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The resilience concept requires greater attention to human livelihoods if it is to address the limits to adaptation strategies and the development needs of the planet's poorest and most vulnerable people. Although the concept of resilience is increasingly informing research and policy, its transfer from ecological theory to social systems leads to weak engagement with normative, social and political dimensions of climate change adaptation. A livelihood perspective helps to strengthen resilience thinking by placing greater emphasis on human needs and their agency, empowerment and human rights, and considering adaptive livelihood systems in the context of wider transformational changes.

A debate stimulated by Jamie Peck's editorial 1999 Grey geography Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 2 131–136 Shades of grey? Geographers and policy Jump in! The water's warm: a comment on Peck's ‘grey geography’ Jumping in, joining up and getting on

The Pupil Control Ideology (PCI) scale is a unidimensional instrument which reportedly measures a respondent's pupil control orientation on a humanistic-custodial continuum. In a recent study examining the dimensionality of the PCI, Graham, Halpin, Harris, and Benson (1985) used exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic procedures to analyze the responses of 362 college students. Results of the analyses provided support for the contention that the PCI is unidimensional and that a reduced 10 item, one factor model provided the best description of the data. The present study replicated the Graham et al. (in press) investigation with a sample of practicing classroom teachers. The findings were congruent with the results obtained by Graham and his colleagues. Consequently, it was recommended that the PCI should be refined and that the 10 item, unidimensional scale should be used in future investigations.

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A 13-step procedural model for identification and referral that formalizes a regular education component—an area that is typically overlooked.