study indicated that a course in surgical dentistry was successful in increasing the confidence of a small group of general dental practitioners. More research is needed to determine whether this is the most effective way of helping practitioners maintain and improve skills and confidence in surgical dentistry.

Complex oral surgery procedures are occurring more commonly in primary care, performed by both specialist oral surgeons and non-specialists/tier 2 providers. Practitioners in the UK are working in an increasingly litigious environment which is often at the forefront of a practitioner's mind and prevention of complaints and claims of negligence is vital in maintaining confidence in our practise. In this ever-increasing litigious environment practitioners need to be aware of the risks associated with oral surgery procedures and have to be able to assess and treatment plan patients effectively and safely. Consent is critical to all procedures, and the recent Montgomery case reinforces the importance of this process which must be individual to each patient. It is vital that as practitioners we are aware of our scope of practice and are able to fully inform patients of the risks and benefits of treatment. Practitioners must know their limits and when to refer on to secondary care. This paper discusses the essentials of risk management in oral surgery and describes key stages in the management of patients undergoing an oral surgery procedure. Initial assessment of the patient, which includes medical and dental history will be discussed followed by investigations to support the clinical diagnosis. Once diagnosis has been confirmed, the process of obtaining consent and the legal implications of this are discussed. Finally, a discussion on the appropriate evidence-based management of common complications which may arise when performing oral surgery will complete the paper.

There are some dento-legal mantras that have, by default, come to be understood as the truth, for example: “If it ain't in the notes, it didn't happen” and “Good records, good defence; poor records, poor defence; no records, no defence.” The opposite view was offered by the trial judge in a dental clinical negligence case in recent years. The judge's view can be summed up as: “If you don't make a note of something that has happened, you leave yourself at risk of proceedings like these.”

High‐resolution velocity measurements were collected within and above two dense canopies of mangrove pneumatophore roots in a wave‐exposed mangrove forest. In both canopies, root density decreased steadily with height above bed owing to the variability in root heights and the tapered shape of the roots. Within the canopies, we consider turbulence within three zones: near the bed above the wave boundary layer, around the mean canopy height, and above the canopy. The near‐bed turbulence was particularly intense (up to 6.5 × 10−4W/kg), likely owing to oscillatory wave‐driven currents flowing past dense vegetation. Near the bed and around the mean canopy height, peaks in horizontal velocity power spectra at frequencies corresponding to Strouhal numbers of ~0.2 may indicate Von Kármán wake shedding in the lee of the pneumatophores. Furthermore, a recirculation zone was observed immediately behind a cluster of pneumatophores at intermediate heights. These coherent flow structures were associated with zones of enhanced Reynolds stresses (up to 5.3 × 10−3m2/s2) and eddy viscosities (up to 1.9 × 10−3m2/s). Large near‐bed stresses were associated with near‐bed drag coefficients that are up to an order of magnitude larger than those expected in the absence of vegetation. Observed eddy viscosities are consistent with theoretical expectations, derived from scaling arguments using a standard mixing‐length model. These results suggest that pneumatophore roots can contribute greatly to turbulent mixing (e.g., eddy viscosities were on average O(10−4–10−3m2/s) and therefore may enhance the sediment transport occurring in mangrove forest fringes. Mangrove forests comprise the dominant plant communities in tropical and subtropical coasts and provide many important physical and biological functions. However, mangrove forests are largely in decline worldwide, and hence, there is interest in rehabilitating or replanting damaged forests. The success rate of these efforts may be improved by understanding the physical forces that shape mangrove ecosystems. In this study, we deployed several high‐resolution velocity sensors within the pneumatophore roots of a coastal mangrove forest in the lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam. From velocity measurements, we assessed the spatial distribution of turbulence that formed in the wake of the roots when they were submerged during the rising or falling tide. We found that enhanced turbulence was associated with denser vegetation, particularly near the bed. This result indicates that pneumatophore roots do not necessarily shelter the bed from erosional forces and instead may enhance sediment transport occurring within the forest. Turbulent dissipation, Reynolds stress, and eddy viscosity are enhanced near the bed within clusters of mangrove pneumatophore rootsEddy viscosities up to 1.9 x 10‐3m2/s were estimated within the vegetationPneumatophore roots may inhibit sediment deposition, which contradicts the expectation that dense vegetation promotes sediment retention

In total, 42 Third System forts were built along the east coast of the USA between 1816 and 1867. Because of their purpose, to defend key locations against potential British amphibious assault, their sites were limited to islands, shoals, shorelines, riverbanks or hilltops. Sited along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines, many are constructed upon distinctive geomorphological landforms that are related more to features influenced by Quaternary glaciation or sea-level changes than by pre-Quaternary bedrock. A selection of forts is described to illustrate the principal geological and geomorphological features that influenced their construction: at Boston Harbor in Massachusetts on drumlins, near New York City on moraine and at Fort Pulaski protecting Savannah Harbor in Georgia on saltmarsh. Further south, Fort Clinch in northern Florida, forts guarding Pensacola Bay in western Florida and the entrance to Mobile Bay in the Gulf region, and Fort Massachusetts on Ship Island, Mississippi, were all primarily situated on Holocene barrier islands. Construction, use and 1861–65 Civil War threats to these forts can be directly related to their geomorphological context. Although all are now redundant, most remain as a remarkable and highly visible aspect of the military history of the USA.

The linear-ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) modulates signalling via various immune receptors. In tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling, linear (also known as M1) ubiquitin enables full gene activation and prevents cell death. However, the mechanisms underlying cell death prevention remain ill-defined. Here, we show that LUBAC activity enables TBK1 and IKKε recruitment to and activation at the TNF receptor 1 signalling complex (TNFR1-SC). While exerting only limited effects on TNF-induced gene activation, TBK1 and IKKε are essential to prevent TNF-induced cell death. Mechanistically, TBK1 and IKKε phosphorylate the kinase RIPK1 in the TNFR1-SC, thereby preventing RIPK1-dependent cell death. This activity is essential in vivo, as it prevents TNF-induced lethal shock. Strikingly, NEMO (also known as IKKγ), which mostly, but not exclusively, binds the TNFR1-SC via M1 ubiquitin, mediates the recruitment of the adaptors TANK and NAP1 (also known as AZI2). TANK is constitutively associated with both TBK1 and IKKε, while NAP1 is associated with TBK1. We discovered a previously unrecognized cell death checkpoint that is mediated by TBK1 and IKKε, and uncovered an essential survival function for NEMO, whereby it enables the recruitment and activation of these non-canonical IKKs to prevent TNF-induced cell death.

The three‐dimensional (across‐shore, alongshore, and vertical) structure of hourly mean currents and <0.01 Hz eddies was measured on a natural beach using 12 Acoustic Doppler Profilers. Both eddies and alongshore currents became relatively depth‐uniform inside the surfzone. Eddies showed greater depth dependence than alongshore currents. A two‐layer model, derived by scaling of the wave‐averaged shallow water equations, yielded separate equations for depth‐averaged and depth‐dependent velocity components. Scaling suggests, and observations confirm, only a small role for lateral advection in most surfzone cases, leading to one‐dimensional vertical models for depth dependence. For alongshore currents, depth dependence is generated by opposite forcing on lower and upper layers, respectively by bottom friction (quantified by time scale λb−1) and waves or wind. This generation is balanced by mixing between upper and lower layers (time scale λm−1), so the ratio between depth‐dependent and depth‐averaged alongshore currents equals λb/λm. Established models for bottom friction and breaker‐induced mixing predicted a surfzone reduction in λb/λmconsistent with the observed reduction in alongshore current depth dependence. Scatter around trends was considerable. Alongshore variability was significant for depth‐dependence of currents and eddies. Inside (but not outside) the surfzone, the mixing time scale λm−1was shorter than the eddy period, so a quasi‐steady balance was predicted between forcing and mixing of eddy depth dependence. Observed eddy depth dependence exceeded predictions for barotropic eddies generated by shear production (i.e., shear instabilities), possibly indicating generation of eddies by random breaking waves in the surfzone, or indicating baroclinic effects outside the surfzone. As waves break near the shore, they drive strong currents that can erode coastlines, endanger swimmers, and transport marine organisms. These currents are not steady—instead, they form swirling, fluctuating patterns called nearshore eddies. This paper presents the first extensive measurements of the three‐dimensional (i.e., across‐shore, alongshore, and vertical) structure of surfzone currents and eddies. Results help to test theories for currents near the shore, as well as theories for mixing by breaking waves and by surfzone eddies. Twelve ADPs measured the three‐dimensional structure of surfzone currents and eddiesDepth‐dependence greater for eddies (<0.01 Hz velocity fluctuations) than alongshore currentsObserved surfzone depth‐dependence resembled 1‐D‐vertical model predictions, with minimal role for lateral advection

Dental therapists and hygienists should notify their indemnity provider that they are providing services under direct access.Governance for dental therapists and hygienists providing direct access NHS care sits with the provider rather than NHS England.MDDUS has a range of indemnity solutions to suit the full range of requirements for dental professional and practices.

AbstractThe F-Club in Leeds, UK, was a punk and post-punk night club from the 1970s to the 1980s. Leeds as a city has a reputation for alternative music scenes, and the F-Club is part of the history recalled by musicians and fans locally. In this article, we interview people who publicly identified with going to the F-Club back in their youth, to map connections as well as memories, identity-work and myth-making. We are interested in leisure spaces and leisure lives, as well as cultural spaces and identity-work. We explore the history of the F-Club, its place in wider networks, and the memories of it by those who attended it. We explore the ways in which the F-Club is remembered and talked about by self-declared members of the scenes around the club. Our interest is not so much in mapping and understanding the identity-work and the community of the F-Club as it actually happened, but in how our respondents construct these things now from their own memories. This article also contributes to methodological and theoretical debates about network analysis against ethnography in the sociology of music, and defends the latter as a way to construct an emerging public sociology of leisure.

Internal seiches, which supply the energy responsible for mixing many lakes, are often modeled as vertically standing waves. However, recent observations of vertical seiche propagation in a small lake are inconsistent with the standard, vertically standing model. To examine the processes responsible for such propagation, drag and turbulent production in the bottom boundary layer of a small lake are related to the energy supplied by a propagating seiche (period 10–24 h). Despite complex and fluctuating stratification, which often inhibited mixing within 0.4 m of the bed, bottom stress was well represented by a simple drag coefficient model (drag coefficient 1.5 × 10−3). The net supply of seiche energy to the boundary layer was estimated by fitting a model for internal wave vertical propagation to velocity profiles measured above the boundary layer (1–4.5 m above lakebed). Fitted reflection coefficients ranged from 0.3 at 1 cycle/d frequency to 0.7 at 2.4 cycles/d (cf. near‐unity coefficients of classical seiche theories). The net supply of seiche energy approximately balanced boundary layer turbulent production. Three of four peaks in production and energy flux occurred 0.8–2.2 days after strong oscillating winds, a delay comparable to the time required for seiche energy to propagate to the lakebed. A model based on the estimated drag coefficient predicted the observed frequency dependence of the seiche reflection coefficient. For flat‐bed regions in narrow lakes, the model predicts that reflection is controlled by the ratio of water velocity to vertical wave propagation speed, with sufficiently large ratios leading to weak reflection, and clear vertical seiche propagation. Internal seiche propagation caused by bottom boundary layer conversion of seiche energy to turbulenceHigh (water velocity)/(vertical propagation speed) ratio associated with net vertical propagationStratification inhibited turbulence measured within 0.4 m of lakebed

The article talks about Forbes Road in Western Pennsylvania in terms of it's geology and geography and discusses topics including the Seven Years War affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines and the French and Indian War in North America, both between 1754 to 1763.

Topological domains are key architectural building blocks of chromosomes, but their functional importance and evolutionary dynamics are not well defined. We performed comparative high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) in four mammals and characterized the conservation and divergence of chromosomal contact insulation and the resulting domain architectures within distantly related genomes. We show that the modular organization of chromosomes is robustly conserved in syntenic regions and that this is compatible with conservation of the binding landscape of the insulator protein CTCF. Specifically, conserved CTCF sites are co-localized with cohesin, are enriched at strong topological domain borders, and bind to DNA motifs with orientations that define the directionality of CTCF’s long-range interactions. Conversely, divergent CTCF binding between species is correlated with divergence of internal domain structure, likely driven by local CTCF binding sequence changes, demonstrating how genome evolution can be linked to a continuous flux of local conformation changes. We also show that large-scale domains are reorganized during genome evolution as intact modules.

T cell pathology in the skin leads to monocyte influx, but we have little understanding of the fate of recruited cells within the diseased niche, or the long-term impact on cutaneous immune homeostasis. By combining a murine model of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) with analysis of patient samples, we demonstrate that pathology initiates dermis-specific macrophage differentiation and show that aGVHD-primed macrophages continue to dominate the dermal compartment at the relative expense of quiescent MHCIIintcells. Exposure of the altered dermal niche to topical haptens after disease resolution results in hyper-activation of regulatory T cells (Treg), but local breakdown in tolerance. Disease-imprinted macrophages express increased IL-1β and are predicted to elicit altered TNF superfamily interactions with cutaneous Treg, and we demonstrate the direct loss of T cell regulation within the resolved skin. Thus, T cell pathology leaves an immunological scar in the skin marked by failure to re-set immune homeostasis.

APOBEC3B cytosine deaminase activity has recently emerged as a significant mutagenic factor in human cancer. APOBEC activity is induced in virally infected cells, and APOBEC signature mutations occur at high frequency in cervical cancers (CESC), over 99% of which are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). We tested whether APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis is particularly important in HPV-associated tumors by comparing the exomes of HPV+ and HPV- head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) sequenced by The Cancer Genome Atlas project. As expected, HPV- HNSCC displays a smoking-associated mutational signature, whereas our data suggest that reduced exposure to exogenous carcinogens in HPV+ HNSCC creates a selective pressure that favors emergence of tumors with APOBEC-mediated driver mutations. Finally, we provide evidence that APOBEC activity is responsible for the generation of helical domain hot spot mutations in the PIK3CAgene across multiple cancers. Our findings implicate APOBEC activity as a key driver of PIK3CAmutagenesis and HPV-induced transformation.

Although the inhibitory effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids (GCs) on dendritic cells (DCs) are well established, the roles of endogenous GCs in DC homeostasis are less clear. A critical element regulating endogenous GC concentrations involves local conversion of inactive substrates to active 11-hydroxyglucocorticoids, a reduction reaction catalyzed within the endoplasmic reticulum by an enzyme complex containing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). In this study, we found that this GC amplification pathway operates both constitutively and maximally in steady state murine DC populations and is unaffected by additional inflammatory stimuli. Under physiologic conditions, 11βHSD1-H6PDH increases the sensitivity of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to GC-induced apoptosis and restricts the survival of this population through a cell-intrinsic mechanism. Upon CpG activation, the effects of enzyme activity are overridden, with pDCs becoming resistant to GCs and fully competent to release type I interferon. CD8α+ DCs are also highly proficient in amplifying GC levels, leading to impaired maturation following toll-like receptor–mediated signaling. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of 11βHSD1 synergized with CpG to enhance specific T-cell responses following vaccination targeted to CD8α+ DCs. In conclusion, amplification of endogenous GCs is a critical cell-autonomous mechanism for regulating the survival and functions of DCs in vivo.

Although the inhibitory effects of therapeutic glucocorticoids (GCs) on dendritic cells (DCs) are well established, the roles of endogenous GCs in DC homeostasis are less clear. A critical element regulating endogenous GC concentrations involves local conversion of inactive substrates to active 11-hydroxyglucocorticoids, a reduction reaction catalyzed within the endoplasmic reticulum by an enzyme complex containing 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). In this study, we found that this GC amplification pathway operates both constitutively and maximally in steady state murine DC populations and is unaffected by additional inflammatory stimuli. Under physiologic conditions, 11βHSD1-H6PDH increases the sensitivity of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to GC-induced apoptosis and restricts the survival of this population through a cell-intrinsic mechanism. Upon CpG activation, the effects of enzyme activity are overridden, with pDCs becoming resistant to GCs and fully competent to release type I interferon. CD8α+DCs are also highly proficient in amplifying GC levels, leading to impaired maturation following toll-like receptor–mediated signaling. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of 11βHSD1 synergized with CpG to enhance specific T-cell responses following vaccination targeted to CD8α+DCs. In conclusion, amplification of endogenous GCs is a critical cell-autonomous mechanism for regulating the survival and functions of DCs in vivo.

Delta-like 4 (DLL4), a membrane-bound ligand belonging to the Notch signaling family, plays a fundamental role in vascular development and angiogenesis. We identified a conserved microRNA family, miR-30, which targets DLL4. Overexpression of miR-30b in endothelial cells led to increased vessel number and length in an in vitro model of sprouting angiogenesis. Microinjection of miR-30 mimics into zebrafish embryos resulted in suppression of dll4and subsequent excessive sprouting of intersegmental vessels and reduction in dorsal aorta diameter. Use of a target protector against the miR-30 site within the dll43′UTR up-regulated dll4and synergized with Vegfa signaling knockdown to inhibit angiogenesis. Furthermore, restoration of miR-30b or miR-30c expression during Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection attenuated viral induction of DLL4. Together these results demonstrate that the highly conserved molecular targeting of DLL4by the miR-30 family regulates angiogenesis.

Delta-like 4 (DLL4), a membrane-bound ligand belonging to the Notch signaling family, plays a fundamental role in vascular development and angiogenesis. We identified a conserved microRNA family, miR-30, which targets DLL4. Overexpression of miR-30b in endothelial cells led to increased vessel number and length in an in vitro model of sprouting angiogenesis. Microinjection of miR-30 mimics into zebrafish embryos resulted in suppression of dll4 and subsequent excessive sprouting of intersegmental vessels and reduction in dorsal aorta diameter. Use of a target protector against the miR-30 site within the dll4 3′UTR up-regulated dll4 and synergized with Vegfa signaling knockdown to inhibit angiogenesis. Furthermore, restoration of miR-30b or miR-30c expression during Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection attenuated viral induction of DLL4. Together these results demonstrate that the highly conserved molecular targeting of DLL4 by the miR-30 family regulates angiogenesis.

The article offers tips from designers Naeem and Ranjana Khan on how to prepare dinner for visiting friends and family.

The article presents information on designer Dennis Basso.

The article discusses the approach taken by Blair and Alistair Clarke in decorating their apartment in New York City.

The article presents an interview with interior designer Suzanne Kasler. She thinks that the houses in Sea Island, Georgia tend to be more formal for a beach cottage because of the community's historical longevity. Kasler says she worked with architect Keith Summerour to design the house using a simplified Mediterranean Revival architecture. She admits that she is a believer that both ceilings and walls should have the same shade.

The article presents an interview with interior designer Sally Markham about decorating a house in Greenwich, Connecticut. She discussed how he gave a youthful feel to the house by using rather eccentric light fixtures like Moroccan lanterns, Art Deco flapper fringe sconces and a gold mirrored ball. She explained why he used bright colors for the children's bedrooms. She described how he achieved the subtle glow of pink in the master bedroom.

This article interviews several party and event planners, including Colin Cowie and Sean Driscoll.

The article profiles actress Patricia Clarkson. The actress is known for her professionalism and it is shown by how seriously she takes punctuality. At forty-six, an age when most actresses have difficulty finding work, Clarkson is busy enough that her performances tend to arrive in bundles. An Emmy Award winner for playing Ruth's Bohemian sister on television series Six Feet Under on HBO and an Academy Award nominee for her role in Pieces of April, Clarkson is contracted to shoot three movies in 2006. Until now, Clarkson's annus mirabilis was 2003, when, after being praised for playing Julianne Moore's best friend in Far From Heaven, she was in four movies debuting at the Sundance Film Festival: The Station Agent, Pieces of April, The Baroness and the Pig and All the Real Girls. She wanted to be an actress from an early age. At fourteen, she won a citywide drama competition. As an undergraduate, she studied theater at New York's Fordham University; then she attended the Yale School of Drama.

The article features the remodeled house of Brenda Grosbard and Robert Grosbard in Manhattan, New York City designed by Thomas Vail of Vail Associates Architects and Joe Nahem of Fox-Nahem Design. It was a 19th-century townhouse in Manhattan transformed into a glamorous and urbane family home. Townhouses are at such a premium that even those that are nearly rotten to the core attract eager buyers.

The article features young furniture designers Jonah Zuckerman, Robert Martin and Scott Braun from Brooklyn, New York City. Zuckerman graduated with a master's degree in architecture from Harvard University. Martin makes pared-down tables, benches, desks and bookstands from uncommon woods such as mesquite or tiger maple. Braun perceives his designs as functional art that can be handed down to children and grandchildren.

Focuses on the interior design of a stone house in Westchester County, New York. Information on the furniture in the house; Color schemes of the house; Reason for using paint brushes instead of paint rollers for painting the walls.

Details the interior decoration of a loft apartment in Los Angeles, California owned and designed by Kenneth Brown, decorator and host of the television program "reDesign." Description the apartment prior to the renovation project; Advantage and disadvantage of the rolling garage door in the living room; Effect of adding dark curtains in the windows framing west coast sunsets.

Presents information on the renovation of a house owned by couple Bob and Nancy Bean in Anguilla. Interest of the couple on open-to-nature architecture; Number of structures that were built; Use of roof tiles from Thailand.

Features Sherri Donghia, executive vice president of design and marketing for Donghia Furniture/Textiles Ltd.

Focuses on the remodeling of a classic-inspired house designed by the late architect William Wurster in Piedmont, California. Professional achievements of Wurster; Description of the house's interior design prior to its renovation; Color scheme of the walls in the entryway.

Features the house of couple Michael and Zee Wiener decorated by designers Albert Hadley and Harry Heissmann in Roxbury, Connecticut. Reason behind the change in the position of its rooms; Challenge for Heissmann regarding the rooms; Remarks from Michael on the color schemes used.

Features four interior designers and their work at the 2004 Kips Bay showhouse in New York City. Randall Ridless; Elizabeth Martell; Eve Robinson; Eric Cohler.

Presents information on the renovation of a summer cottage in Southampton, New York. Evolution of design ideas; History of the cottage; Retention of some architectural designs.