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Anisodamine exerts significant protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in various organs. However, little is known about the mechanisms of anisodamine in renal I/R injury. Activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) pathway promotes the repair of renal epithelial cells following oxidant injury. The present study investigated whether the renoprotective role of anisodamine against renal I/R injury in rats was associated with the activation of ERK signaling pathway. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were separated into the following groups: Sham-operated group, I/R group, anisodamine-treated group, PD98059 (MEK-1/ERK inhibitor)-treated group and anisodamine plus PD98059-treated group. A rat model of renal I/R was established by excising the right kidney and then clamping the left renal pedicle for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Serum and renal tissue samples were obtained for assays of the associated morphological, molecular and biochemical parameters. Treatment with anisodamine ameliorated renal I/R injury, as evidenced by improvements of renal histology and kidney function, a decrease in paller's score and apoptosis index. Anisodamine also upregulated the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and its downstream targets, including 90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90rsk) and Bad, as well as the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, downregulated the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, whereas these effects were greatly abolished by administration of PD98059. In conclusion, the results suggest that anisodamine prevents renal I/R injury in rats as a result of an activation of the ERK signaling pathway and anti-apoptotic properties.

Social-ecological theory of school bullying stresses the role parents play in students’ engagement in bullying. School practitioners and the researchers who support practitioners are often recommended to involve parents in their efforts to implement school-based prevention efforts. Yet, empirical support for this recommendation is scarce. Although evidence on bullying prevention programs continues to burgeon, limited efforts have been made to synthesize the impacts of adding parental components to prevention programming. This meta-analysis attempts to fill this gap by reviewing and analyzing studies published after 2000 that evaluate school-based anti-bullying programs involving a parental component. Twenty-two studies with an overall sample of 212,211 students from kindergarten to 12th grade supported a small but significant effect on reducing bully perpetration (d= 0.179, 95% CI = [0.095, 0.264]) and victimization (d= 0.162, 95% CI = [0.059, 0.265]). Moderator analysis revealed that the effectiveness of the program on both perpetration and victimization was not affected by school level, country in which the program was implemented, or type of parental component. Current caveats and suggestions for incorporating parental components in school-based anti-bullying programs are discussed.

In various applications, infrared (IR) detectors with quick responses and high sensitivity at room temperature are essential. This work synthesizes carbon nanotube aerogel films (CAFs) with an ultra-low density of 1.33 mg cm–3. Transient electrothermal (TET) technology is used to characterize the thermal and electrical transport of CAFs in the temperature range of 320 to 10 K. CAF has record-low thermal conductivity (2.5 mW m–1K–1at 320 K) and thermal diffusivity (2.24 × 10–6m2s–1at 320 K) in vacuum. The TCR of CAF is −0.11%/K at 295 K, which is 57% higher than that of the MWCNT films. In addition, the comprehensive bolometric performance of carbon nanotube aerogels is tested and analyzed, including the photothermal response, resistivity responsivity, and response time to lasers of a broad spectrum from ultraviolet to near-infrared. The relative responsivity of CAF to lasers of different wavelengths is found to be consistent. The response time of CAF with 200 μm suspended length is measured to be as short as 2.95–3.03 ms (framing rate of 330–339 per second). In addition, the resistive response of the CAF sample to a blackbody radiator and the radiation of the human hand also shows good sensitivity and repeatability. These results demonstrate the promising application of CAF as a sensitive and fast-response uncooled bolometer.