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Highlights • To choose the crucial radii, the Radius Filtration Strategy which provides the key radii was proposed. • For selecting the most significant one, the model of Covering Space was proposed. • The features of density curve were extracted, these explain the density states of points under different radii. • Magnifying the outlier-ness can help with picking out the outliers, therefore, the CD calculation was optimized. • The optimized OPTICS has superior detectability compared to other contrasting algorithms. Abstract OPTICS is a density-based clustering method that can address point sets with different densities; however, the outlier detection capability of OPTICS is limited by several factors, such as different parameter and different point set shapes. Therefore, an outlier detection method based on OPTICS was proposed, known as OD-OPTICS, which adds a pre-processing process and modifies the CD computing method. First, the Radius Filtration Strategy, which provides the key radii, is performed; and the crucial distances of the point set are reflected. Then, for the purpose of filtrating invalid radii and selecting the most appropriate one, the Covering Space Model was proposed. With the influence of the three rules that we established, the basic distance between two neighbouring points can be calculated by the covering space. Moreover, the CD calculation was optimized such that it could magnify the difference value between normal points and outliers. In the experiment part, the pre-processing details were demonstrated and the validity of OD-OPTICS on public point sets were tested; to verify the optimization and detectability of OD-OPTICS, the proposed method is compared to OPTICS and four other typical methods. The results demonstrated that the detection performance of OD-OPTICS is superior to that of OPTICS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Macro)autophagy mediates the bulk degradation of defective organelles, long-lived proteins and protein aggregates in lysosomes and plays a critical role in cellular and tissue homeostasis. Defective autophagy processes have been found to contribute to a variety of metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy are not fully understood. Increasing data indicate that nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD + ) homeostasis correlates intimately with autophagy. NAD + is a ubiquitous coenzyme that functions primarily as an electron carrier of oxidoreductase in multiple redox reactions. Both NAD + homeostasis and its metabolism are thought to play critical roles in regulating autophagy. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of NAD + and its metabolism can influence autophagy. We focus on the regulation of NAD + /NADH homeostasis and the effects of NAD + consumption by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), NAD + -dependent deacetylation by sirtuins and NAD + metabolites on autophagy processes and the underlying mechanisms. Future studies should provide more direct evidence for the regulation of autophagy processes by NAD + . A better understanding of the critical roles of NAD + and its metabolites on autophagy will shed light on the complexity of autophagy regulation, which is essential for the discovery of new therapeutic tools for autophagy-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which discusses the cloning and ligation of merozoite surface antigen 2 locus gene (MSA-2c) of Babesia bovis in Xinjiang, China.

The article offers information on the epidemiologic study concerning the detection of Babesia bigemina-infected cattle in Xinjiang, China using an improved indirects HSP20 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

The article examines the efficacy of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in diagnosing Babesia bovis in Urumqi, China. Researchers amplified samples of MSA-2c plasmid of Babeisa and compared it with other bacterial strains and discovered that plasmid of Babesia bovis was not found in samples of Babesia bigemina, Bovine theileria annulata and Babesia orientalis. They concluded that the method is not only precise, but effective in detecting Babesia bovis in epidemiological investigation.