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The article discusses unionism and unionists in Southern Ireland's politics from 1917 through 1932. The impact that the 1921 territorial partition of Ireland had on dividing unionists in Northern Ireland from Southern Unionists in the Irish Free State is discussed. An overview of the unionists' relationship with the Irish political parties Cumann na nGaedheal and Sinn Féin, including in regard to the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and Irish elections, is provided.

The article describes the role of Jesuit clergy and author Edward Cahill in promoting an Irish state imbued by Christian values and Catholic social principles under British rule in the 1920s and 1930s. Cahill's views on Christian sociology, the effect of liberalism on Catholicism and laissez-faire capitalism are discussed. His contributions to social reform and Christianity through the An Rioghacht organization Catholic Action movement and as an active government consultant are mentioned.

The article looks at writer and political activist Robert Erskine Childers and questions whether he was a British government agent. The author presents evidence from Childers' life both supporting and arguing against the possibility of his playing such a role, then argues that he did not. Details on his participation in smuggling guns into Ireland are presented. INSET: Context.

The article discusses foreign relations between Ireland, Great Britain, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the European Economic Community (EEC) and a possible Soviet Union invasion of Poland in 1980 and 1981. It discusses the protest movement known as the Solidarity movement in Poland, the Polish trade union Solidarność, and the role of Irish embassy in Great Britain counsellor Hugh Swift in gathering information on potential Soviet action. INSET: Soviet invasion?.

The article discusses the revolutionary credentials of the early 20th century group known as the Irish Volunteers. It discusses the role of Eoin MacNeill in establishing the Irish Volunteers, the Volunteer manifesto written by MacNeill, including the prohibition against criticism of Home Rule and Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) politicians, and division within the organisation. INSETS: Home Rulers on the provisional committee;Changing places.

The article examines the belief that Irish revolutionary and later president Eamon de Valera escaped execution following his role in the Dublin, Ireland Easter Rising of 1916 because he was a U.S. citizen born in New York City. It notes that de Valera described this fact as insignificant later in life. The author comments on how his family used his American birth to campaign for him, noting the appeal of his wife, Sinéad de Valera, to U.S. consul Edward L. Adams and letters written by his brother, Reverend Thomas Wheelwright, to government figures in the U.S. The treatment of the American connection in journalism and public history is also considered. INSETS: Boston Daily Globe report, 9 July 1916;An Irishman, an American ... or a Spaniard?.

The article discusses the Ulster Irish organization the Ancient Order of the Hibernians (AOH) Board of Erin, examining its influence on Irish nationalist politics, and particularly on the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), from 1902 to 1914. It comments on the leadership of AOH organizer Joe Devlin. The author reflects on populist and Catholic nationalist aspects of Hibernianism. Relations with the organizations the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and the United Irish League (UIL) are also considered.

The article presents information on the history of the Irish independence movement. From 17th century onward, Great Britain tried to merge Ireland into its fold. During that time the condition of Ireland was miserable. Great Britain discriminated against the Roman Catholics, banned the Irish language, silenced political opponents, and replaced revolutionaries with people loyal to the British crown. On April 24, 1916, nationalist and revolutionary organizations started a rebellion against Britain in Dublin, and declared the formation of an independent Irish Republic.

A biography is presented on the Irish Prime Minister of New Zealand William Ferguson Massey. He was born in Limavady, Northern Ireland on March 26, 1856 and moved to New Zealand at age fourteen. Particular focus is given to his visit of state to Limavady in 1916, during World War I. An overview of his support of political unionism in Ireland and sympathy for the Ulster Covenant in 1912 is provided.

The article discusses the refusal by Ireland to end the disenfranchisement of Irish citizens abroad. Topics covered include the policies of the Irish state towards the diaspora, the lack of consular services for Irish emigrants in the mid-20th century, and the introduction of a private member's bill by Labour emigration spokesman Gerry O'Sullivan in March 1991. Also mentioned is the no representation without taxation argument raised by Irish governments in the 1990s.

The article discusses the mid 20th century Irish Minister of External Affairs Seán MacBride under Irish Taoiseach John A. Costello through referencing the Irish government publication "Documents on Irish Foreign Policy," Volume XI (DIFP IX), published by the Royal Irish Academy and Dublin, Ireland. Dublin, Ireland archbishop John Charles McQuaid's attitude toward MacBride is discussed. Irish foreign policy, including in regard to the Catholic Church and the Cold War, is also discussed.

The article discusses the last address given by then-Irish president Eamon De Valera to the Irish national parliament known as the Oireachtas in 1969. According to the article, the address and events surrounding it were intended as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann on January 21, 1919, but De Valera was heckled during his remarks, particularly by members of a group known as the Dublin Housing Action Committee (DHAC).

The article provides a brief biography of Irish revolutionary, politician, and statesman Frank Aiken. It comments on his leadership in the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during Irish War of Independence. The author reflects on the involvement of Aiken's unit in a massacre of Presbyterians in Altnaveigh, County Down, Northern Ireland on June 17, 1922. Other topics include Aiken's role in Irish censorship during World War II and his various positions in the Irish government.

The article reports political developments related to European Union (EU) countries. It was mentioned that the José Manual Barroso, European Union commission president, is looking new looking for new allies. Ireland's government will exercise its right to have full interpretation and translation into Gaelic Irish in EU meetings. The political crisis faced by Günther Verheugen, the German industry commissioner.