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[Display omitted] • A new species of the leafhopper genus Thaioneura was discovered in China. • The male genitalia of the new species was described and illustrated. • The appearance and collection site of the new species were photographed. • The female genitals of the new species were photographed and described. • A key can distinguish all species worldwide of the genus was provided. In this paper, one new species of the leafhopper genus Thaioneura Song, Li & Dietrich, 2016 from Guizhou Province, China are described and illustrated: Thaioneura huajiangensis sp. nov. And the female ovipositors are photographed and described. A key to distinguish all known species of the genus is provided. The hind wing venation of the new species are the same as the T. suphanburia and T. sinuata , and not common in the tribe Erythroneurini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.) is a drought tolerant legume used as food/feed and improvement of soil fertility. The production of dolichos in Kenya, Nakuru County is however limited by insect pests like bean aphids, pod borers and whiteflies. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of cropping systems (dolichos monocrop and maize-dolichos intercrop) and field margin vegetation on bean aphids and their natural enemies. The experiment was conducted in Njoro (high field margin vegetation) and Rongai (low field margin vegetation) during May-December 2019 and March-November 2020 cropping seasons. Bean aphid percent incidence, severity of damage and abundance was assessed at seedling, early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering dolichos growth stages. The populations of natural enemies in the plots and field margin vegetation were monitored using pan traps and sweep nets. Species diversity and composition of the field margin vegetation was determined using a quadrat. Results showed that location and cropping system had significant effects on bean aphid infestations. A high bean aphid incidence (38.13%) was observed in Njoro compared to Rongai (31.10%). Dolichos monocrop had significantly higher bean aphid infestation (51.63%) than the maize-dolichos intercrop system (24.62%). A highly diverse Shannon-weaver index was observed in Rongai (1.90) compared to Njoro (1.67). Dolichos monocrop had a more diverse Shannon-weaver index (1.8) than the maizedolichos intercrop system (1.7). Rongai had the most abundant annual and perennial field margin vegetation species. The field margin species richness and diversity were higher in Rongai (81%) than in Njoro (54%). The findings of this study have demonstrated that a maize-dolichos intercrop in Rongai can reduce bean aphid damage in dolichos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 48 pictures in this paper, 4 of which are about the host plants, 12 of which are about the appearance, the rest are about the genitals of this genus of insects, 24 of which describe the genitals of males, 8 of which describe the reproductive organs of females. • The leafhopper genus Cassianeura is reviewed. • A key can distinguish all species worldwide of the genus is provided. • Two new record species were found in Thailand: C. cassiae and C. bimaculata. • The male genitalia of two new record species are redescribed and illustrated. • The female genitals of two new record species were photographed and described. The Oriental leafhopper genus Cassianeura Ramakrishnan & Menon is reviewed with two new species records from Thailand: C. cassiae (Ahmed, 1970) and C. bimaculata Dworakowska, 1984. The three species of the genus are redescribed and illustrated including details of the female ovipositor for the first time. A key to distinguish the three species of the genus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population dynamics of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Homoptera: Lophopidae) and its natural enemies, namely the egg parasitoid Parachrysocharis javensis Girault (= Tetrastichus pyrillae Chrawford) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), nymphal parasitoid Dryinus pyrillae (Kieffer) (= Lestodryinus pyrillae Kieffer) (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) and entomophathogenic fungus Hirsutella citriformis Speare (Ascomycota: Ophiocordycipitaceae) were studied in sugarcane germplasm maintained as a crop island. During the three-year (2010–12) study period, germplasm was planted in January/February each year, and fortnightly observations of pyrilla and natural enemy abundance were recorded. In all three years, pyrilla populations began in May, peaked during September–October and declined thereafter. The proportion of adults in relation to that of nymphs was high in the beginning, decreased progressively and increased towards the end of the crop season. Pyrilla populations differed significantly among the fortnights and years. Activity of P. javensis began early in the crop season and its parasitism rates continued to reach high levels until September–October. Parasitism rates among eggs masses were the lowest in 2010 (83.3%) and highest in 2011 (96.1%). Parasitism rates within egg masses differed significantly among the three years with the lowest (36.3%) in 2010 and highest (41.4%) in 2011. The occurrence of D. pyrillae began around June and its intensity reached a peak during October–December. The mean parasitism rate of 3.1% in 2010 declined to 2.6% in 2011 and 2.1% in 2012. Field pathogenicity of H. citriformis , which began in August and ended in December, varied among the three study years with higher infection rates in adults than in nymphs. The overall infection rates increased in successive years with a significant two-fold surge in 2012 (25.4 ± 34.1%) as compared to that in 2010 (12.5 ± 16.5%). Simple and multiple correlation analysis of pyrilla populations vs. natural enemy activity showed that egg parasitism rates alone were significantly and positively related to pyrilla abundance. Similar analysis with weather parameters indicated their indistinct influence on both pyrilla and natural enemy populations. Image 1 • Phenology of Pyrilla perpusilla and its natural enemies studied in sugarcane germplasm maintained as a crop island • Pyrilla activity began in May, peaked during September-October and declined thereafter. • Egg parasitoid. Parachrysocharis javensis maintained higher parasitism levels than the nymphal parasitoid Dryinus pyrillae • The fungus. Hirsutella citriformis was active late in the crop season with higher infection rates in adults than in nymphs • Weather parameters showed indistinct influence on both pyrilla and natural enemy populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and demography of Adalia decempunctata L. were studied under laboratory conditions at seven constant temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C). First instar larvae failed to develop to second instar at 12°C and no development occurred at 36°C. The total developmental time varied from 47.92 days at 16°C to 15.94 days at 28°C and increased at 32°C. The lower temperature thresholds of 11.05 and 9.90°C, and thermal constants of 290.84 day-degree and 326.34 day-degree were estimated by traditional and Ikemoto-Takai linear models, respectively. The lower temperature threshold (Tmin) values estimated by Analytis, Briere-1, Briere-2 and Lactin-2 for total immature stages were 11.99, 12.24, 10.30 and 10.8°C, respectively. The estimated fastest developmental temperatures (Tfast) by the Analytis, Briere-1, Briere-2 and Lactin-2 for overall immature stages development of A. decempunctata were 31.5, 31.1, 30.7 and 31.7°C, respectively. Analytis, Briere-1, Briere-2 and Lactin-2 measured the upper temperature threshold (Tmax) at 33.14, 36.65, 32.75 and 32.61°C. The age-stage specific survival rate (sxj) curves clearly depicted the highest and lowest survival rates at 16 and 32°C for males and females. The age-specific fecundity (mx) curves revealed higher fecundity rate when fed A. gossypii at 24 and 28°C. The highest and lowest values of intrinsic rate of increase (r) were observed at 28 and 16°C (0.1945 d-1 and 0.0592 d-1, respectively). Also, the trend of changes in the finite rate of increase (λ) was analogous with intrinsic rate of increase. The longest and shortest mean generation time (T) was observed at 16 and 28°C, respectively and the highest net reproductive rates (R0) was estimated at 24 and 28°C. According to the results, the most suitable temperature seems to be 28°C due to the shortest developmental time, highest survival rate, and highest intrinsic rate of increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA), Sipha flava Forbes (Homoptera: Aphididae) is an invasive insect pest of many graminaceous plants which include cultivated crops, like sorghum, sugarcane, rice, maize and several species within non-cultivated genera e.g. Digitaria, Panicum, Paspalum, and Pennisetum. A survey conducted in the Kagera region indicated an infestation by YSA in nine sugarcane varieties grown. This pest causes damage to leaves leading to yellow, purple and red discoloration. This is the first report of YSA infestation in the Tanzanian sugarcane industry. Efforts to develop control measures are still in progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii is an economically significant insect pest infesting various important crops and vegetables. The neonicotinoid, acetamiprid was recommended against aphids with excellent results. Resistance emergence and environmental pollution makes acetamiprid a favorable alternative to conventional insecticides. The aims of the present work were to predict acetamiprid resistance risk in A. gossypii, investigate cross resistance to other tested insecticides and explore acetamiprid stability in the absence of selection. A field-collected population from Sharqia governorate, Egypt was selected with acetamiprid. After 16 generations of selection, there was a 22.55-fold increase in LC50 and the realized heritability (h2) of resistance was 0.17. Projected rates of resistance indicated that, if h² = 0.17 and 50% of the population was killed at each generation, then a tenfold increase in LC50 would be expected in 12.2 generations. If h² was 0.27 then 7.63 generations would be needed to achieve the same level. In contrast, with h² of 0.07 it necessitates about 30 generations of selection to reach the same level. Cross resistance studies exhibited that the selected strain showed obvious cross resistance to the other tested neonicotinoid members, moderate cross resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and no cross resistance to pymetrozine. Fortunately, resistance to acetamiprid in the cotton aphid was unstable and resistance reverses the nearby susceptible strain throughout five generations without exposure to acetamiprid. Our results exhibited cotton aphid potential to develop resistance to acetamiprid under continuous selection pressure. The instability of acetamiprid makes A. gossypii amenable to resistance management tactics such as rotation with pymetrozine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodical cicadas, known for strict life-cycle lengths of 13 or 17 yr, actually exhibit developmental plasticity in cycle length. This variation tends to occur in 1- and 4-yr increments for both life-cycle types, with the largest events involving 4-yr accelerations of the 17-yr species. The pattern has stimulated hypotheses to explain brood formation and life-cycle evolution, but most of the evidence is anecdotal. We present the first quantitative evidence confirming that a site with a 4-yr acceleration does not necessarily experience comparable emergence in the following year, and we provide the first density estimate for a 4-yr early emergence of 17-yr cicadas (1.28/m2, within the range of published estimates for on-schedule emergences). We also document a 4-yr early 13-yr emergence--cicadas apparently emerging in 9 yr. Multimodal life-cycle patterns spanning -4 to +4 yr are evident in both 13- and 17-yr cicadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the major insect pests of rice fields in Southeast Asia. They have been widely acknowledged for causing significant rice yield losses. However, the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus Buchannan, 1800) is a known agent of pest suppression for white-backed planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera), and may also suppress brown planthopper populations. Hence, it is important to investigate the diet of C. plicatus in areas where brown planthoppers are common to determine whether these bats feed on these insects. To accomplish this objective, we analyzed the diet of C. plicatus from two caves that differed in the percentage of surrounding land area occupied by rice fields (70% versus 22%). Bat fecal pellets were collected monthly for a year. A total of 720 fecal pellets were analyzed, and the results revealed that C. plicatus feeds on at least eight insect orders, including Coleoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. Specifically, homopterans comprised the greatest diet volume in the rice growing season, whereas coleopterans were most abundant in the diet when rice fields were fallow. Moreover, most homopterans were identified as brown planthoppers. To estimate the relative numbers of brown planthoppers consumed during each month, the number of genitalia of male brown planthoppers was counted. We recorded the greatest numbers of genitalia during the rice planting period, with an average of four genitalia per fecal pellet. Examining both the percent volume and percent frequency of each insect order in the diet of C. plicatus revealed that the two study caves were no significantly different, even though the proportion of surrounding active rice fields was different. Our results suggest that tens of millions of brown planthoppers are consumed by this bat species each night. The similar diets of the two study colonies may be due to their high altitude foraging and preference for migratory insects. Our results indicate that the wrinkle-lipped freetailed bat is an important biological suppression agent of brown planthoppers in rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research represents a forward step in the control of Aphis glycines. Essential oils from Acorus tatarinowii, Mentha haplocalyx, and Stemona japonica were studied for repellency and anti-molting activities. For the laboratory choice-experiment, of two soybean plants with 4 to 6 leaves each, one was treated with either a single or a mixture of essential oils, while the other was treated with a control solution. The plants were then placed in a cage and twenty aphids were released between the two plants. For no-choice tests, only one plant, treated with essential oil, was placed in the center of a cage and 20 aphids were released around the plant. Viable aphid numbers on plants were recorded at 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after initiating each test. After 36 hours of observation, numbers of exuviae around the plant were recorded in the no-choice test. In the greenhouse experiment, two potted faba bean plants were used. Five mL of essential oil was sprayed on one plant, and 5 mL of control solution on the other plant. One hundred adult aphids were released into each cage between the two plants. Repellency was observed at 12 and 24 hours of exposure. A mixture of A. tatarinowii plus S. japonica oils demonstrated maximum repellency in both lab (71.25 ± 3.50%) and greenhouse (85.61 ± 1.56). Anti-molting activities were observed when the essential oil of S. japonica was used. Results suggest that a mixture of A. tatarinowii and S. japonica essential oils are effective at controlling A. glycine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is a serious pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA and Canada, and a sporadic pest of soybean in Asia. Infestations by soybean aphid cause economic loss to soybean through reductions in seed yield and oil concentration. Aphid-resistant soybean lines are needed to supplant insecticides for managing soybean aphid, and resistant lines may be developed from both domesticated and wild soybean lines. Free-choice assays of 42 lines of wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold and Zucc.) in this study identified line 99PI522233 as resistant to soybean-aphid biotype 1. That line was advanced for follow-up assays with wild soybean lines PI 469399 B, PI 507825, PI 507840 and PI 507843, which had previously been screened as aphid resistant. Line 99PI522233 had significantly fewer soybean aphids than other lines except the resistant check in the second and third weeks of a no-choice assay, but the four other putatively resistant lines did not show resistance in the no-choice assay. Thus, line PI99522233 may be advanced for genetic characterization of its resistance, and it should be tested for resistance against virulent soybean aphid biotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Morphology of Malpighian tubules from fourteen representatives in Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea are investigated. Among which the distal segments that perform a modified glandular function during nymphal stages are investigated in particular using both scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The examined species show regional differentiation along the Malpighian tubules. The terminal parts end as separate rods in Cercopoidea, whereas they are united in pairs and enveloped by a peritoneal sheath shortly before reaching the rectum in Cicadoidea. Ultra-morphologically, the distal segments in Cercopoidea consist of numerous large protuberances containing a few small nodules, and the distal segments in Cicadinae of Cicadoidea comprise numerous large protuberances containing several small nodules. Species of subfamilies Cicadettinae (except Karenia caelatata ) and Tettigadinae have undulated distal segments devoid of any protuberances and nodules. The Malpighian tubules of the Karenia cicadas, remarkably without timbals and with questionable systematic placement, morphologically resemble the Cicadinae more than the Cicadettinae (=Tibicininae auct. ), indicating it is more reasonable to place this genus into Cicadinae instead of Cicadettinae. Ultrastructurally, numerous secretory granules, secretory vacuoles and rough endoplasmic reticula exist in the distal segments of nymphal spittlebugs, and abundant secretory vacuoles exist in the same region of nymphal cicadas. The secretory structures can secrete productions which may help to create favorable watery conditions for nymphal spittlebugs and cicadas (e.g., inhibiting the growth of certain soil fungi, buffering the pH conditions, and neutralizing the toxic ammonia). In contrast, the distal segments of adult spittlebugs and cicadas are devoid of secretory granules and secretory vacuoles. This suggests that nymphal Malpighian tubules in both cicadas and spittlebugs function to secondary secretion, and become mere excretive organs in adult stage. Analysis of the morphology, layout, and ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules in Cicadomorpha support the major relationships within this infraorder as “Membracoidea + (Cicadoidea + Cercopoidea)”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observation of natural incidence of leaf sucking pests in the mulberry field gene bank for an annual cycle during April to September 2016 at CSGRC, Hosur, Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu indicated the incidence of Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) on mulberry. It is the new report of Indian wax scale insect attack on mulberry in India as per the available information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two species of Ampulicomorpha Ashmead from Antananarivo Province in Madagascar and Seram Island in Indonesia. Topics covered include Ampulicomorpha irwini, Ampulicomorpha dayi, and Embolemidae as parasitoids of nymphs of planthoppers. Also mentioned are the other Oriental species of Ampulicomorpha, the other Australian species of Ampulicomorpha, and the description of Ampulicomorpha dayi.

The article discusses a study on the endemism of leafhopper species assigned to Gloridonus Ball and Ballana DeLong. Topics covered include the leafhoppers endemic to California, leafhopper endemism in the southwestern part of North America, and the problematic relationships of Gloridonus. Also mentioned are the taxonomic shift in the taxa formerly assigned to the genus Ballana, the contrasting yellow clavus that distinguishes Gloridonus sensu Oman from extensively colored Ballana.

Abstract: The Eupteryx aurata group is characterised by several features, primarily by colouration and aedeagus morphology. It is distributed mainly in Europe, with some species also in Asia and one species perhaps in North Africa. At least one species is introduced in North America. Until now 12 taxa were known. Two new species, Eupteryx divulsa from central Italy and Eupteryx oscorum from central and southern Italy, are described in this paper. Eupteryx petasitidis Ferrari, 1882, described as Eupteryx carpini petasitidis and later synonymised with Eupteryx atropunctata (Goeze, 1778), is reestablished on species level and redescribed including genital morphology. Ten taxa of the species group are studied in relation to their morphological and molecular characters. The colouration, aedeagus, and pygofer appendage are figured for all of these taxa. Molecular study showed that the E. aurata group is monophyletic. The little or moderate distances in sequences (below 6.0% for mtDNA and up to 2.5% for nuclear ITS2) between the different taxa of the E. aurata group and incongruence of genetic signals from mtDNA and nuclear DNA could be the result of incomplete lineage sorting in young species and/or hybridisation and introgression of DNA among taxa. Of particular importance in this study is material from Italy, a peripheral region in relation to the distribution of the species group and due to its geomorphological features favouring isolation and speciation. A distribution map for the E. aurata species group in Italy and an identification key for all 15 taxa of the aurata group are given. Phylogenetic relationships within the aurata group are discussed in relation to morphological, molecular, ecological, and zoogeographic aspects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article describes and illustrates a new monobasic leafhopper genus and species of the tribe Agallini (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae), Multinervis guangxiensis Guangxi, Southern China. It notes that Multinervis resembles three Southeast Asian genera, namely Dryodurgades, Paulagallia, and Sangeeta Viraktamath. It cites the male genitalia and structure of the external morphology as distinguishing features of Multinervis.

The article describes and illustrates four new species of the leafhopper genus Olidiana McKamey (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae) from southern China, namely O. clavispinata, O. dendritica, O. longa, and O. longiforma. It notes that Olidiana is a replacement name for Lodiana and proposes a new combination, Olidiana nigrifaciana. As of 2013, the genus Olidiana reportedly contains 87 species occurring primarily in the Oriental region, 49 of which are known in China.

Abstract: Four mRNA variants in pooled cDNA samples of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, encoding a putative regulator of cation transporters were identified. RT-PCR showed that the hc-chaC variants were expressed during different stages of insect development and in different tissues and sexes. Structural analysis of the hc-chaC gene indicated that intron and exon sequences of the mRNA variants were identical, and similar to chaC-like genes of other insects. The Hc-ChaC protein (22.5kDa) contained the conserved FGYGSL K+-binding motif near its amino-terminus, and the carboxy-terminal region contained two coiled-coil motifs, which had similarity to the PDZ domain present in well-characterized Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factors. Our analyses suggest that Hc-ChaC is a regulator of K+ transporters such as K+/H+ antiporters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), is a major concern for potato growers as it vectors the pathogen responsible for “zebra chip” disease. Current management practices of potato psyllids in commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields are based almost exclusively on insecticide applications with as many as 6–8 applications in individual potato fields during the growing season. As a complement, and to reduce the reliance on insecticides, it might be advantageous to apply biorational insecticides, which alter the attractiveness of potato plants to feeding and ovipositing potato psyllids. In this study, we evaluated two biorational insecticides: a limestone particle film (Purshade®) and a plant growth regulator (prohexadione-calcium, Apogee®), as both have documented repellency to insects when applied to crop plants. Based on experimental applications to potato plants and subsequent no-choice and choice studies with potato psyllids, prohexadione-calcium had no significant effect on leaf probing activity or oviposition. We found that limestone particle film treatment caused a small but significant reduction in oviposition between 7 and 14 days after application, while probing activity was unaffected. Examination of spectral reflectance indicated changes resulting from application of the limestone particle film. We propose that differences in reflectance may indicate changes in photosynthesis and plant physiology that subsequently alters the suitability of potato plants as hosts for potato psyllids. This interesting possibility, and the utility of limestone particle films as part of potato psyllid management strategies in potatoes is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The susceptibility of aphids to lauric acid, a type of middle-chain fatty acids, based pesticide formulation was investigated. The insecticidal properties of lauric acid based pesticide formulation against aphids were evaluated through the three main routes of exposure: topical application, leaf-dipping (ingestion) and inhalation. Surface tension dependent aphids toxicity was also investigated by measuring the surface tension value of each formulation prepared. The relationship of surface tension and formulation toxicity was then observed on aphid tested. The obtained results indicate that all tested formulations had insecticidal activity against tested aphids depending on exposure method and lauric acid concentration. The topical application method recorded 100% mortality rates compared to the other two methods. With topical application method, most of the aphids died soon after treatment. Toxicity symptoms from lauric acid to aphids included unusual abdominal contractions which caused quick loss of coordination and decreased activity, and finally dehydration and necrosis within 24 hours. Results from surface tension study revealed close connection between toxicity and surface tension. This might lead to the conclusion that toxicity was possibly related to aphid suffocation in the highly wettable solution. Results from this research also demonstrated that there were possibility that lauric acid do not only kill aphids by suffocation, but also through change of cuticle and cell permeability and desiccation that lead to speedy death due to the chemical nature of lauric acid. Overall, the results recommend that lauric acid based pesticide formulation has both physical and chemical mode of action on aphids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which described entomological data for several new species of the genus Nulapona. It notes the elevation of Nulapona from a subgenus of Hecalapona to a generic rank and shows that the discovery of new species occurred mainly in the South American region. The study examined the characteristics of the twenty-two species under the Nulapona genus including Nulapona lutea seen in Peru, Nulapona lobata found in Ecuador, and Nulapona spinata found in Colombia. Key descriptions for the species include data and measurements for body length, pygofer, and aedeagus.

Abstract: The egg parasitoid, Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et Wang) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), has been considered an important biocontrol agent of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Laboratory bioassays were set up to examine the sublethal effects of four insecticides, triazophos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole and pymetrozine on A. nilaparvatae through contact routes. The results indicated that the sublethal concentrations (LC20 and LC10) of triazophos and deltamethrin disrupted the ability of A. nilaparvatae to perceive host–plant odor cues. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of triazophos and deltamethrin, some surviving parasitoids showed no response to volatiles from N. lugens-infested plants, and responsive survivors were equally attracted to volatiles emitted from N. lugens-infested plants and those from healthy plants. However, sublethal concentrations (the recommended field rate and half the recommended field rate) of chlorantraniliprole and pymetrozine had little impact on the foraging ability of A. nilaparvatae. More than 90% of surviving A. nilaparvatae responded to volatiles from N. lugens-infested plants, and responsive individuals were significantly attracted by host-associated odors. Surviving A. nilaparvatae exposed to sublethal concentrations of triazophos, deltamethrin, chlorantraniliprole or pymetrozine had a similar behavioral response to kairomones from N. lugens, compared with untreated parasitoids. Parasitism rate of N. lugens eggs by insecticide-treated A. nilaparvatae did not differ significantly from the untreated control. Our results suggested that the foraging ability of A. nilaparvatae was disrupted by the broad-spectrum neurotoxic insecticides triazophos and deltamethrin but not by chlorantraniliprole or pymetrozine, which belong to novel classes of insecticides with distinct modes of action. However, sublethal concentrations of triazophos or deltamethrin did not affect the behavioral response of surviving A. nilaparvatae to host kairomone. The mechanism resulting in the different behavioral responses of surviving A. nilaparvatae remains unknown and should be further studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ultrastructure of Nilaparvata lugens brain cells was damaged by treatment at different fipronil concentrations. The cell showed swollen mitochondria and vacuolization, but no mitochondrial cristae. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) fragmentation and degranulation were seen. The dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns was very prominent, and the predominant lamellar RERs were arranged chaotically. The Golgi apparatus demonstrated obvious changes in configuration, as dilated with closed cisternae and atypical vesicles. The mitochondria mainly showed large vacuolization in muscles. Nuclear degeneration and condensation and increased numbers of large hydropic vacuoles and lysosomes were observed. It was concluded that the effect on cellular components was fipronil-specific. Changes in cellular ultrastructure seem to be an appropriate ecotoxicological indicator of the insecticide''s efficacy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increased nitrogen applications to crops influence plant–insect interactions and potentially increase herbivore population growth. The effect of nitrogen applications on the interactions between a wheat host plant, Triticum aestivum, and its herbivores, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus, 1758) was investigated. Adult body weight, fecundity, maturity rate and longevity of the aphids were measured under different nitrogen application on four wheat varieties, Solstice, Einstein, Deben and Alchemy. Adult body weight of R. padi on Alchemy and of S. avenae on Deben was lowest. Fecundity of R. padi was lesser on Deben and Alchemy while fecundity of S. avenae was least on Alchemy. Days to reach maturity were same on all varieties in S. avenae but in R. padi, Deben positively affected the days to reach maturity. Longevity of S. avenae and R. padi was the same on all varieties. N-fertilizer had a positive effect on the adult weight achieved by S. avenae and R. padi. Fecundity and longevity of both species were also positively correlated with N-fertilizer application. In R. padi, N-fertilizer reduced the time to reach maturity but not in S. avenae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research which examined the buffalograss leaf pubescence and its influence on mealybugs resistance. To characterize the pubescence and leaf surface in plant resistance, the researchers used the method called scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This method allowed them to identify the various morphological differences between susceptible and mealybug-resistance buffalograsss. It also enhanced their understanding on the important but underlying mechanisms and characteristics of this species.

Abstract: The effects of extracts of different parts of the perennial tropical plant Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Del., including various solvent extracts of roots, methanol extracts from leaves, fruits, flowers and roots, partially purified saponins obtained from its roots and a standard saponin were studied on the life cycle (adult longevity, number of eggs, crawlers, adults, weight of adults and % wax content) of a laboratory-reared parthenogenic line of the mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Extracts derived from various parts of B. aegyptiaca (leaves, fruits, flowers, and roots in methanol) affected the life cycle of M. hirsutus with a methanol root extract being the most effective at a concentration of 500μgml−1. Partially purified saponin of B. aegyptiaca and the commercial bark saponin extract (Sigma) from Quillaja saponaria at a concentration of 500μgml−1 were effective in reducing the longevity of M. hirsutus. Significant reductions in oviposition by M. hirsutus were found for all the extracts at a concentration of 500μgml−1. Extracts also affected the number of emerging crawlers, number of adults as well as the weight and wax content of emerging adults. These studies suggest that B. aegyptiaca plant extracts and saponins can be useful botanical insecticides for the protection of crops from mealy bugs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on the male and female genitalia of the planthopper genus Pentagramama (P.) in the U.S. There were several types of species borrowed from the Natural History Museum of the University of Kansas including P. vittatifrons, P. variegata Penner, and P. douglasensis Penner. Study procedure included the dissection of the genitalia, pencil drawings using a stereomicroscope with a camera lucida, and scanning of inked drawings. There are several combinations of characters that may be used to separate P. from other delphacids in North America including scutellum with longitudinal carinae, frons with a pair of longitudinal carinae, and large body size.

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The article focuses on the study that estimates the mode and magnitude of selection on life history traits of Brevicoryne brassicae (homoptera) on two sympatric host plants known as brassica campestris and Brassica oleraceae. The study notes that the vital effect together with the recipient host was detected for most life history traits. It mentions the factors that prevents the evolution of host plant specialization, despite the suggesting incipient ecological specialization in B. brassicae.

Abstract: The effects of two different neem products (Parker Oil™ and Neema®) on mortality, food consumption and survival of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) were investigated. The LC50 (3.45ml/L for nymph and 4.42ml/L for adult in Parker Oil™ treatment; 4.18ml/L for nymph and 5.63ml/L for adult in Neema® treatment) and LC90 (8.72ml/L for nymph and 11.1ml/L for adult in Parker Oil™ treatment; 9.84ml/L for nymph and 13.07ml/L for adult in Neema® treatment) were identified by probit analysis. The LC90 (equal to recommended dose) was applied in the rice field. The effective concentration of both Parker Oil™ and Neema® took more than 48h to kill 80% of the N. lugens. Fourth instar nymph and adult female N. lugens were caged on rice plants and exposed to a series (both LC50 and LC90) of neem concentrations. Nymph and adult female N. lugens that were chronically exposed to neem pesticides showed immediate mortality after application in laboratory experiment. The quantity of food ingested and assimilated by N. lugens on neem-treated rice plants was significantly less than on control rice plants. The results clearly indicate the neem-based pesticide (Parker Oil™ and Neema®), containing low lethal concentration, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of N. lugens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which examines a revision of the genus Atheroides Haliday 1839 of the tribe Siphini. For the study, Atheroides brevicornis, Atheroides doncasteri, Atheroides hirtellus, Atheroides karakumi and Atheroides serrulatus were revised and redescribed. The news species are stored in the Entomological Collection of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. Researchers distinguished two groups of the species are aphids with visible, rugose sculpture and short dorsal hairs, and species in which the body is not rugose and has a number of long, pointed thorn-like hairs.

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The article discusses a study which evaluated the morphological characters of the puparia and adults of species in the genus Lipaleyrodes (L.) against the generic characters of Bemisia. Based on a comparison of female antennae, the basal region of the 3rd antennal segment has a small sensorium which is difficult to see. Observations revealed that the sensoral cone apex does not reach the base of the 1st primary sensoria and the length of the 1st sensorial cone and the distance between the 1st sensorial cone and 1st primary sensoria are always less than those of females. An examination and evaluation of the adult morphology showed that the number of position of the sensorial cones on antennal segments and the sensoria on segments III, V and VII are similar.

Abstract: Green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum (Walker) is a major defoliator of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in north-west Europe and other parts of the world that have a mild and wet maritime climate. Periods of cold weather during the winter currently limit E. abietinum populations and the amount of damage, but as mean winter temperatures rise in response to global climate change, overwinter survival of the aphid is likely to improve and the risk of severe and more widespread defoliation will increase. Populations of E. abietinum are also influenced by mortality caused by generalist invertebrate predators, although the extent to which predation might modify the response of E. abietinum to climate change is unclear. In this study, the response of generalist predators to changes in environmental conditions and potential increases in E. abietinum populations was evaluated by sampling invertebrate predators in the canopy of Sitka spruce along an altitudinal gradient from 310m to 610m above sea-level. Variation in predator abundance was related to local climate and aphid numbers. Population densities of E. abietinum differed widely between altitudes, and showed different patterns in different years, but mean densities over the 3-year study were highest at mid altitudes. In contrast, the majority of invertebrate predators (coccinellid and cantharid beetles, syrphid larvae, brown lacewings, spiders and harvestmen) were most abundant at low altitudes. Their abundance was not correlated with E. abietinum densities, but coincided with the more favourable climatic conditions at low altitudes and the availability of alternative prey. The association of low population densities of E. abietinum with greater general abundance of invertebrate predators at low altitudes, where higher temperatures would have been expected to promote higher aphid populations, suggests that above a certain temperature regime generalist predators have the capacity to prevent E. abietinum responding to further increases in environmental temperatures and eventually cause mean population densities to decline. Consequently, increases in the activity and abundance of natural enemies need to be considered when predicting how E. abietinum might respond to climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four aleyrodid species, Aleuroclava montanus (Takahashi), Asterobemisia atraphaxius (Danzig), Pentaleyrodes yasumatsui Takahashi, and Rhachisphora styraci (Takahashi) are newly recorded in the Korean fauna of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Moisture, pH, free and combined acidity, HMF content, diastasic activity, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, turanose and erlose were tested in an Interlaboratory Trial (Proficiency Testing Scheme), for establishing the accuracy of the methodologies used in APHIS Laboratory. After establishing the minimum and maximum tolerance limits from the reports of 28 European Laboratories, excepting the electrical conductivity method used in our laboratory, all other accreditated methods give results within the tolerance limit. After perforating the Proficiency Testing (PT) Scheme from January and March 2009, upon an unknown honey sample, APHIS laboratory present an accuracy of 93.75%; after the PT Scheme from June the accuracy of the laboratory was 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development and fecundity of Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) (synonym P. citriculus Green) were studied over a range of temperatures. Egg development time decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 2.4 d at 16 °C to 1.0 d at 28 °C. Total development time of nymphs decreased from 54.9 d at 16 °C to 17.4 d at 28 °C and 19.3 d at 32 °C. Because P. cryptus showed an ovoviviparous reproductive behavior, the egg period was combined with the 1st nymph. By fitting linear models to the data the lower developmental threshold temperatures for egg-1st nymphs, 2nd nymphs, 3rd nymphs, and egg-3rd nymph were calculated as 8.7, 12.8, 13.1, and 12.1 °C, respectively. The thermal constants were 198.6, 84.7, 69.8, and 296.3 degree-days, respectively, for each of the above stages. The non-linear model based on a Gaussian equation used to predict relationship between development rate and temperature was well described for all stages. In addition, adult longevity decreased from 80.4 d at 16 °C to 31.3 d at 32.0 °C. Furthermore, the preoviposition and oviposition periods showed a pattern similar to that of longevity. Overall, P. cryptus had a maximum fecundity of 111 eggs per female at 28 °C, which declined to 102.7 eggs per female at 32 °C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Clarifying the systematics of the genus Pisiacia (Anacardiaceae) has been a challenging task. The use of sev- eral classical and modern classification tools resulted in disagreements. Pistacia spp. are the obligate hosts of highly specialized gall-forming aphids (Homoptera: Fordinae). It is well known that closely related species of insects may utilize closely related plants. A complete linkage cluster analysis of Pistacia species, based on presence/absence of thirteen aphid genera, is presented. Aphids recognized between evergreen and New World Pistacia species. Other Pistacia species are clustered into two groups: "Vera" (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. mutica) and "Khinjuk" (P. khinjuk, P. chinensis, P. integerrima, P. palaestina, P. lerebinthus). Fordinae contribution to Pistacia taxonomy at the species and hybrid levels is discussed. The close association between insect herbivores and their hosts deserves to be used more often by plant taxonomists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Six species of aulacaspis scales, Aulacaspis crawii (Cockerell), Aulacaspis madiunensis (Zehntner), Aulacaspis neospinosa Tang, Aulacaspis spinosa (Maskell), Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead and Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, have been taken in quarantine at the republic of Korea ports of entry between 1996 and 2005. We have also found the specimens of A. yasumatsui Takagi on Cycas plants from Malaysia and Taiwan and provide a key with illustrative photographs to identify intercepted specimens of Aulacaspis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), feeds on the foliage, stems, and fruits of citrus trees, and causes tree dieback when heavy infestations occur. The objective of this study was to collect basic data to establish seasonal management strategies for U. yanonensis. The abundances of male nymphs and female adults were monitored in unsprayed citrus orchards. The overwintered females started to produce their progenies (1st gen.) from mid-May. The populations of the 1st nymphs in the 1st generation showed a bimodal occurrence pattern, with a 1st larger peak between late May and early June, and a 2nd smaller peak in June. The nymphs in the 2nd generation, which were laid from newly developed females, were observed from late July, and the 1st peak occurred in mid-August, followed by an obscure later peak (the 2nd peak) around late September. The numbers of live females for the overwintered populations began to decrease gradually from early June by the impact of the predacious Chilocorus kuwanae, as well as by natural mortality factors, and dropped to a low level in mid-July. When there were abundant predator attacks, the U. yanonensis female populations sharply decreased from early June and were almost nonexistent in July. New female adults (1st generation adults) appeared from late June and peaked in mid-July. The 2nd generation female adults, consequently, the overwintering generation, occurred from mid- September, and gradually increased to late October. Overall, these results will be useful in terms of management strategies for U. yanonensis in citrus orchards. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A tape formulation of pyriproxyfen was prepared by coating the chemical onto yellow plastic film. We evaluated the transovarial ovicidal activity of the tape formulation against Bemisia tabaci and investigated the optimal application method and efficacy in a greenhouse. The tape formulation showed high ovicidal activity of over 80% mortality against B. tabaci for 4 days by a 30-second compulsory contact test. The formulation controlled the B. tabaci population on tomatoes by both “sideways spreading application” and “vertical hanging application”. “Sideways spreading application” was considered to be more practical, although there was no significant difference in efficacy between the two application methods. In a large-scale greenhouse trial of “sideways spreading application”, the tape formulation suppressed the B. tabaci population for 77 days. The results suggested that the tape formulation is promising as a tool for IPM because of its high efficacy and lower environmental impact. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mature spermatozoa from five species of cicadas of the subfamily Cicadettinae (Quintilia wealei, Melampsalta leucoptera, Stagira simplex, Xosopsaltria thunbergi and Monomatapa matoposa) were examined by light and electron microscopy. In each species sperm are elongate, aggregated into organized bundles with their heads embedded in a homogenous matrix to form spermatodesmata, and exhibit polymegaly. The head of the sperm consist of an anteriorly positioned conical acrosome that has a tubular substructure and a deep, posterior invagination that forms the subacrosomal space (eccentrically positioned anteriorly). The acrosome is flattened anteriorly; posteriorly it extends along either side of the nucleus as two tubular processes that gradually decrease in diameter. The filiform nucleus tapers anteriorly and intrudes into the subscrosomal space. Posteriorly the nucleus has a lateral invagination that houses material of the so-called centriolar adjunct. Posterior to the centriolar adjuct and the nucleus are two crystalline mitochondrial derivatives and a centriole, respectively, the latter giving rise to the axoneme, which has a 9+9+2 arrangement of microtubules. In these respects the sperm are similar to those of platypleurine cicadas. However, some features seem unique to cicadettines, including the structural organization of an enlarged centriolar adjunct and the dimensions of the tails. The enlarged centriolar adjunct has a lamella-like substructure and can be considered a synapomorphic character in the Cicadettinae. It is, therefore, potentially useful in the separation of this subfamily from the Cicadinae. In addition, the great length of the sperm nucleus of long-headed sperm in M. matoposa could be a synapomorphy of this genus and related taphurine and cicadettine species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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A trigonometric approximation was used to describe the head shape of common vegetable-feeding aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linné), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and Myzus per-sicae (Sulzer). After acquiring and standardizing digital images of the alate aphids, a frontal curve was represented as a set of points in a given domain, -π/2 ≤x ≤ π/2. Then, the points were approximated by the function,Coefficients of the function were calculated by multiple regression analysis, and the averages of coefficients were used to reconstruct the generalized shape of each species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]