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Background: Saccade is a novel and feasible method for cognition assessment and has potential to screen older people with cognitive impairment. Objectives: To systematically summarize the evidence and determine whether different saccade parameters can effectively identify patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: English and Chinese databases were searched until 19 April 2022. Studies analyzing saccade parameters in older adults with normal cognition, MCI, or AD were included. Two researchers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Meta-analyses were conducted and standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with a random effects model. Results: Thirty-five studies were included, and 26 studies were pooled for the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that patients with cognitive impairment exhibited longer latency and lower accuracy rates in the prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, along with lower corrected error rates in the antisaccade tasks. However, the pooled results for antisaccades were more stable, providing the ability to distinguish patients with cognitive impairment among older adults. The results of the subgroup analyses revealed that only the accuracy rates of the antisaccades differed significantly between people with MCI and AD. Regarding the differences between older adults with normal cognition and those with MCI, the effect sizes of latency and the accuracy rates of saccades as well as the corrected error rates of antisaccades were significant. Conclusions: Saccades, especially antisaccades, are a potential screening and assessment tool for distinguishing older adults with MCI or AD from those with normal cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both home-based aerobic and resistance exercise programs were feasible. • Two-month exercise intervention tended to improve physical function. • Two-month exercise intervention might be not enough to exert effects on cognitive function. To examine the feasibility and efficacy of home-based aerobic and resistance exercise interventions for geriatric individuals with cognitive impairment. Fourteen participants with cognitive impairment were allocated to either the aerobic group (n = 8) or the resistance group (n = 6), after which they implemented a two-month home-based training program. Feasibility and efficacy outcomes were evaluated. A semi-structured interview was performed after the intervention. All fourteen participants completed the two-month training program. The adherence rate was 0.94 for the aerobic group and 0.96 for the resistance group. No adverse events occurred. The results revealed a trend of group×time interaction effect on delayed recall. Significant group×time interaction effects were revealed on simple physical performance and body composition. Semi-structured interviews identified four motivators for participating in this program, four facilitators for and three barriers to keeping exercising, and some perceived benefits. Home-based aerobic and resistance exercise programs are feasible for geriatric individuals with cognitive impairment. The efficacy needs to be further examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective cognitive decline represents a critical stage for preventing mild cognitive impairment and dementia, but the links between clinical progression in the subjective cognitive decline stage and various motor functions remain inconclusive. This cohort study aimed to elucidate the independent and joint associations between the clinical progression of subjective cognitive decline and motor functions. We enrolled 4880 community-dwelling elderly participants from a national cohort and used Cox proportional hazard regression model and restricted cubic spline models to explore the longitudinal associations between motor functions (gait, strength, balance, and endurance) and the clinical progression of subjective cognitive decline. During 5-years follow-up, 1239 participants experienced clinical progression. After adjusting for demographics, vascular burden, body components, and polypharmacy, gait speed [hazard ratios (HRs)= 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–0.99], chair stand test (HRs=1.02, 95%CI 1.01–1.03), and endurance limitation in jogging 1 kilometer (HRs=1.18, 95%CI 1.04–1.34) were significantly associated with clinical progression. Among all participants, individuals characterized by poor upper- and lower-body strength, as well as those with slow pace and reduced endurance, faced the highest risk of cognitive impairment. This study emphasizes the potential of gait speed, muscle strength, and endurance as non-cognitive indicators of clinical progression in subjective cognitive decline. Understanding their combined effectiveness may reveal primary physiological mechanisms contributing to the dual decline of motor and cognition. • Subjective cognitive decline is a promising starting point for dementia prevention. • Motor function declines in the early stages of dementia. • Gait, strength, and endurance as crucial for assessing dementia risk. • Prioritize enhancing motor fitness in individuals to reduce dementia risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This network meta-analysis compared the relative efficacy of different types of exercise interventions on cognitive function for patients with MCI or dementia. • Resistance exercise had the highest probability of being the optimal exercise therapy to slow cognitive decline, especially for patients with dementia. • Subgroup analyses revealed that multi-component exercise tended to be the most effective exercise therapy for preventing the decline of global cognition and executive function in patients with MCI, but only resistance exercise showed significant effects on memory function. Exercise is a promising nonpharmacological therapy for cognitive dysfunction, but it is unclear which type of exercise is most effective. The objective of this study was to compare and rank the effectiveness of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia and to examine the effects of exercise on the symptoms relevant to cognitive impairment. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SPORTDiscus, and PsycInfo through September 2019 and included randomized controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of exercise interventions in patients with MCI or dementia. Primary outcomes included global cognition, executive cognition, and memory cognition. Secondary outcomes included activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of life. Pairwise analyses and network meta-analyses were performed using a random effects model. A total of 73 articles from 71 trials with 5606 participants were included. All types of exercise were effective in increasing or maintaining global cognition, and resistance exercise had the highest probability of being the most effective intervention in slowing the decrease in global cognition (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.56−1.54), executive function (SMD = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.21−1.49), and memory function (SMD = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.01−0.63) in patients with cognitive dysfunction. Subgroup analyses for patients with MCI revealed different effects, and multicomponent exercise was most likely to be the optimal exercise therapy for preventing the decline of global cognition (SMD = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.44−1.54) and executive function (SMD = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.06−1.38). However, only resistance exercise showed significant effects on memory function for patients with MCI (SMD = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.01−0.69). Exercise interventions also showed various effects on the secondary outcomes. Resistance exercise has the highest probability of being the optimal exercise type for slowing cognitive decline in patients with cognitive dysfunction, especially in patients with dementia. Multicomponent exercise tends to be most effective in protecting global cognition and executive function in patients with MCI. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]