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In this paper, the authors propose a data-driven approach to draw insightful knowledge from the Indian crime data. The proposed approach can be helpful for police and other law enforcement bodies in India for controlling and preventing crime region-wise. In the proposed approach different regression models are built based on different regression algorithms, viz., random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR), multiple linear regression (MLR), simple linear regression (SLR), and support vector regression (SVR) after pre-processing the data using MySQL Workbench and R programming. These regression models can predict 28 different types of IPC cognizable crime counts and also a total number of Indian Penal Code (IPC) cognizable crime counts region-wise, state-wise, and year-wise (for all over the country) provided the desired inputs to the model. Data visualization techniques, namely, chord diagrams and map plots, are used to visualize pre-processed data (corresponding to the years 2014 to 2020) and predicted data by the relatively best regression model for the year 2022. For the chosen data, it is concluded that Random Forest Regression (RFR), which predicts total IPC cognizable crime, fits relatively the best, with a 0.96 adjusted r squared value and a MAPE value of 0.2, and among regression models predicting region-wise theft crime count, the random forest regression-based model relatively fits the best, with an adjusted R squared value of 0.96 and a MAPE value of 0.166. These regression models predict that Andhra Pradesh state will have the highest crime counts, with Adilabad district at the top, having 31,933 predicted crime counts.

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and applications has resulted in an increasing demand for Low Power and Wide Area Network (LPWAN) solutions. The adoption of IoT networks still faces several challenges, despite the rapid advancement of low-power communication technology. Homogenizing this sector requires allowing interoperability between many technologies, which is now one of the largest obstacles. In this article, we present the design and implementation of the hybrid LPWAN architecture that can accomplish wide-area communication coverage and low-power consumption for IoT applications by leveraging two LPWAN technologies, Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Network (Wi-SUN) and Long Range (LoRa). In particular, LoRa is used for long-range communication, and Wi-SUN for a low-latency mesh network. Additionally, we implemented smart street light controlling system as a real-world deployment at the university campus to showcase the efficiency of the hybrid network. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid LPWAN architecture provides a better coverage and capacity while consuming less power than that of the LoRa or Wi-SUN network. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid LPWAN architecture as a viable solution for next-generation IoT applications.

Pressure sensors are subjected to continuous force and stress that may affect the operation of the sensor in the long run. Reliability is a crucial factor that must be considered when designing and fabricating any sensor. It is essential to test the material used in the sensor to assess the reliability of the complete product. In this work, we report the long-term reliability of a flexible pressure sensor mat using a carbon-impregnated polymer, velostat, which is a flexible, light, and thin polymer composite material with piezoresistive properties. We focus on the analysis of the performance of a flexible pressure sensor array under long-term and repeated loading. Tests were performed every fortnight for 210 days. We have observed that the material characteristics of the velostat material change on repeated application of pressure up to a certain time frame. For a given loading, once the material settles, the change in resistance of the material becomes consistent for a given application of pressure. We have also analyzed the changes in the parameters associated with the 2-parameter model, and have analyzed the effect of crosstalk on the sensor matrix for different pitch lengths to select the best pitch that will give us the minimum crosstalk. We have observed that the error rate of the sensor pixels decreased by 53 percentage points in 210 days. The results obtained from the experimental tests for reliability reveal a practical possibility of implementing velostat-based pressure sensors in wearable and healthcare devices and provide steps to take while calibrating an as-fabricated velostat-based sensor.

AbstractThe Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX) project seeks to design a steady-state linear plasma facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory that will be used to study plasma-material interactions (PMIs) at fusion prototypic levels, supporting the evaluation and development of materials for the next generation of fusion devices. This study is focused on PMI exposure of small-size neutron-irradiated specimens, which are clamped onto an actively cooled component. A thermohydraulic evaluation of a new MPEX target assembly design to assess the appropriate operation during MPEX operation is presented. To further guide the design and assess the structural integrity of the components under expected loads, preliminary thermomechanical stress analyses were also conducted. To ensure good thermal contact between the components, thermal interface materials, such as silver flexible graphite, were used in the assembly.It was found that the maximum target temperatures of 1572, 1463, and 1315 K were obtained for Grafoil thicknesses of 0.61, 0.38, and 0.25 mm, respectively. The distribution of the axial deformation at high heat fluxes showed that there are no gaps between components, indicating good contact at material interfaces. Moreover, the contact pressure between the target and other components indicated that very good contact was established at these interfaces. The stress-strain conditions for the target will be further used to assess the appropriate operation during MPEX experiments and gain insight into materials science phenomena during PMI experiments.

AbstractAlgeria is currently at a crossroads in its transformation, and the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic has had a great impact on this country. The Algerian government responded relatively quickly to the pandemic, adopting strict prevention and control measures to contain the virus from spreading, economic measures to maintain stability, and preventive measures for post-pandemic problems. It firmly supported China in the pandemic and in return received a lot of assistance. Algeria has been facing political turbulence since early 2019. With the pandemic and turbulence intertwined, there are advantages and disadvantages for the Algerian government. On the one hand, the isolation caused by the pandemic suspended the protest movement and gave the Algerian government greater powers, including strengthening control of the country and strengthening surveillance. On the other hand, the pandemic has impacted Algeria’s economy and foreign trade, and highlighted social inequality. Although the leaders and government of Algeria have already been changed, its deep-rooted structural problems, which are both political and economic in nature, have not been resolved, the economic structure remains unbalanced, and the subsidy policy is still difficult to adjust.

AbstractAs an important part of the Palestine-Israel peace negotiations, the ideology of the PLO has gradually transformed in the past decades, mainly reflected in recent years in the change of the goals and means of its struggle with Israel. The goals of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) have become more gradual, pragmatic and complicated; armed struggle against Israel is no longer the sole mean for the PLO to lead the liberation movement; instead, moderate means have become the new norm. The transformation of the PLO is still in progress. The holistic picture shows that the PLO is more positive about peace talks with Israel and towards the development of Palestine itself. However, due to the difficulties standing in the way, the future of the transformation still faces many uncertainties.

Today’s state-of-the-art electronics are high performing, energy efficient, multi-functional and cost effective. However, they are also typically rigid and brittle. With the emergence of the Internet of Everything, electronic applications are expanding into previously unexplored areas, like healthcare, smart wearable artifacts, and robotics. One major challenge is the physical asymmetry of target application surfaces, which often cause mechanical stretching, contracting, twisting and other deformations to the application. In this review paper, we explore materials, processes, mechanics and devices that enable physically stretchable and reconfigurable electronics. While the concept of stretchable electronics is commonly used in practice, the notion of physically reconfigurable electronics is still in its infancy. Because organic materials are commonly naturally stretchable and physically deformable, we predominantly focus on electronics made from inorganic materials that have the capacity for physical stretching and reconfiguration while retaining their intended attributes. We emphasize how applications of electronics dictate theory to integration strategy for stretchable and reconfigurable inorganic electronics.

Classical sets, fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and other sets are all generalized into the neutrosophic sets. A neutrosophic set is a mathematical approach that helps with challenges involving data that is inconsistent, indeterminate, or imprecise. The goal of this manuscript is to present the notion of neutrosophic 2-metric spaces. In this situation, we prove various fixed point theorems. The findings support previous methodologies in the literature and are backed up by various examples and an application.

We show the effectiveness of wavy channel architecture for thin film transistor application for increased output current. This specific architecture allows increased width of the device by adopting a corrugated shape of the substrate without any further real estate penalty. The performance improvement is attributed not only to the increased transistor width, but also to enhanced applied electric field in the channel due to the wavy architecture.

In this paper, we have obtained fixed point results for α-ψ-locally contractive type mappings in a closed ball in left K-sequentially complete and in right K-sequentially complete dislocated quasi metric spaces. Moreover the mappings under consideration are α-admissible with respect to η. We have used conditions weaker than those of Samet et al. [Nonlinear Anal. 75:2154–2165, (2012)]. As an application, we have derived some new fixed point theorems for ψ-graphic contractions defined on dislocated quasi metric space endowed with a graph as well as ordered dislocated metric space. Some comparative examples are constructed which illustrate the superiority of our results. In the process we have generalized several well known, recent and classical results from the literature.

With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), flexible high-performance nanoscale electronics are more desired. At the moment, FinFET is the most advanced transistor architecture used in the state-of-the-art microprocessors. Therefore, we show a soft-etch based substrate thinning process to transform silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based nanoscale FinFET into flexible FinFET and then conduct comprehensive electrical characterization under various bending conditions to understand its electrical performance. Our study shows that back-etch based substrate thinning process is gentler than traditional abrasive back-grinding process; it can attain ultraflexibility and the electrical characteristics of the flexible nanoscale FinFET show no performance degradation compared to its rigid bulk counterpart indicating its readiness to be used for flexible high-performance electronics.

In today’s traditional electronics such as in computers or in mobile phones, billions of high-performance, ultra-low-power devices are neatly integrated in extremely compact areas on rigid and brittle but low-cost bulk monocrystalline silicon (100) wafers. Ninety percent of global electronics are made up of silicon. Therefore, we have developed a generic low-cost regenerative batch fabrication process to transform such wafers full of devices into thin (5 μm), mechanically flexible, optically semitransparent silicon fabric with devices, then recycling the remaining wafer to generate multiple silicon fabric with chips and devices, ensuring low-cost and optimal utilization of the whole substrate. We show monocrystalline, amorphous, and polycrystalline silicon and silicon dioxide fabric, all from low-cost bulk silicon (100) wafers with the semiconductor industry’s most advanced high-κ/metal gate stack based high-performance, ultra-low-power capacitors, field effect transistors, energy harvesters, and storage to emphasize the effectiveness and versatility of this process to transform traditional electronics into flexible and semitransparent ones for multipurpose applications.

Abstract: We proposed and demonstrated the generation and transmission of 10-Gbps return-to-zero ON/OFF keying (RZ-OOK) signal using a new technique without pulse carving at transmitter. The new technique is characterized by a 3 dB built-in gain with better tolerance for chromatic dispersion in standard single mode fiber (SSMF). Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is used as chromatic dispersion compensating device to investigate the tolerance of the proposed scheme. The simulation model of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) based on OptiSystem.v.8.0 is presented. Simulation results show that there are error free transmission performance in a distance of 600 km with negligible power penalty and improved receiver sensitivity compared to conventional pulse carving approach.

Abstract: We proposed an arrayed waveguide granting (AWG) based 10 Gbps full duplex wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) utilizing a return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZDPSK) modulation technique for down-link direction and then re-modulation of the downlink (DL) signal for the uplink (UL) direction using intensity modulation technique (OOK) with a data rate of 10 Gbps per channel. A successful cost effective colorless WDM-PON full duplex transmission operation for a data rate of 10 Gbps per channel, with a channel spacing of 60 GHz over a distance of 25 km without any optical amplification and dispersion compensation is achieved within low power penalty.

In this paper the wavelength conversion in a 1cm long silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide has been investigated numerically. The wavelength conversion efficiency is optimized by analyzing free carriers absorption (FCA) loss generated by two-photon-absorption (TPA). The free carriers life time is focused while other factors influencing noise figure are also considered.

This paper is a tutorial review for coherent optical communication with emphasis on digital coherent receivers because digital coherent optical receivers are promising solution for next generation optical communication systems. In this paper, principles of coherent communication has been reviewed along with its advantages and prospective modulation formats to achieve 111 Gbps. Digital coherent receivers and their signal processing modules have been reviewed in the light of recent publications and patents. In the end, realization challenges have been addressed from circuit and signal processing point of view.

In this manuscript, we use the concepts of continuous t-norms and continuous t-conorms to introduce some definitions, in which intuitionistic fuzzy rectangular metric spaces, intuitionistic fuzzy rectangular metric-like spaces, intuitionistic fuzzy rectangular b-metric spaces, intuitionistic fuzzy rectangular b-metric-like spaces, neutrosophic rectangular metric spaces, neutrosophic rectangular metric-like spaces, neutrosophic rectangular b-metric spaces, and neutrosophic rectangular b-metric-like spaces are included. Continuous t-norms and continuous t-conorms are used to generalize the probability distribution of triangular inequalities in metric space axioms. Nontrivial examples, some fixed point results, and an application to the integral equation are imparted in this manuscript.

In this manuscript, we coined pentagonal controlled fuzzy metric spaces and fuzzy controlled hexagonal metric space as generalizations of fuzzy triple controlled metric spaces and fuzzy extended hexagonal b-metric spaces. We use a control function in fuzzy controlled hexagonal metric space and introduce five noncomparable control functions in pentagonal controlled fuzzy metric spaces. In the scenario of pentagonal controlled fuzzy metric spaces, we prove the Banach fixed point theorem, which generalizes the Banach fixed point theorem for the aforementioned spaces. An example is offered to support our main point. We also presented an application to dynamic market equilibrium.

Central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) is rare in neonates. We report a case in a 10-day-old baby weighing 2.5 kg, following reversal of neuromuscular blockade using 0.1 mg atropine and 120 µg neostigmine. The use of atropine in 0.01-0.02 mg.kg-1dose rather than the recommended minimum dose of 0.1 mg may have prevented this complication.

In this paper, we investigate the conditions for the existence of the common fixed points of generalized contractions in the partial b-metric spaces endowed with an arbitrary binary relation. We establish some unique common fixed-point theorems. The obtained results may generalize and improve earlier fixed-point results. We provide examples to illustrate our findings. As an application, we discuss the common solution to the system of boundary value problems.

Topological indices (TIs) transform a molecular graph into a number. The TIs are a vital tool for quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) and quantity structure property relationship (QSPR). In this paper, we constructed two classes of Benes network: horizontal cylindrical Benes network HCBr and vertical cylindrical Benes network obtained by identification of vertices of first rows with last row and first column with last column of Benes network, respectively. We derive analytical close formulas for general Randić connectivity index, general Zagreb, first and the second Zagreb (and multiplicative Zagreb), general sum connectivity, atom-bond connectivity (VCBr), and geometric arithmetic ABC index of the two classes of Benes networks. Also, the fourth version of GA and the fifth version of ABC indices are computed for these classes of networks.

In this study, we introduce a property (P) and the generalized interpolative contractions of types I, II, III, and IV. We investigate certain conditions for the existence of fixed points of generalized interpolative contractions. We derive several new results from the main theorems. As an application, we resolve the Urysohn integral equation.

The aim of this paper is to present another family of fractional symmetric α-η-contractions and build up some new results for such contraction in the context of ℱ-metric space. The author derives some results for Suzuki-type contractions and orbitally T-complete and orbitally continuous mappings in ℱ-metric spaces. The inspiration of this paper is to observe the solution of fractional-order differential equation with one of the boundary conditions using fixed-point technique in ℱ-metric space.

We introduce a new iterative method in this article, called the D iterative approach for fixed point approximation. Analytically, and also numerically, we demonstrate that our established D I.P is faster than the well-known I.P of the prior art. Finally, in a uniformly convex Banach space environment, we present weak as well as strong convergence theorems for Suzuki’s generalized nonexpansive maps. Our findings are an extension, refinement, and induction of several existing iterative literatures.

We show the effectiveness of wavy channel architecture for thin film transistor application for increased output current. This specific architecture allows increased width of the device by adopting a corrugated shape of the substrate without any further real estate penalty. The performance improvement is attributed not only to the increased transistor width, but also to enhanced applied electric field in the channel due to the wavy architecture.