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Periodicities in the Io plasma illustrate the rich complexity of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in space plasmas. The confounding System IV period (slower than the rotation of Jupiter's magnetic field = System III) remains a mystery of the torus. Common to both System III and IV are modulations of the superthermal electron population. The small fraction (<1%) of hot electrons plays a vital role in torus physical and chemical properties, modulating the abundance and temperature of ion species. Building on previous models of torus physical chemistry, we have developed a two-dimensional model that includes azimuthal and radial transport (diffusion equation) while averaging chemical processes in latitude. This paper presents initial results of the model, demonstrating the role of hot electrons in forming a single-peaked torus structure. The effect of azimuthal shear is investigated as plasma is transported radially outward, showing how the torus properties evolve during transport from a chemically dominated regime (inner torus) to a transport dominated regime (outer torus). Surprisingly, we find that hot electron populations influence torus properties at all radial distances. While many of our results are preliminary, suggestions for future modeling experiments are suggested to provide additional insight into the origin of the ubiquitous superthermal electrons. Two-dimensional model of the Io plasma torus has been developed to investigate radial transport and azimuthal shearSystem IV periodicity is not present for L= 7.5Superthermal electrons influence torus properties at all radial distances

Stephen Peter Rosen. War and Human Nature.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 3005. Pp. 211. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by John A. LynnMarshall Sahlins. Apologies to Thucydides: Understanding History as Culture and Vice Versa.Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 334. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by K. R. HoweJoachim Latacz. Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery, trans. Kevin Windle and Rosh Ireland. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp.xvii, 342. $96.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Anthony SnodgrassAngelos Chaniotis. War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History.Oxford and Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 308. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Stanley M. BursteinS. A. M. Adshead. Tang China: The Rise of the East in World History.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xvii, 233. $24.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Richard von GlahnNancy Bisaha.Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 309. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Jerry BrottonLonda Schiebinger and Claudia Swan, eds. Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. vi, 346. $55.00 (US); Londa Schiebinger. Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 306. $39–95 (US). Reviewed by John GascoignePaul Douglas Lockhart. Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion, 1559–1596.Leiden: Brill, 2004. Pp. xxii, 350. €99.00. Reviewed by Robert I. FrostUlinka Rublack. Reformation Europe.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 208. $2.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by R. Po-Chia HsiaDaniel V. Botsman. Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 319. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by F. G. NotehelferMatthew Glozier. Marshal Schomberg, 1615–1690: “The Ablest Soldier of His Age”. International Soldiering and the Formation of State Armies in Seventeenth-Century Europe.Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. xxiv, 250. $35.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by David ParrottCarla Gardina Pestana. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 342. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Luca CodignolaPeter C. Perdue. China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xx, 725. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by John W. DardessKathleen Wilson, ed. A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 385. $34-99 (US), paper. Reviewed by J. C. D. ClarkLiam C. Kelley. Beyond the Bronze Pillars: Envoy Poetry and the Sino-Vietnamese Relationship.Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 267. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Nola CookeAndrew Porter.Religion Versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700-1914.Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. viii, 373- $29–95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Terence RangerP. J. MARSHALL. The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America, c.1750–1783.New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. vi, 398. $90.00 (CDN); Steven Sarson.British America, 1500–1800: Creating Colonies, Imagining an Empire.London: Hodder Arnold, 2005; dist. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xix, 332. $45.50 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Trevor BurnardC. A. Bayly.The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons.Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. Pp. xxiv, 540. $34.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Kenneth PomeranzRobert Galois, ed. A Voyage to the North West Side of America: The Journals of James Colnett, 1786–89.Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 441. $95.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ken S. CoatesBernard Porter.The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain.New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xxii, 475. $71.50 (CDN). Reviewed by H. V. BowenStuart Semmel.Napoleon and the British.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. Pp. xii, 354. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Neville ThompsonBruce Mazlish and Akira Iriye, eds. The Global History Reader.London and New York: Roudedge, 2005. Pp. x, 302. $17.99 (US) paper; Geoffrey Jones. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century.New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 340. $195.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Alfred E. EckesZachary Lockman. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xxi, 308. $30–95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James JankowskiGerard Moran. Sending out Ireland's Poor: Assisted Emigration to North America in the Nineteenth Century.Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004; dist. Portland, OR: ISBS. Pp. 252. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Tyler AnbinderErik Gilbert.Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar, 1860–1970.Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 176. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by Laura FairMichael R. Auslin. Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. viii, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael A. BarnhartFrank J. Merli. The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War,ed. David M. Fahey. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 223. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Brian Holden ReidRobert T. Foley. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 301. $70.00 (US). Reviewed by Holger H. HerwigRoger Owen. Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul.New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xxi, 436. $75.00 (CDN), cloth; $45.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Saul KellyTheodore Huters. Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. ix, 370. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward RhoadsStephen G. Craft. V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Pp. xii, 330. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Stephen R. MackinnonNoenoe K. Silva. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 3004. Pp. x, 260. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by William E. H. TagupaAnne Perez Hattori. Colonial Dis-ease: US Navy Health Policies and the Chamorros of Guam, 1898–1941.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 239. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Roger DingmanPatricia E. Roy. The Oriental Question: Consolidating a White Man'lar;85.00 (CDN),cloth; $29.95 (CDNK paper. Reviewed by Hilary K. BlairMaureen Healy. Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 333. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by C. M. Peniston-BirdMona L. Siegel. The Moral Disarmament of France: Education, Pacifism, and Patriotism, 1914–1940.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 317. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert J. YoungThomas Boghardt. Spies of the Kaiser: German Covert Operations in Great Britain during the First World War Era.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xiv, 224. $69.95 (US)- Reviewed by David StevensonBen Shepherd. War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. vi, 300. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mark von HagenYasir Suleiman. A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 270. $70.00 (US), cloth; $27.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Eliezer Ben-RafaelSeth Jacobs. America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and US Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2004. Pp. x, 381. $22.95 (US)i paper. Reviewed by Andrew PrestonWilson P. Dizard, Jr. Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the US Information Agency. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2004. Pp. xv, 255. $49–95 (US). Reviewed by Scott LucasGunnar Skogmar. The United States and the Nuclear Dimension of European Integration.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. xi, 331. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Mervyn O'DriscollPhilippe Roger. The American Enemy: A Story of French Anti-Americanism, trans. Sharon Bowman. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 518. $.35.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald ReidChristopher Endy. Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2004; dist. Toronto: SBS. Pp. xii, 286. $32.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Frank CostigliolaDavid Easter. Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960–1966.London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004. Pp. ix, 257. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Howard DickRichard K. Herrmann and Richard Ned Lebow, eds. Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation, and the Study of International Relations.New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Pp. viii, 248. $24.95 (US)? paper. Reviewed by William D.JacksonJames Barber. Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution, 1990–99.Athens: Ohio University Press and Oxford: James Currey, 2004. Pp. ix, 214. $24.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Jeremy SeekingsAnthony James Joes. Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency.Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Pp. 351. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Ian F. W. BeckettAnne-Marie Slaughter. New World Order.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pp. xviii, 341. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Tim DunneIan Clark. Legitimacy in International Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 278. $90.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ian HurdFrederick Cooper. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 327. $19.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Dane KennedyJack Goody. Capitalism and Modernity: The Great Debate.Cambridge and Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Polity Press, 2004. Pp. vii, 200. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Thomas D. HallDavid L. Rousseau. Democracy and War: Institutions, Norms, and the Evolution of International Conflict.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 384. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Miriam Fendius ElmanMichael Mann. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 580. $24.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Milton J. Esman

WALTER POHL, IAN WOOD, and HELMUT REIMITZ, eds. The Transformation of Frontiers: From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians.Leiden: Brill, 2001. Pp. vi, 299. $98.00 (US). Reviewed by Fergus MillarNIGEL POLLARD. Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp. x, 349. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by C. S. LightfootRACHEL L. STOCKING. Bishops, Councils, and Consensus in the Visigothic Kingdom, 589–633.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp. viii, 217. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by John J. ContreniTHOMAS FRENZ, ed. Papst Innozenz III.: Weichensteller der Geschichte Europas.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000. Pp. 212. DM 68.00, paper. Reviewed by John C. MoorePAMELA PORTER. Medieval Warfare in Manuscripts.Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. Pp. 64. $19.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Bernard S. BachrachMAYA SHATZMILLER. The Berbers and the Islamic State: The Marĩnid Experience in Pre-Protectorate Morocco.Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2000. Pp. xvii, 200. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ricard W. BullietJ. N. HILLGARTH. The Mirror of Spain, 1500–1700: The Formation of a Myth.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp. xxii, 584. $72.50 (US). Reviewed by Richard L. KaganJAN GLETE. Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe.London and New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp. viii, 231. $25.99 (US), paper. Reviewed by John B. HattendorfIVO KAMPS and JYOTSNA G. SINGH, eds. Travel Knowledge: European ‘Discoveries’ in the Early Modern Period.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. vii, 274. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John E. Wills, Jr.WILLIAM J. BOUWSMA. The Waning of the Renaissance, 1550–1640.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 288. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by John M. HeadleyPEKKA MASONEN. The Negroland Revisited: Discovery and Invention of the Sudanese Middle Ages.Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2000; dist. Helsinki: Bookstore Tiedekirja. Pp. 599. FIM 180.00, paper. Reviewed by Paul Douglas LockhartTER ELLINGSON. The Myth of the Noble Savage.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 445. $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Bruce G. TriggerDAVID S. LANDES. Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World,rev. and enlarged. Cambridge, Mass, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000. Pp. xxiii, 518. $16.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jonathan BettsANTHONY CROSS. Peter the Great through British Eyes: Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar since 1698.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp.xii, 172. $54–95 (US). Reviewed by M. S. AndersonDONALD DENOON and PHILIPPA MEIN-SMITH, with MARIVIC WYNDHAM. A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific.Oxford and Maiden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2000. Pp. xiv, 523. $32.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by K. R. HoweROBIN F. A. FABEL. Colonial Challenges: Britons, Native Americans, and Caribs, 1759–1775.Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. x, 282. $90.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Jack P. GreeneANDREW STOCKLEY. Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations 1782–1783.Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 272. £45.00. Reviewed by Marsha L. FreyULRICH VAN DER HEYDEN and JU¨RGEN BECHER, eds. Mission und Gewalt: Der Umgang christlicher Missionen mit Gewalt und die Ausbreitung des Christentums in Afrika und Asien, in der Zeit von 1792 bis 1918/19.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000. Pp. 557. DM 160.00. Reviewed by Jürgen AngelowBERNARD WASSERSTEIN. Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City.London:Profile Books, 2001. Pp. xix, 412. £20.00. Reviewed by Efraim KarshLAURENCE KITZAN. Victorian Writers and the Image of Empire: The Rose-Colored Vision.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 203. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Patrick BrantlingerPETER T. MARSH. Bargaining on Europe: Britain and the First Common Market, 1860–1892.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. Pp. viii, 246. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Giovanni FedericoPIA G. CELOZZI BALDELLI. L'Italia e hi Crisi Balcanica (1876–79).Rome: Mario Congedo Editore, 2000. Pp. 157. €28.41, cloth. Reviewed by Lothar HöbeltALICE MOORE-HARELL. Gordon and the Sudan: Prologue to the Mahdiyya, 1877– 1880.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp. xv, 286. $54.50 (US). Reviewed by Robert O. CollinsBRUNO RAMIREZ, with the assistance of YVES OTIS. Crossing the 4gth Parallel: Migration from Canada to the United States, 1900–1930.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 219. $32.50 (US); JOHN HAGAN. Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada.Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 269. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Gordon T. StewartJASON M. YAREMKO. US Protestant Missions in Cuba: From Independence to Castro.Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xiv, 200. $87.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Gladys M. Varona-LaceyJOHN MOSIER. The Myth of the Great War: A New Military History of World War I.London: Profile Books, 2001. Pp. xiv, 381. £20.00. Reviewed by Matthew HughesEDWARD J. ERICKSON. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 265. $62.50 (US). Reviewed by Andrew MangoGLENDA SLUGA. The Problem of Trieste and the Halo-Yugoslav Border: Difference, Identity, and Sovereignty in Twentieth-Century Europe.Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 261. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Alexander De GrandJOSÉ E. ÁLVAREZ. The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion during the Rif Rebellion, 1920–1927.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. 282. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Sebastian BalfourANDREW THORPE. The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920–43.Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xi, 308. $74.95 (US). Reviewed by Stuart MacintyreELSPETH Y. O'RIORDAN. Britain and the Ruhr Crisis.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. x, 237. $65.95 (US). Reviewed by G. H. BennettANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO. The Blue Shirts: Portuguese Fascists and the New State.Boulder: Social Science Monographs, 2000; dist. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. xv, 271. $34.50 (US). Reviewed by Willard C. Frank Jr.STEVEN J. BUCKLIN. Realism and American Foreign Policy: Wilsonians and the Kennan-Morgenthau Thesis.Westport: Praeger, 2001. Pp. 176. $57.50 (US). Reviewed by LLoyd E. AmbrosiusANDREAS ROTH. Mr Bewley in Berlin: Aspects of the Career of an Irish Diplomat, 1933–1939.Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 119. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by David HudsonAZAR GAT. British Armour Theory and the Rise of the Panzer Arm: Revising the Revisionists.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. xi, 125. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by J. P. HarrisREBECCA HAYNES. Romanian Policy towards Germany, 1936–40.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. viii, 205. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Dov B. LunguCATHERINE E. JAYNE. Oil, War, and Anglo-American Relations: American and British Reactions to Mexico's Expropriation of Foreign Oil Properties, 1937–1941.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 210. $62.50 (US). Reviewed by Timothy J. HendersonLIN POYER, SUZANNE FALGOUT, and LAURENCE MARSHALL CARUCCI. The Typhoon of War: Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 493. $54.00 (US). Reviewed by Roger DingmanANITA J. PRAŻMOWSKA. Eastern Europe and the Origins of the Second World War.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. x, 278. $64.50 (US), cloth; $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by M. P. BiskupskiAMIR WEINER. Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 416. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by John A. ArmstrongMICHAEL STENTON. Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe: British Political Warfare, 1939–1943.New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi, 423. $130.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Philip M. TaylorMICHAEL S. SWEENEY. Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 274. $31.25 (CDN). Reviewed by Lawrence C. SoleyHERBERT DRUKS. The Uncertain Friendship: The US and Israel from Roosevelt to Kennedy.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 243. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael J. CohenNICOLA LAMBOURNE. War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments during the Second World War.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001; dist. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. ix, 228. $24.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gavriel D. RosenfeldCHARLES G. ROLAND. Long Night's Journey into Day: Prisoners of War in Hong Kong and Japan, 1941–1945.Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001. Pp. xxviii, 421. $28.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Bob MooreSTEPHEN GUNDLE. Between Hollywood and Moscow: The Italian Communists and the Challenge of Mass Culture, 1943–1991.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2000. Pp. 269. $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stephen HellmanGERALD STEINACHER. Südtirol und die Geheimdienste, 1943–1945.Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2000. Pp. 350. DM 54.80, paper; HANS HEISS and GUSTAV PFEIFER, eds. Südtirol — Stunde Null? Kriegsende, 1945–1946.Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2000. Pp. 411. DM 68.00, paper. Reviewed by Robert KnightALEXANDER STEPHAN. ‘'Communazis’: FBI Surveillance of German Émigré Writers,trans. Jan van Heurck. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi, 362. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Frank NinkovichHAL M. FRIEDMAN. Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 1945–1947.Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. Pp. xxix, 219. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Evan SarantakesHANS BRANNER and MORTEN KELSTRUP, eds. Denmark's Policy towards Europe after 1945: History, Theory, and Options.Odense: Odense University Press, 2000; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 441. $35.75 (US). Reviewed by Philip GiltnerMARY ANN GLENDON. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.New York: Random House, 2001. Pp. xxi, 333. $25.95 (US). Reviewed by David P. ForsytheTONY SHAW. British Cinema and the Cold War: The State, Propaganda, and Consensus.London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2001; dist. New York: Palgrave. Pp. xii, 281. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by Stephen BadseyRON ROBIN. The Making of the Cold War Enemy: Culture and Politics in the Military-Intellectual Complex.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 277. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Anders StephansonAVI SHLAIM. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World.New York: W. W. Norton, 2000. Pp. xxv, 670. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Charles D. SmithJAMES J. ORR. The Victim as Hero: Ideologies of Peace and National Identity in Postwar Japan.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 271. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stephen S. LargeKEVIN RUANE. The Rise and Fall of the European Defence Community: Anglo- American Relations and the Crisis of European Defence, 1950–55.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. ix, 252. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael F. HopkinsRICHARD C. THORNTON. Odd Man Out: Truman, Stalin, Mao, and the Origins of the Korean War.Washington: Brassey's, 2000. Pp. xiii, 448. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Peter LoweLAWRENCE FREEDMAN. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam.New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xx, 528. $56.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Lloyd C. GardnerMONA N. YOUNIS. Liberation and Democratization: The South African and Palestinian National Movements.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. Pp. xv, 264. $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Yoav PeledJEFFREY HERBST. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. x, 280. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gregory H. MaddoxANAND MENON. France, NATO, and the Limits of Independence, 1981–97: The Politics of Ambivalence.New York: Palgrave, 2000. Pp. xii, 258. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Shaun GregoryJOSEPH E. THOMPSON. American Policy and Northern Ireland: A Saga of Peacebuilding.Westport: Praeger, 2001. Pp. xxvi, 250. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by LAwrence J. McCaffreyPAULJ. BOLT. China and Southeast Asia's Ethnic Chinese: State and Diaspora in Contemporary Asia.Westport: Praeger, 2000. Pp. x, 184. $57.50 (US). Reviewed by Aron ShaiSTEVEN SAXONBERG. The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2001. Pp. xvii, 434. $56.00 (US). Reviewed by Ray TarasHOOMAN PEIMANI. Nuclear Proliferation in the Indian Subcontinent: The Self- Exhausting ‘Superpowers’ and Emerging Alliances.Westport: Praeger, 2000. Pp. xv, 147. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Anita Inder SinghROB KROES. Them and Us: Questions of Citizenship in a Globalizing World.Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000. Pp. xv, 221. $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Richard H. CollinPAUL F. DIEHL and NILS PETTER GLEDITSCH, eds. Environmental Conflict: An Anthology.Boulder: Westview Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 343. $35.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew HurrellMICHAEL HECHTER. Containing Nationalism.New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. vii, 256. $58.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Stathis N. KalyvasMANUS I. MIDLARSKY. ed. Handbook of War Studies II.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp. xxii, 564. $29.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Randolph M. SiversonNEIL L. WATERS, ed. Beyond the Area Studies Wars: Toward a New International Studies.Hanover: University Press of New England, 2000. Pp. vi, 243. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Thomas Christopher WalkerGARY JONATHAN BASS. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. 402. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Antonio Cassese

Objective To define and use a minimum clinical dataset for prospective data collection in order to audit the surgical management of cervical cancer in the South West of England. To compare this data set with a retrospective audit allowing assessment of the quality of care offered to patients.

Pfam is a large collection of protein multiple sequence alignments and profile hidden Markov models. Pfam is available on the WWW in the UK at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/, in Sweden at http://www.cgr.ki.se/Pfam/ and in the US at http://pfam.wustl.edu/. The latest version (4.3) of Pfam contains 1815 families. These Pfam families match 63% of proteins in SWISS-PROT 37 and TrEMBL 9. For complete genomes Pfam currently matches up to half of the proteins. Genomic DNA can be directly searched against the Pfam library using the Wise2 package.

PML is a nuclear phosphoprotein that was first identified as part of a translocated chromosomal fusion product associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). PML localises to distinct nuclear multi-protein complexes termed ND10, Kr bodies, PML nuclear bodies and PML oncogenic domains (PODs), which are disrupted in APL and are the targets for immediate early viral proteins, although little is known about their function. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, we first identified a ubiquitin-like protein named PIC1 (now known as SUMO-1), which interacts and co-localises with PML in vivo. More recent studies have now shown that SUMO-1 covalently modifies a number of target proteins including PML, RanGAP1 and IkappaBalpha and is proposed to play a role in either targeting modified proteins and/or inhibiting their degradation. The precise molecular role for the SUMO-1 modification of PML is unclear, and the specific lysine residues within PML that are targeted for modification and the PML sub-domains necessary for mediating the modification in vivo are unknown. Here we show that SUMO-1 covalently modifies PML both in vivo and in vitro and that the modification is mediated either directly or indirectly by the interaction of UBC9 with PML through the RING finger domain. Using site-specific mutagenesis, we have identified the primary PML-SUMO-1 modification site as being part of the nuclear localisation signal (Lys487 or Lys490). However SUMO-1 modification is not essential for PML nuclear localisation as only nuclear PML is modified. The sequence of the modification site fits into a consensus sequence for SUMO-1 modification and we have identified several other nuclear proteins which could also be targets for SUMO-1. We show that SUMO-1 modification appears to be dependant on the correct subcellular compartmentalisation of target proteins. We also find that the APL-associated fusion protein PML-RARA is efficiently modified in vitro, resulting in a specific and SUMO-1-dependent degradation of PML-RARA. Our results provide significant insights into the role of SUMO-1 modification of PML in both normal cells and the APL disease state.

Abstract:  This study tested whether urban land use can affect the chemistry and decomposability of Quercus rubra L. (red oak) leaf litter in forests within and near a large metropolitan area. Cities may affect the quality of leaf litter directly through foliar uptake of atmospheric pollutants, and indirectly through alterations in local climate and changes in soil fertility caused by pollutant loads and altered nutrient cycling regimes. Using a microbial bioassay, we tested whether red oak leaf litter collected from urban and suburban forests in and near New York City differed in decomposability from litter of the same species collected from rural forests 130 km from the city. We found that oak litter from the urban forests decayed 25% more slowly and supported 50% less cumulative microbial biomass in a laboratory bioassay than rural litter. Rural litter contained less lignin and more labile material than urban litter, and the amounts of these chemical constituents were highly correlated with the decay rate coefficients and integrated microbial growth achieved on the litter. The specific causes of the variation in litter chemistry are not known. The results of this study suggest that decomposer activity and nutrient cycling in forests near large cities may be affected both by altered litter quality and by altered biotic, chemical and physical environments. The sensitivity of the microbial bioassay makes it useful for distinguishing differences in within-species litter quality that result from natural or anthropogenic variation in the environment.

PML is a nuclear phosphoprotein that was first identified as part of a translocated chromosomal fusion product associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). PML localises to distinct nuclear multi-protein complexes termed ND10, Kr bodies, PML nuclear bodies and PML oncogenic domains (PODs), which are disrupted in APL and are the targets for immediate early viral proteins, although little is known about their function. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, we first identified a ubiquitin-like protein named PIC1 (now known as SUMO-1), which interacts and co-localises with PML in vivo. More recent studies have now shown that SUMO-1 covalently modifies a number of target proteins including PML, RanGAP1 and IkappaBalpha and is proposed to play a role in either targeting modified proteins and/or inhibiting their degradation. The precise molecular role for the SUMO-1 modification of PML is unclear, and the specific lysine residues within PML that are targeted for modification and the PML sub-domains necessary for mediating the modification in vivo are unknown. Here we show that SUMO-1 covalently modifies PML both in vivo and in vitro and that the modification is mediated either directly or indirectly by the interaction of UBC9 with PML through the RING finger domain. Using site-specific mutagenesis, we have identified the primary PML-SUMO-1 modification site as being part of the nuclear localisation signal (Lys487 or Lys490). However SUMO-1 modification is not essential for PML nuclear localisation as only nuclear PML is modified. The sequence of the modification site fits into a consensus sequence for SUMO-1 modification and we have identified several other nuclear proteins which could also be targets for SUMO-1. We show that SUMO-1 modification appears to be dependant on the correct subcellular compartmentalisation of target proteins. We also find that the APL-associated fusion protein PML-RARA is efficiently modified in vitro, resulting in a specific and SUMO-1-dependent degradation of PML-RARA. Our results provide significant insights into the role of SUMO-1 modification of PML in both normal cells and the APL disease state.

Abstract:  Seventy-two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) were treated at St.Bartholomew's Hospital (SBH) over a 25-year period. Improvements in supportive care and the use of more intensive chemotherapy have led to an increase in the complete remission rate from 14 to 58%. Similarly, the median survival has increased from 3 weeks to 2 years; the median duration of remission, which was 7 months in 1974, has not yet been reached. There was also a significant difference in survival from first recurrence, compared with that of patients with other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. RT-PCR analysis on bone marrow samples from 14 patients confirmed the presence of the PML/RARA fusion; 13 of the 14 patients achieved 'molecular remission' after therapy. The one patient who remained persistently positive experienced recurrence within 4 months. In seven of the eight patients in whom the disease recurred, the translocation was identified by RT-PCR at the time of relapse, whilst in one patient it was noted 4 months prior to morphological recurrence. These results illustrate the improvement in prognosis that occurred over a 25-year period in patients with APML treated at a single centre.

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) has been ascribed to a chromosomal translocation event which results in a fusion protein comprising the PML protein and the retinoic acid receptor alpha. PML is normally a component of a nuclear multiprotein complex (termed ND10, Kr bodies, nuclear bodies, PML oncogenic domains or PODs) which is disrupted in the APL disease state. PML contains a number of characterized motifs including a Zn2+ binding domain called the RING or C3HC4 finger. Here we describe the solution structure of the PML RING finger as solved by 1H NMR methods at physiological pH with r.m.s. deviations for backbone atoms of 0.88 and 1.39 A for all atoms. Additional biophysical studies including CD and optical spectroscopy, show that the PML RING finger requires Zn2+ for autonomous folding and that cysteines are used in metal ligation. A comparison of the structure with the previously solved equine herpes virus IE110 RING finger, shows significant differences suggesting that the RING motif is structurally diverse. The role of the RING domain in PML nuclear body formation was tested in vivo, by using site‐directed mutagenesis and immunofluorescence on transiently transfected NIH 3T3 cells. Independently mutating two pairs of cysteines in each of the Zn2+ binding sites prevents PML nuclear body formation, suggesting that a fully folded RING domain is necessary for this process. These results suggest that the PML RING domain is probably involved in protein‐protein interactions, a feature which may be common to other RING finger domains.

A Colonial Liberalism: The Lost World of Three Victorian Visionaries. By Stuart Macintyre. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 1991. Pp. viii + 256. $24.95 paper.Australian Dictionary of Biography. Volume 12: 1891-1939, Smy-Z. Melbourne University Press 1990. Pp. xxviii + 611. $53.00 cloth.Same Difference: Feminism and Sexual Difference. By Carol Lee Bacchi. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. xx + 330. $22.95 paper.Populate and Perish: Australian Women's Fight for. Birth Control. By Stefania Siedlecky and Diana Wyndham. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. x + 244. $16.95 paper.“I had one too . . .” An Oral History of Abortion in South Australia before 1970. By Barbara Baird. Women's Studies Unit, The Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 1990. Pp. x + 106. $10.00 paper.The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. By Lyndal Roper. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989. Pp. x + 296. £25.00 cloth.The Devotes: Women and Church in Seventeenth-Century France. By Elizabeth Rapley. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal 1990. Pp. xxviii + 283. $CAN29.95 cloth.Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England. By Jane Lewis. Edward Elgar, Aldershot 1991. Pp. vii + 338. £35.00 cloth.A Pastoral Romance: The Tribulation and Triumph of Squatterdom. By Maurice French. University College of Southern Queensland Press, Toowoomba 1990. Pp. xv + 304. $29.95 paper.Federation Fathers. By L.F. Crisp. Edited by John Hart. Melbourne University Press 1990. Pp. xv + 484. $48.00 cloth.Australia in the International Economy in the Twentieth Century. By Barrie Dyster and David Meredith. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 1990. Pp. xvi + 362. $29.95 paper.The Ties That Bind: Intelligence Co-operation between the UKUSA Countries — The United Kingdom, The United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. By Jeffrey T. Richelson and Desmond Ball. Second edition. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. xviii + 415. 519.95 paper.Envisioning Information. By Edward R. Tufte. Graphics Press, Box 430 Cheshire CT 06410 USA 1990. Pp. 126. $US48.00 cloth.The Humanities and the A ustralian Environment. Edited by D.J. Mulvaney. Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra 1991. Pp. xiii + 123. $17.95 paper (posted).European Voyaging towards Australia. Edited by John Hardy and Alan Frost with Isabel Moutinho. Australian Academy of the Humanities, Canberra 1990. Pp. xiv + 171. $19.95 paper (posted).Australia's Immigrants 1788-1988. By Geoffrey Sherington. Second edition. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. x + 199. $17.95 paper.Immigration. By James Jupp. Sydney University Press 1991. Pp. vii + 136. $13.95 paper.Aspects of Ethnicity in Western Australia. Studies in Western Australian History, no. 12. Edited by Richard Bosworth and Margot Melia. Centre for Western Australian History, Department of History, University of Western Australia, Perth 1991. Pp. v + 115. $15.00 paper + $3.00 postage.Paperbark: A Collection of Black Australian Writings. Edited by Jack Davis, Mudroo-roo Narogin, Stephen Muecke and Adam Shoemaker. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia 1990. Pp. xiv + 369. $16.95 paper.Through White Eyes. Edited by Susan Janson and Stuart Macintyre. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. xvi + 204. $17.95 paper.'A Permanent Precedent': Dispossession, Social Control and the Fraser Island Reserve and Mission, 1897-1904. By Raymond Evans. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Studies Unit, University of Queensland, St Lucia, monograph no. 5, 1991. Pp. 35. $4.00 paper (posted).Up Rode the Troopers: Black Police in Queensland. By Bill Rosser. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia 1990. Pp. 192. $14.95 paper.Tokyo Calling: The Charles Cousens Case. By Ivan Chapman. Hale & Iremonger, Sydney 1990. Pp. 388. $35.00 cloth.The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II. Edited by Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom. Melbourne University Press 1990. Pp. xiv + 433. $44.95 cloth.Papua New Guinea: People, Politics and History since 1975. By Sean Dorney. Random House, Sydney 1990. Pp. 330. $16.95 paper.Papua New Guinea: The Challenge of Independence. By Mark Turner. Penguin, Ringwood 1990. Pp. viii + 200. $16.99 paper.Family, School and State in Australian History. Edited by Marjorie R. Theobald and R.J.W. Selleck. Allen & Unwin, Sydney 1990. Pp. xiv + 202. $19.95 paper.Queen's College, University of Melbourne: A Centenary History. By Owen Parnaby. Melbourne University Press 1990. Pp. xiv + 316. $39.95 cloth.The Social Production of Merit: Education, Psychology and Politics in Australia, 1900-1950. By David McCallum. Falmer Press, Basingstoke 1990. Pp. v + 163. $34.95 paper. (Australian distribution: Edward Arnold)The Martin Committee and the Binary Policy of Higher Education in Australia. By Susan Davies. Ashwood House, Melbourne 1989. Pp. vii + 224. $22.50 paper.Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987. By Laurence Stone. Oxford University Press 1990. Pp. xxvii + 460. $55.00 cloth.Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. By E.J. Hobsbawm. Verso, London and New York 1990. Pp. xv + 144. $24.95 paper.The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy. By David Cannadine. Yale University Press, New Haven 1990. Pp. xiv + 813. $51.95 cloth.'Betwixt and Between': Middlebrow Fiction and English Society in the Twenties and Thirties. By Rosa Maria Bracco. Department of History, University of Melbourne, Parkville 1990. Pp. x + 98. $10.00 paper + $3.00 postage.Modernity and the Holocaust. By Zygmunt Bauman. Polity Press, Cambridge 1989. Pp. xiv + 224. $69.95 cloth.Herrscher uber Mekka: Die Geschichte der Pilgerfahrt. By Suraiya Faroqhi. Artemis, Munich and Zurich 1990. Pp. 351.

Background: Chronic venous insufficiency may be associated with lipodermatosclerosis oratrophie blanche. Coagulation abnormalities may be related to these cutaneous disorders. Objective: Our purpose was to determine whether fibrinolytic abnormalities exist in patients with lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche. Methods: A case control study of patients with venous disease and atrophie blanche or lipodermatosclerosis was performed. Plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in a resting and venous occluded state were measured. Results: Plasma levels of PAI-1 were different between the two groups of patients. The lipodermatosclerosisgroup had significantly higher levels of PAI-1 in both the resting and venous occluded states (p<0.001). Patients with atrophie blanche had milder elevations of PAI-1 in the resting and venous occluded state (p=0.06). Conclusion: Fibrinolytic abnormalities are present in patients with venous disease. Theseabnormalities are different between patients with lipodermatosclerosis and patients with atrophie blanche.

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) has been ascribed to a chromosomal translocation event which results in a fusion protein comprising the PML protein and the retinoic acid receptor alpha. PML is normally a component of a nuclear multiprotein complex (termed ND10, Kr bodies, nuclear bodies, PML oncogenic domains or PODs) which is disrupted in the APL disease state. PML contains a number of characterized motifs including a Zn2+ binding domain called the RING or C3HC4 finger. Here we describe the solution structure of the PML RING finger as solved by 1H NMR methods at physiological pH with r.m.s. deviations for backbone atoms of 0.88 and 1.39 A for all atoms. Additional biophysical studies including CD and optical spectroscopy, show that the PML RING finger requires Zn2+ for autonomous folding and that cysteines are used in metal ligation. A comparison of the structure with the previously solved equine herpes virus IE110 RING finger, shows significant differences suggesting that the RING motif is structurally diverse. The role of the RING domain in PML nuclear body formation was tested in vivo, by using site‐directed mutagenesis and immunofluorescence on transiently transfected NIH 3T3 cells. Independently mutating two pairs of cysteines in each of the Zn2+ binding sites prevents PML nuclear body formation, suggesting that a fully folded RING domain is necessary for this process. These results suggest that the PML RING domain is probably involved in protein‐protein interactions, a feature which may be common to other RING finger domains.

Two yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) spanning a total distance of 1.1 megabase pairs of DNA around the MCC (for mutated in colorectal carcinoma) and APC (for adenomatous polyposis coli) genes at 5q21 have been isolated and characterized. Starting from the MCC gene, a strategy was undertaken to identify constitutional submicroscopic deletions in familial adenomatous polyposis patients that might considerably narrow down the position of the APC gene. To this end, YACs identified by the MCC gene were screened across a chromosome 5-specific cosmid library to provide a source of DNA probes for genomic scanning. The cosmids isolated from these experiments were used to screen a panel of somatic cell hybrids containing chromosome 5 segregated from patients suspected to carry putative interstitial deletions. This screening approach led to the confirmation of a small heterozygous deletion in a polyposis patient that overlaps one of the two isolated YACs. This YAC has been shown to contain the entire APC gene, in addition to a significant portion of DNA flanking the 5' end of the gene, and should therefore prove a valuable resource for functional studies by transfer to colorectal tumor-derived cell lines.

Immunohistological examination of 100 ovarian tumours was performed using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique based on the monoclonal antibody NDOG2, directed against placental alkaline phosphatase. Fifty-six of these tumours were malignant, of which 64 per cent (mainly serous cystadenocarcinomata) contained placental alkaline phosphatase. Only 25 per cent of 44 benign tumours had this enzyme. The degree of staining varied from tumour to tumour, even in the same histological type and, in some cases, from primary to secondary tumour in the same patient.

A. B. BOSWORTH. Alexander and the East: The Tragedy of Triumph. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi, 218. $81.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Eugene N. BorzaLINDA COOKE JOHNSON. Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port, 1074–1858. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. Pp. ix, 440. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Kristin StapletonMAYA SHATZMILLER. Labour in the Medieval Islamic World. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995. Pp. viii, 450. $156.00 (US). Reviewed by Jonathan P. BerkeyJONATHAN PHILLIPS, ed. The First Crusade: Origins and Impact. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xvi, 202. £40.00, cloth; £14.99, paper. Reviewed by H.E.J. Cowdrey>NORMAN HOUSLEY, ed. and trans. Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580. London: Macmillan, 1996; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xiv, 204. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Penny J. ColeTHOMAS ERTMAN. Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 363. $59.95 (US), cloth; $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by David ParrottSANJAY SUBRAHMANYAM. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xxiii, 400. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by M. N. PearsonGEOFFREY C. GUNN. Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1575–1999. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996. Pp. xviii, 212. $59.00 (US). Reviewed by Rolf D. CremerRAFAEL VARÓN GABAI. Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru, trans. Javier Flores Espinoza. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. Pp. xvi, 352. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Ida L. AltmanJOHN BREEN and MARK WILLIAMS, eds. Japan and Christianity: Impacts and Responses. London: Macmillan, 1996; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xiii, 189. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by A. H. IonERIK RINGMAR. Identity, Interest, and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xi, 235. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul Douglas LockhartR. W. FERMER, ed. A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth- Century EmpireLondon: I. B. Tauris, 1996; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xiv, 193. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Roger M. SavoryCATHERINE MANNING. Fortunes à Faire: The French in Asian Trade, 1719–1748. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1996; dist. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing. Pp. xxiv, 286. $72.95 (US). Reviewed by Om PrakashGREGORY H. NOBLES. American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest. New York: Hill and Wang, 1997. Pp. xvi, 286. $25.00 (US). Reviewed by Gregory Evans DoweERICH DONNERT. Kurland im IdeenERICH DONNERT. Kurland im Ideenbereich der Französischen Revolution: Politische Bewegungen und gesllschaftliche Erneuerungsversuche 1789–1795. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1992. Pp. 369. DM 94.80, paper. Reviewed by T. J. HochstrasserDANIEL H. BAYS, ed. Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. Pp. xxii, 483. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Susan NaquinPAUL HALLBERG and CHRISTINE KONINCKX, eds. A Passage to China: Colin Campbell's Diary of the First Swedish East India Company Expedition to Canton, 1732–35. Göteborg: Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, 1996. Pp. liv, 260. SEK350. Reviewed by Glyndwr WilliamsJ. V. FIFER. The Master Builders: Structures of Empire in the New World: Spanish Initiatives and United States Invention. South Church, UK: Durham Academic Press, 1996. Pp. 320. $22.50 (US); Reviewed by Jack P. GreeneLESTER D. LANGLEY. The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi, 374. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Jack P. GreeneBRENDAN SIMMS. The Impact of Napoleon: Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy, and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xiii, 390. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by Peter H. WilsonDOUGLAS M. PEERS. Between Mars and Mammon: Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in 19th-Century India, 1819–1835. London: I. B. Tauris, 1995; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xi, 289. $59.50 (US). Reviewed by Dewitt C. EllinwoodPAUL SMITH, ed. Government and the Armed Forces in Britain, 1856–1990. London: Hambledon Press, 1996. Pp. xviii, 324. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Tim TraversSTIG FÖRSTER andJÖRG NAGLER, eds. On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 705. $84.95 (US). Reviewed by Dennis E. ShowalterBRIAN HOLDEN REID. The Origins of the American Civil War. London and New York: Longman, 1996. Pp. xv, 440. £48.00, cloth; £16.99, paper. Reviewed by Joel H. SilbeyDMITRY SHLAPENTOKH. The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life: 1865–1905. Westport: Praeger, 1996. Pp. viii, 202. $57.95 (US). Reviewed by T. R. RavindranathanL. CARL BROWN and MATTHEW S. GORDON, eds. Franco-Arab Encounters: Studies in Memory of David C. Gordon. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 1997; dist. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Pp. xvii, 484. $29.95 (US).Reviewed by Kenneth J. PerkinsBILL SCHWARZ, ed. The Expansion of England: Race, Ethnicity, and Cultural History. London and New York: Roudedge, 1996. Pp. vi, 262. $69.95 (US), cloth; $18.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John M. MackenzieDOUG MUNRO and ANDREW THORNLEY, eds. The Covenant Makers: Islander Missionaries in the Pacific. Suva: Pacific Theological College and Institute of Pacific Studies, 1996. Pp. xii, 321. $12.00 (US). Reviewed by K. R. HoweKATHRYN CASTLE. Britannia's Children: Reading Colonialism through Children's Books and Magazines. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. vii, 198. $79.95 (US). Reviewed by Patrick A. DunaeRENÉ DEL FABBRO. Transalpini Italienische Arbeitswanderung nach Süddeutschland im Kaiserreich 1870–1918. Osnabrück: Universitätsverlag Rasch, 1996. Pp. 312. DM 52, paper; Reviewed by Dirk HoerderHANS-HEINRICH NOLTE, ed. Deutsche Migrationen. Münster: Lit Verlag, 1996. Pp. 262. DM 48.80, paper. Reviewed by Dirk HoerderAKIRA IRIYE. Cultural Internationalism and World Order. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Pp. xii, 212. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Leila J. RuppGREG KENNEDY and KEITH NEILSON, eds. Far-Flung Lines: Essays on Imperial Defence in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman. London: Frank Cass, 1997; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. 228. $47.50 (US) cloth; $22.50 (US) paper. Reviewed by Andrew D. LambertARLAND S. HARRIS, introduction and annotation. Schwatka's Last Search: The New York Ledger Expedition through Unknown Alaska and British America: Including the Journal of Charles WiUard Hayes, 1891. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1996. Pp. xviii, 278. $20.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter CoatesPAUL A. COHEN. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Pp. xviii, 428. $34.50 (US). Reviewed by Roger R. ThompsonMILAN N. VEGO. Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904–1914. London: Frank Cass, 1996; dist. Pordand, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. xviii, 213. $47.50 (US), cloth; $22.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Erwin F. SiecheTHEO SCHWARZMÜLLER. Zwischen Kaiser und «Fuhrer»: Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen, eine politische Biographie. Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 1997. Pp. 463. DM 68. Reviewed by Gerhard L. WeinbergJASON TOMES. Balfour and Foreign Policy: The International Thought of a Conservative Statesman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. ix, 323, $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Keith WilsonRICHARD C. HALL. Bulgaria's Road to the First World War. Boulder: East European Monographs; dist. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Pp. 374. $42.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard CramptonMICHAEL BROWN. ?The Israeli-American Connection: Its Roots in the Yishuv, 1914–1945. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996. Pp. 396. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Stuart E. KneeJAY WINTER and JEAN-LOUIS ROBERT. Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvii, 622. $90.00 (US).Reviewed by Peter StanskyJEFFREY A. KESHEN. Propaganda and Censorship during Canada's Great War. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1996. Pp. xviii, 333. $29.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Robert Craig BrownMICHAEL PALIJ. The Ukrainian-Polish Defensive Alliance, 1919–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1995. Pp. 391. $44.95 (CDN). Reviewed by John W. LongPETER BELL. Chamberlain, Germany, and Japan, 1933–1934. New York: St Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. xi, 240. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by R. A. C. ParkerMARK HARRISON. Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xxxiv, 338. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul R. GregoryMATTHEW HOLLAND. America and Egypt: From Roosevelt to Eisenhower. Westport: Praeger, 1996. Pp. xxxii, 187. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by H. W. BrandsMARTIN SHIPWAY. The Road to War: France and Vietnam, 1944–1947. Providence: Berghahn Books, 1996. Pp. xii, 306. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by William B. CohenWOLFRAM F. HANRIEDER. Deutschland, Europa, Amerika: Die Auβenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1949–1994. Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 1995. Pp. xxii, 600. DM 88. Reviwed by Michael WalaLORRAINE M. LEES. Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997. Pp. xviii, 246. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by Bennett KovrigDAVID CLAY LARGE. Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. Pp. x, 327. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul RorvigLESLIE BETHELL, ed. Ideas and Ideologies in Twentieth Century Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. vii, 411. $64.95 (US). Reviewed by William O. Walker IIIFREDERICK COOPER. Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii, 677. $69.95 (US). Reviewed by Jane ParpartMICHAEL HARRIS and TOM O'MALLEY, eds. Studies in Newspaper and Periodical History, 1995 Annual. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 254. $89.50 (US). Reviewed by Simon BurrowsMEHRZAD BOROUJERDI. Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996. Pp. xix, 256. $45.00 (US), cloth; $16.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gene R. GarthwaiteBARRY EICHENGREEN. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Pp. viii, 223. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Alan M. Taylor

BERNARD S. BACHRACH. The Anatomy of a Little War: A Diplomatic and Military History of the Gundovald Affair, 568-586. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995. Pp. xx, 283. $49.85 (us). Reviewed by Paul FouracreP. M. HOLT. Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260-1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalawun with Christian Rulers. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995. Pp. viii, 161. $64.75 (us). Reviewed by Peter W. EdburyS. C. ROWELL. Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xxi, 375. $69.95 (us). Reviewed by David M. GoldfrankCEMAL KAFADAR. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Pp. xx, 221. $48.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard BlackburnL. CARL BROWN, ed. Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi, 337. $49.50 (us). Reviewed by Virginia H. AksanLARRY J. SIMON, ed. Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages: Studies in Honor of Robert I. Burns, SJ: Volume 1: Proceedings from Kalamazoo. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995. Pp. xxvi, 373. $87.75 (us). Reviewed by Maya ShatzmillerJOHN CUMMINS. Francis Drake: The Lives of a Hero. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. Pp. xv, 348. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by G. V. ScammellSTEPHEN SAUNDERS WEBB. Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Pp. xiv, 399. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by Ian K. SteeleJAMES PRITCHARD. Anatomy of a Naval Disaster: The 1746 French Naval Expedition to North America. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi, 322. $39.95 (CDN); Reviewed by John A. LynnWILLIAM S. CORMACK. Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy, 1789-1794. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 343. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by John A. LynnNICHOLAS TRACY. Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Tears War. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1995. Pp. x, 158. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by N. A. M. RodgerGUNTHER HEYDEMANN. Konstitution gegen Revolution. Die britische Deutschldndund Italienpolitik 1815-1848. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1995. Pp. 404. DM 120.00. Reviewed by Paul W. SchroederLIONEL CAPLAN. Warrior Gentlemen: 'Gurkhas' in the Western Imagination. Providence: Berghahn Books, 1995. Pp. ix, 181. $32.00 (us). Reviewed by David OmissiDIRK HOERDER and JORG NAGLER, eds. People in Transit: German Migrations in Comparative Perspective, 1820-1930. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xv, 433. $79.95(us). Reviewed by Gerhard P. BasslerJOHN M. MACKENZIE. Orientalism: History, Theory, and the Arts. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995; dist. New York: St Martin's Press. Pp. xxii, 232. $19.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Dane KennedyTHEOPHILUS C. PROUSIS. Russian Society and the Greek Revolution. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 1994. Pp. xi, 259. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by Paschalis M. KitromilidesGED MARTIN. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837-1867. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995. Pp. xi, 388. $22.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Bruce A. KnoxJOHN F. HUTCHINSON. Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996. Pp. xxii, 448. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by David P. ForsytheANDRZEJ GARLICKI. Jozef Pitsudski, 1867-1935, trans. John Coutouvidis. Aldershot, UK: Scolar Press, 1995; dist. Brookfield: Ashgate Publishing Company. Pp. xvii, 199. $64.95 (us). Reviewed by Kay Lundgreen-NielsenJAMES WILLIAM PARK. Latin American Underdevelopment: A History of Perspectives in the United States, 1870-1965. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 274. $37-50 (us). Reviewed by David SheininJEREMY ADELMAN. Frontier Development: Land, Labour, and Capital on the Wheatlands of Argentina and Canada, 1890-1914. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xiii, 322. $100.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Gerald FriesenTHOMAS M. PRYMAK. Mykola Kostomarov: A Biography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Pp. xxiii, 263. $60.00 (CDN); Reviewed by David SaundersANNA PROCYK. Russian Nationalism and Ukraine: The Nationality Policy of the Volunteer Army during the Civil War. Edmonton and Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1995. Pp. xvi, 202. $39.95 (CDN). Reviewed by David SaundersDAVID E. TORRANCE. The Strange Death of the Liberal Empire: Lord Selborne in South Africa. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii, 286. $55.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Donald DenoonCRAWFORD YOUNG. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 356. $40.00 (us). Reviewed by Robert HollanBORIS BARTH. Die deutsche Hochfinanz und die Imperialismen. Banken und Aussenpolitik vor 1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995. Pp. 505. DM 136.00, paper. Reviewed by Woodruff D. SmithMARTIN SAMUELS. Command or Control? Command, Training, and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888-1918. London: Frank Cass, 1995; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. ix, 339. $47.50 (us). Reviewed by Tim TraversALAN P. DOBSON. Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century: Of Friendship, Conflict, and the Rise and Decline of Superpowers. London and New York: Roudedge, 1995. Pp. vi, 199. £12.99, paper. Reviewed by Patricia ClavinJAY WINTER. Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. x, 310. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Richard BosworthGEORG SCHILD. Between Ideology and Realpolitik: Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution, 1917-1921. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995. Pp. 173. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Betty Miller UnterbergerHERMANN JOSEPH HIERY. The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995. Pp. xvii, 387. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by K. R. HoweSCOTT BERRY. Monks, Spies, and a Soldier of Fortune: The Japanese in Tibet. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. Pp. xi, 352. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Melvyn C. GoldsteinPETER LIBERMAN. Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. xi, 250. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Sally MarksC. L. CHIOU. Democratizing Oriental Despotism: China from 4 May 1919 to 4 June 1989 and Taiwan from 28 February 1947 to 28 June l990. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 178. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Diana LaryDAVID LONG and PETER WILSON. Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. xiii, 347. $108.00 (CDN). Reviewed by John D. FairERIK GOLDSTEIN and JOHN MAURER. The Washington Conference, 1921-1922: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability, and the Road to Pearl Harbor. London: Frank Cass, 1995; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. 319. $29.50 (us). Reviewed by John B. HattendorfCHRISTOPHER KOPPER. Zwischen Marktwirtschaft und Dirigismus. Bankenpolitik im 'Dritten Reich'1933-1939. Bonn: Bouvier, 1995. Pp. 400. DM 75.00. Reviewed by Alfred C. MierzejewskiINDERJEET PARMAR. Special Interests, the State, and the Anglo-American Alliance, 1939-1945. London: Frank Cass, 1995; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. viii, 200. $39.95 (us). Reviewed by Peter G. BoyleANN LANE and HOWARD TEMPERLEY, eds. The Rise and Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941-1945. New York: St Martin's Press, 1996. Pp. xvi, 264. $65.00 (us). Reviewed by P. M. H. Bell.RUTH IYOB. The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941-1993. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xiv, 198. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Edmond J. KellerI. C. B. DEAR and M. D. R. FOOT, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii, 1,343. $73.95 (CDN); Reviewed by Joan BeaumontJOHN PIMLOTT. The Viking Atlas of World War II. London: Viking, 1995. Pp. 224. £20.00; Reviewed by Joan BeaumontDAVID SMURTHWAITE. Pacific War Atlas, 1941-1945. London: HMSO, 1995; dist. New York: Facts on File. Pp. 144. $20.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Joan BeaumontJEFFREY W. LEGRO. Co-operation under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint during World War II. Idiaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 255. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by S. P. MackenzieDAVID REYNOLDS. Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain. 1942-1945. New York: Random House, 1995. Pp. xxx, 555. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by L. H. GannDAVID G. MARR. Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Pp. xxviii, 602. $50.00 (us). Reviewed by Nicholas TarlingREINHOLD WAGNLEITNER. Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War, trans. Diana M. Wolf. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. Pp. xvii, 367. $55.00 (us), cloth; $24.95 (us), paper; Reviewed by Robert H. KeyserlingkREINER POMMERIN. The American Impact on Postwar Germany. Providence: Berghahn, 1995. Pp. xi, 195. $32.00 (us). Reviewed by Robert H. KeyserlingkALAN J. LEVINE. The United States and the Struggle for Southeast Asia, 1945-1975. Westport: Praeger, 1995. Pp. 190. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Ralph SmithMICHAEL WALA. The Council on Foreign Relations and American Foreign Policy in the Early Cold War. Providence: Berghahn, 1994. Pp. xiv, 289. $49.95 (us).SEAN M. MALONEY. Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948- 1954. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995; dist. St Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell. Pp. xiv, 276. $38.95 (us). Reviewed by Eric GroveJOSEPH NEVO and ILAN PAPPE, eds. Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State, 1948-1988. London: Frank Cass, 1995; dist. Portland, Oreg.: ISBS. Pp. viii, 305. $40.00 (us). Reviewed by Michael Graham FryHELEN LEIGH-PHIPPARD. Congress and US Military Aid to Britain: Interdependence and Dependence, 1949-56. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 199. £45.00. Reviewed by Alan P. DobsonSTEPHEN A. KOCS. Autonomy or Power? The Franco-German Relationship and Europe's Strategic Choices, 1955-1995. New York: Praeger, 1995. Pp. x, 280. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Richard WoykeMARKJ. WHITE. The Cuban Missile Crisis. London: Macmillan, 1995. Pp. xi, 291. $45.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard Ned LebowKEITH L. NELSON. The Making of Detente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Pp. xviii, 217. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Allan E. GoodmanROBERT STRANGE MCNAMARA. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Times Books, 1995. Pp. xviii, 414. $27.50 (us); Reviewed by Kenneth E. HamburgerGEORGE HERRING. LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994. Pp. xiv, 228. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Kenneth E. HamburgerADAM GARFINKLE. Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. New York: St Martin's Press, 1995. Pp. vii, 370. $24.95 (us). Reviewed by Marilyn B. YoungTERRY TERRIFF.The Nixon Administration and the Making of US Nuclear Strategy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi, 252. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by P. Edward HaleyROBERT S. ROSS.Negotiating Co-operation: The United States and China, 1969- 1989. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 349. $39.50 (us). Reviewed by E. Bruce GeelhoedALEKSANDR' G. SAVEL'YEV and NIKOLAY N. DETINOV. The Big Five: Arms Control Decision-Making in the Soviet Union. New York: Praeger, 1995. Pp. xvi, 204. $52.95 (us); Reviewed by John EricksonCHRISTOPHER SMART. The Imagery of Soviet Foreign Policy and the Collapse of the Russian Empire. New York: Praeger, 1995. Pp. 180. $52.95 (us). Reviewed by John EricksonANDRE GERRITS and NANCI ADLER, eds. Vampires Unstaked: National Images, Stereotypes, and Myths in East Central Europe. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1995. Pp. ix, 248. Dfl. 80.00, paper. Reviewed by Nandor Fred DreiszigerJOACHIM GLAUBITZ. Between Tokyo and Moscow: The History of an Uneasy Relationship. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995. Pp. xii, 308. $26.00 (us). Reviewed by Myles RobertsonROBERT L. PAARLBERG. Leadership Abroad Begins at Home: US Foreign Economic Policy after the Cold War. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995. Pp. xxv, 115. $28.95 (us). Reviewed by Jussi M. Hanhimaki

ELIAS J. BICKERMAN. The Jews in the Greek Age. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 338. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Uriel Rappaport.DEREK MASSARELLA. A World Elsewhere: Europe's Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 44a. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by G.V. Scammell.DOUGLAS E. STREUSAND. The Formation of the Mughal Empire. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989. Pp. x, 206. $23.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Gavin R.G. Hambly.J.W. KOOPMANS. De Staten van Holland en de Opstand: De Ontwikkeling van hun Functies en Organisatie in de Periode 1544-1588. The Hague: Stichting Hollandse Historische Reeks, 1990. Pp. 328. No price sent. Reviewed by Geoffrey Parker.JAMES D. TRACY. Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506-1566: The Formation of a Body Politic. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Pp. x, 330. $45.00 (us). Reviewed by Geoffrey Parker.NICHOLAS CANNY. Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Pp. viii, 149. $25.00 (us). Reviewed by Hiram Morgan.ALISTER E. MCGRATH. A Life of John Calvin: A Study in the Shaping of Western Culture. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1990. Pp. xv, 332. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Charles G. Nauert, Jr..F.J. HEBBERT and G.A. ROTHROCK. Soldier of France: Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, 1633-1707. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. Pp. xx, 274. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Ben S. Trotter and John C. Rule.THOMAS M. TRUXES. Irish-American Trade, 1660-1783. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. xiv, 448. $42.50 (us). Reviewed by Liam Kennedy.ISABEL DE MADARIAGA. Catherine the Great: A Short History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. viii, 240. $25.00 (us). Reviewed by John T. Alexander.LINDSEY HUGHES. Sophia Regent of Russia 1657-1704. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. 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Reviewed by Mario J. Azevedo.JONGSUK CHAY. Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean-American Relations to 1910. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. Pp. x, 239. $32.00 (us). Reviewed by Andrew C. Nahm.DAVID PROCHASKA. Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bone, 1870-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xix, 328. $39.50 (us). Reviewed by Gyan Prakash.DIANE LANGMORE. Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. Pp. xxiv, 408. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by K.R. Howe.H.L. WESSELING. Verdeel en Heers: De Deling van Afrika 1880-1914. [Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa: 1880-1914]. Amsterdam: Vitgevig Bert Bakker, 1991. Pp. 521. No price sent. Reviewed by L.H. Gann.J.A. DE MOOR and H.L. WESSELING, eds. Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989. Pp. vi, 234. $48.00 (us). Reviewed by L.H. Gann.KEITH HAMILTON. Bertie of Thame: Edwardian Ambassador. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press (Royal Historical Society), 1990. Pp. x, 436. $70.00 (us). Reviewed by Briton C. Busch.P.E. DEWEY. British Agriculture in the First World War. London: Routledge, 1989. Pp. x, 262. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Avner Offer.BRUCE I. GUDMUNDSSON. Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918. New York: Praeger, 1989. Pp. xviii, 210. $39.95 (us). Reviewed by Robert Citino.DOV B. LUNGU. Romania and the Great Powers, 1933-1940. Durham, N.C. and London: Duke University Press, 1989. Pp. xiv, 294. $49.50 (us). Reviewed by Paul D. Quinlan.LEONARD A. GORDON. Brothers against the Raj: A Biography of Indian Nationalists, Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Pp. 807. $65.00 (us), cloth; $25.00 (us), paper. Reviewed by Robin J. Moore.GEORGE HORTON KELLING. Countdown to Rebellion: British Policy in Cyprus, 1939-1955. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 182. $39.95 (us). Reviewed by G.S. Georghallides.ALEX DANCHEV. Very Special Relationship: Field-Marshal Sir John Dill and the Anglo-American Alliance 1941-44. London and New York: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1987. Pp. xv, 201. $38.00 (us). Reviewed by Fraser Harbutt.RANDALL BENNETT WOODS. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 473. $42.50 (us). Reviewed by Fraser Harbutt.GEOFFREY M. WHITE and LAMONT LINDSTROM, eds. The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989. Pp. xiv, 433. $34.00 (us). Reviewed by Donald Denoon.LAMONT LINDSTROM and GEOFFREY M. WHITE. Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War. Washington and London: Smidisonian Institution Press, 1990. Pp. viii, 194. $39.95 (us). Reviewed by James A. Boutilier.JULES R. BENJAMIN. The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution: An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Pp. xi, 235. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Charles D. Ameringer.REINHARD DRIFTE. Japan's Rise to International Responsibilities. London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Athlone Press, 1990. Pp. 112. $39.95 (us), cloth; $19.95 (us),paper Reviewed by Roger Dingman.TAKASHI SHIRAISHI. Japan's Trade Policies 1945 to the Present Day. London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Athlone Press, 1989. Pp. vii, 228. $75.00 (us). Reviewed by Roger Dingman.ANTHONY FARRAR-HOCKLEY. The British Part in the Korean War: Volume I: A Distant Obligation. London: HMSO; dist. Lanham, Md.: UNIPUB, 1990. Pp. xxii, 512. $69.95 (us). Reviewed by Rosemary Foot.GENERAL BRUCE PALMER, JR. Intervention in the Caribbean: The Dominican Crisis of 1965. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989. Pp. xii, 226. $23.00 (us). Reviewed by Robert Freeman Smith.MARK CLODFELTER. The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam. New York: The Free Press (Macmillan), 1989. Pp. xv, 297. $22.95 (us). Reviewed by Lee Kennett.CORAL BELL. The Reagan Paradox: US Foreign Policy in the 1980s. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989. Pp. viii, 182. $11.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Lawrence Aronsen.ANTHONY E. HARTLE. Moral Issues in Military Decision Making. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989. Pp. 180. $25.00 (us). Reviewed by James Turner Johnson.ROBERT W. MALCOLMSON. Beyond Nuclear Thinking. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 141. $25.95 (CDN), cloth; $12.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Ira Chernus.EVAN LUARD. The Globalization of Politics: The Changed Focus of Political Action in the Modern World. New York: New York University Press; dist New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Pp. xii, 195. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Keith Krause.JOAN SMITH, JANE COLLINS, TERENCE K. HOPKINS, and AKBAR MUHAMMAD, eds. Racism, Sexism, and the World System. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 221. $45.00 (us). Reviewed by Brenda Gayle Plummer.

The presence of placental alkaline phosphatase has been demonstrated immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody, in frozen sections of human endometrium. The enzyme is present in glandular epithelium, but is found most commonly in the surface epithelial layer throughout the menstrual cycle. It has also been demonstrated in malignant endometrial epithelium in eight out of twelve patients.