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The article focuses on the resurgence of theological debate regarding language and imagery for God, particularly emphasizing the inclusion of female symbols and metaphors amidst historical patriarchal norms in Christianity. Topics include the historical engagement with theological language in relation to gender, the feminist critique of exclusive male metaphors for God, and the scriptural justification for expanding theological discourse to include female imagery.

Background:Clinical trials are traditionally complex in their designs and objectives. To heighten research participant safety, communication between research and clinical teams is necessary to ensure clinical treatment is aligned with the boundaries of the research protocol and anticipated safety of the investigational product (i.e., patient medical alert information). Methods:Secondary analysis of clinical nurse patient simulation and interview transcripts via Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC-22) examined sentiments and overall nurses’ perceptions of a prototype, wearable medical device designed for mobile information exchange of research safety details needed at point of clinical care. Audio recorded transcriptions of patient simulation interaction and post-interviews were assessed to assess a novel prototype device worn on the patient’s left wrist, which was not identified to nurses (primed) prior to the patient simulation. Results:Registered Nurses (RNs, n=13) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs, n=5) working in direct patient clinical care settings and specialties (e.g., emergency care, urgent care, primary care) from the micropolitan Rocky Mountain West were included in the study. Undergraduate nursing students (n=17) from a College of Nursing also participated in this study. Post-simulation transcription files analyzed using LIWC-22 established summary measures of four sentiments (i.e., analytic, clout, authenticity, tone) for each participant. Practicing nurses were more analytic, yet student nurses conveyed more social understanding (clout). Using LIWC-22, it was observed RNs balanced their analytic, authentic, clout and tone better when conveying information compared to student nurses and APRNs. Conclusion:LIWC-22 is a valid use of natural language processing to examine covert sentiments and perspectives which may not be evident in traditional qualitative analysis of design-related end-user interviews. LIWC-22 may enable design teams to explore another plane of technological acceptance with clinician feedback. Future research is needed to better understand nursing behavior and wearable medical device interaction by coupling sentiment analysis results with objective analysis such as eye-tracking.

Recent scientific inquiry into the lives of jellyfish has typically tied them to two, seemingly dichotomous futures. For nearly a decade, scientists have suggested that jellyfish may be taking over the oceans. Favourably responsive to the conditions of warming and increasingly hypoxic oceans, jellyfish blooms have – it seems – grown in number in recent decades, a sign of depleted oceans to come. Simultaneously, scientists have experimented with jellyfish biomaterials – including their tentacles, mucus, collagen and stem cells – to better sense and respond to environmental and biological conditions. In doing so, they have mined jellyfish for pharmaceutical, environmental and cosmetic treatments, suggesting that these jellyfish matters will play a role in the salvation of human life on Earth. Such trends in jellyfish research have re-made them as, in the words of Dmitri Papadopoulos and his co-authors, a ‘reactivated element’ of bioremediation. For them, elemental reactivations can create new situations by ‘catalyzing new modes of thought and action, waking up new insights from the slumber of the familiar and mundane’. While the uptake of jellyfish within a newly entangled sensory environment seems to promise a redistribution of agency and knowledge production across a multi-species collective, I argue here that it ultimately reifies familiar worlds. Namely, I explore how jellyfish have joined other biological agents as sensory devices and remediation technologies amid a world of petrochemicals. Through a close reading of scientific texts and interviews with scientists, I show how engagements with jellyfish reproduce the structures of petrocapitalism rather than shaking them. I ultimately consider how the concept of the ‘glitch’ in digital media might expand understandings of jellyfish beyond fossil fuels and the history of extractivism.

This study found a significant positive association between household stress, the emotional instability factor, and the mood disturbances factor, as evidenced by fingernail cortisol levels. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple sources of stress when assessing their impact on emotional and physiological well-being.

Objective: To report the identification and results of susceptibility testing for fungal isolates from the cornea or contact lens care systems. Materials and methods: In this retrospective epidemiological study, we searched the results of fungal cultures from cornea or contact lens systems referred for identification and susceptibility testing to the United Kingdom National Mycology Reference Laboratory between October 2016 and March 2022. For each fungal isolate, we recorded the genus and species of the fungus and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to six antifungal agents available to treat corneal infection (amphotericin, econazole, itraconazole, natamycin, posaconazole, and voriconazole). Results: There were 600 isolates from 585 patients, comprising 374 (62%) from corneal samples and 226 from contact lenses and care systems, of which 414 (69%) isolates were moulds (filamentous fungi) and 186 (31%) were yeasts. The most frequent moulds isolated were Fusarium spp(234 isolates, 39%) and Aspergillus spp(62, 10%). The most frequent yeasts isolated were Candida spp(112, 19%), predominantly Candida parapsilosis(65, 11%) and Candida albicans(33, 6%), with 35 isolates (6%) of Meyerozyma guilliermondii. In vitro susceptibility was greatest for natamycin (347 moulds tested, mode 4 mg/L, range 0.25–64 mg/L; 98 yeasts tested, mode 4 mg/L, range 0.5–32 mg/L), with susceptibility for 94% for moulds and 99% yeasts. Of the 16 isolates interpreted as highly resistant to natamycin (MIC ≥16 mg/L), 13 were Aspergillus flavuscomplex. Conclusions: In vitro susceptibility supports the use of natamycin for the empiric treatment of fungal keratitis in the UK.

Background/Objectives: Average testosterone concentrations in men have declined over the last few decades. The reasons for this are not fully known, but changes in dietary fat quality have been suggested to have a role. This study aimed to investigate the associations of different dietary fatty acids with serum androgen concentrations. Subjects/Methods: A total of 2546 men with a mean age of 53 from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were included in this cross-sectional study. Associations between dietary saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and trans (TFA) fatty acids and concentrations of serum total and free testosterone and steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were analyzed with analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis. Associations of isocaloric replacement of nutrients and androgen concentrations were analyzed with multivariate nutrient-density models. Results: After adjustment for age, examination year and energy intake, higher SFA intake was associated with higher serum total and free testosterone and SHBG concentrations, and higher PUFA intake with lower concentrations. However, the associations were attenuated and not statistically significant after further adjustments for potential confounders. MUFA and TFA intakes were not associated with androgen concentrations. In isocaloric substitution models, replacing dietary protein with SFA was associated with higher serum total testosterone and SHBG concentrations. After excluding men with history of CVD or diabetes (n= 1021), no statistically significant associations were found. Conclusions: Dietary fat quality was not independently associated with serum androgen concentrations in middle-aged men. However, replacing protein with SFA may be associated with higher serum androgen concentrations.

Human fungal infections are a historically neglected area of disease research, yet they cause more than 1.5 million deaths every year. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of these infections has increased considerably over the past decade, through major insights into both the host and pathogen factors that contribute to the phenotype and severity of these diseases. Recent studies are revealing multiple mechanisms by which fungi modify and manipulate the host, escape immune surveillance and generate complex comorbidities. Although the emergence of fungal strains that are less susceptible to antifungal drugs or that rapidly evolve drug resistance is posing new threats, greater understanding of immune mechanisms and host susceptibility factors is beginning to offer novel immunotherapeutic options for the future. In this Review, we provide a broad and comprehensive overview of the pathobiology of human fungal infections, focusing specifically on pathogens that can cause invasive life-threatening infections, highlighting recent discoveries from the pathogen, host and clinical perspectives. We conclude by discussing key future challenges including antifungal drug resistance, the emergence of new pathogens and new developments in modern medicine that are promoting susceptibility to infection.

Multimodal online learning environment improves learning experience through different modalities such as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic interactions. Multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) with multiple biosensors provides a way to overcome the challenge of analyzing the multiple interaction types simultaneously. Galvanic skin response/electrodermal activity (GSR/EDA), eye tracking and facial expression were used to measure the learning interaction in a multimodal online learning environment. iMotions and R software were used to post-process and analyze the time-synchronized biosensor data. GSR/EDA, eye tracking and facial expression showed real-time cognitive, emotional, and visual learning engagement for each interaction type. There is a tremendous potential for using MMLA with multiple biosensors to understand learning engagement in a multimodal online learning environment was shown in this study.

This article reviews the role of imaging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with a focus on common findings for the general radiologist. Imaging features reviewed include visual and quantitative computed tomography assessment, nuclear medicine imaging, and MRI. Imaging advances and insights that have contributed to the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study in understanding the pathogenesis and prognosis of COPD are also discussed.

Clinical trial trials have become increasingly complex in their design and implementation. Investigational safety profiles are not easily accessed by clinical nurses and providers when trial participants present for clinical care, such as in emergency or urgent care. Wearable devices are now commonly used as bridging technologies to obtain participant data and house investigational product safety information. Clinical nurse identification and communication of safety information are critical to dissuade adverse events, patient injury, and trial withdrawal, which may occur when clinical care is misaligned to a research protocol. Based on a feasibility study and follow-up wearable device prototype study, this preclinical nurse-nurse communication framework guides clinical nurse verbal and nonverbal communication of safety-related trial information to direct patient care activities in the clinical setting. Communication and information theories are incorporated with Carrington's Nurse-to-Nurse Communication Framework to encompass key components of a clinical nurse's management of a trial participant safety event when a clinical trial wearable device is encountered during initial assessment. Use of the preclinical nurse-nurse communication framework may support clinical nurse awareness of trial-related wearable devices. The framework may further emphasize the importance of engaging with research nurses, patients, and caregivers to acquire trial safety details impacting clinical care decision-making.

The author explores the concept of an ecological God and its implication for relationship with the Earth and mentions potential of Christianity to inspire care for environment. Topics discussed include issue of planet's environmental crisis such as global warming and climate changes, story of naturalist John Muir who criticized religious people for not recognizing worth of animals and nature, and suffering and death inherent in evolutionary process.

‘Christ is the firstborn of all the dead of Darwin’s tree of life.’ Extending western theology’s emphasis on the grace of human salvation, deep resurrection makes the case that in the end all creatures will be gathered into a new heaven and a new earth by the same ineffable love of God. The reasoning depends on an ecological interpretation of Jesus Christ known as deep incarnation, which sees that the Word made flesh enters into the biological tissue of creation itself. The salvific meaning of the cross and resurrection of Christ then affects not only human beings but also the whole natural world. Ethical care for the Earth results.

When the hologram emerged as a medium in the late 1960s, it was met with an initial burst of enthusiasm before rapidly being marginalized from mainstream artistic practice. Despite a recent resurgence of important exhibitions featuring artists’ holograms, they remain neglected in art-historical scholarship. This article restores holograms to the narratives of art and technology circa 1970 by investigating one of the first exhibitions of holograms as art in the United States, N Dimensional Space, at the Contemporary Study Wing of the Finch College Museum of Art, New York. Relying on archival records to illuminate the elusive virtual aesthetics of artists’ early engagement with holograms, this article contends that the hologram evoked both a counterculture dream of expanding consciousness and a fear of attenuating freedom in advanced industrial societies. Ultimately, it suggests that these historical attitudes retrospectively offer an analogy through which to attend to the fantasies and anxieties circulating around recent digital culture.

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition in which women without diabetes are diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. Early diagnosis, along with a better understanding of its pathophysiology during the first trimester of pregnancy, may be effective in reducing incidence and associated short-term and long-term morbidities.DesignWe comprehensively profiled the gut microbiome, metabolome, inflammatory cytokines, nutrition and clinical records of 394 women during the first trimester of pregnancy, before GDM diagnosis. We then built a model that can predict GDM onset weeks before it is typically diagnosed. Further, we demonstrated the role of the microbiome in disease using faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) of first trimester samples from pregnant women across three unique cohorts.ResultsWe found elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in women who later developed GDM, decreased faecal short-chain fatty acids and altered microbiome. We next confirmed that differences in GDM-associated microbial composition during the first trimester drove inflammation and insulin resistance more than 10 weeks prior to GDM diagnosis using FMT experiments. Following these observations, we used a machine learning approach to predict GDM based on first trimester clinical, microbial and inflammatory markers with high accuracy.ConclusionGDM onset can be identified in the first trimester of pregnancy, earlier than currently accepted. Furthermore, the gut microbiome appears to play a role in inflammation-induced GDM pathogenesis, with interleukin-6 as a potential contributor to pathogenesis. Potential GDM markers, including microbiota, can serve as targets for early diagnostics and therapeutic intervention leading to prevention.

Collagens in the human skin are susceptible to glycation due to their long half-life of about 15 years, accumulating advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation of AGEs and the subsequent AGE-induced collagen crosslinking are major factors for skin aging. The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of cranberry juice polyphenols (CJPs) and their fractions to inhibit collagen glycation and to break AGE-induced crosslinks in collagens. Concentrated cranberry juice was extracted to obtain the CJP, which was further fractionated into an ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction, 30% methanol (MeOH) fraction, 60% MeOH fraction, MeOH fraction, and acetone fraction. CJPs and their fractions contained different ratios of anthocyanins, procyanidins, and flavonols. All the fractions significantly inhibited collagen glycation assessed with the collagen–methylglyoxal (MGO) or collagen–dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) assays. The ethyl acetate fraction and 60% MeOH had the lowest IC50values in the collagen–MGO and collagen–DHAA assays. The methanol fraction (IC50= 0.52 μg/mL) and acetone fraction (IC50= 0.019 mg/mL) had the lowest IC50values in the inhibition and breakage of AGE-induced collagen crosslinking, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly scavenged the highest amount of MGO and DHAA after incubation compared to the other fractions. Results suggested that procyanidins were the most effective antiglycation agent in both collagen glycation assays, followed by flavonols and anthocyanins. High-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization─tandem mass spectrometry showed that the reactions of DHAA with quercetin or epicatechin formed several adducts with unreported proposed structures. This study suggested that CJPs may be used as active ingredients in cosmetics to prevent skin collagen glycation and crosslinking and to break the formed crosslinks.

Histoplasmosis is a dimorphic fungal infection, which is rare outside endemic pockets in North, Central, and South America, Asia, and Africa. Herein, we describe a woman in her 80s living in the Scottish Borders region of the United Kingdom with a recent diagnosis of granulomatous rosacea, who on receiving escalating immunosuppression for suspected sarcoidosis, and long-standing rheumatoid arthritis developed a striking eruption involving her eyelids along with painful ulceration of the oral and nasal mucosa. Histopathologic examination of the skin and mucosal lesions demonstrated granulomatous inflammation with numerous yeast forms of fungal organisms with morphological characteristics of Histoplasmaspecies. This was confirmed to be H. capsulatumon fungal culture and direct panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay. Although the patient had not left the United Kingdom for more than 20 years, she gave a travel history involving multiple trips to countries where histoplasmosis is known to occur, before that. This case exemplifies the challenges involved in making a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in nonendemic regions for both clinicians and pathologists alike. In this particular patient, the diagnostic difficulties were compounded by the clinicopathological overlap with other cutaneous and systemic granulomatous disorders like granulomatous rosacea and suspected sarcoidosis and also the exceptionally long latency period between the purported historical primary infection and recent recrudescence. We highlight this unusual case to increase an awareness of histoplasmosis, which is very rare in nonendemic regions like the United Kingdom and involves cases acquired during residence in or travel to endemic areas, to ensure its prompt recognition and treatment.

Parental incarceration is an adverse childhood experience that inequitably burdens families of color and affects millions of U.S. children and adolescents. Although racialized disparities in exposure to parental incarceration are often acknowledged, researchers have yet to examine whether manifestations of racism may affect the link between parental incarceration and youth outcomes. This study provides a first look at how parental incarceration relates to health vulnerabilities in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, an ongoing, population-based study of U.S. children born between 2006 and 2008. We start by describing exposure to parental incarceration and then examine how parental incarceration, state-level racial prejudice, and discrimination relate to health risks among 9191 White (66%), Black (19%), or Hispanic (15%) youth. Consistent with what we know about pervasive racialized disparities in the U.S. criminal legal system, we find that 19.3% of Black children in our sample have experienced parental incarceration, followed by 7.8% of Hispanic children, and 4.8% of White children. Results of multilevel mixed models further indicate that parental incarceration was associated with increased health risks among White children whereas family economic hardship and discrimination experiences were more robustly associated with health vulnerabilities among Black and Hispanic children. Additional analyses explored whether parental incarceration was associated with other outcomes among Black and Hispanic children, revealing increased risk for behavior problems contingent upon parental incarceration and discrimination for Black children and Hispanic boys. Among Hispanic girls, parental incarceration was associated with increased risk of behavior problems in states with higher levels of racism. Results suggest that parental incarceration contributes to risk among early adolescents across racialized groups, but that the specific toll it takes depends on outcomes assessed and the context in which it occurs.

Dyspnea is a common presenting symptom among patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. However, several neuromuscular and chest wall conditions are often overlooked and under-recognized causes of dyspnea. These disorders frequently adversely affect the structure and function of the ventilatory pump (diaphragm, accessory muscles of ventilation) and can precipitate respiratory failure despite normal lung parenchyma. Weakened musculature impairs clearance of airway secretions leading to aspiration and pneumonia, further compromising respiratory function. Radiologists should be aware of the pathophysiology and imaging manifestations of these conditions and might suggest them to be causes of dyspnea which otherwise may not have been considered by referring clinicians.

ABSTRACTBackgroundAge-related cognitive decline is a major public health issue. Almonds are rich in nutrients that benefit cognitive function.ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of almonds on cognition in elderly adults.DesignIn a six-month, single-blinded, randomized-controlled trial, the effects of an almond intervention on cognition in healthy, middle-aged/older adults (50–75 years) was tested. Subjects were assigned to one of three groups: 1.5 oz/d almond (n= 19), 3 oz/d almond (n= 24), or 3.5 oz/d snack (control, matched for macronutrients in 3.0 oz almonds, (n= 17). Serum analyses for tocopherols, oxidative status and inflammation, and cognition were assessed at baseline (M0), three (M3), and six (M6) months.ResultsAt M6, serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased by 8% from M0 (p< 0.05) in the 3 oz almond group but did not increase in the other groups. Serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were not significantly different throughout the study among the groups. There was no difference in change over time in cognitive tests among the groups. However, there was a significant improvement in visuospatial working memory (p= 0.023), visual memory and learning (p= 0.017), and spatial planning and working memory (p< 0.001) in subjects receiving 3 oz/d almonds at M6, while the snack group showed no improvement.ConclusionsAlmonds did not significantly improve cognitive function in cognitively intact middle-aged/older adults over six months. However, a significant improvement at M6 in cognitive measures was observed with 3 oz/d almonds. While these results are encouraging, a study of longer duration in subjects at risk for age-related cognitive decline is warranted.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03093896.

Possible selves and strategies serve a number of functions across the life span and are particularly relevant to emerging adulthood. Building on past research, which suggests that possible selves and strategies are contextually bound, the current study examined the relationship between objective and subjective social status and possible selves and strategies among emerging adult college students. Data were collected through an online survey (n= 282), and multiple regressions with alpha-adjustment procedures were used. Results indicated a negative relationship between family subjective social status and expected material/lifestyles possible selves and strategies and a positive relationship between individual subjective social status and expected material/lifestyle possible selves. Findings emphasize the relationship between social status and material/lifestyle possible selves and strategies among a sample of emerging adults, which is increasingly important during this time when many are navigating pathways toward independence while balancing continued reliance on their families.

Chlorine radicals readily activate C–H bonds, but the high reactivity of these intermediates precludes their use in regioselective C–H functionalization reactions. We demonstrate that the secondary coordination sphere of a metal complex can confine photoeliminated chlorine radicals and afford steric control over their reactivity. Specifically, a series of iron(III) chloride pyridinediimine complexes exhibit activity for photochemical C(sp3)–H chlorination and bromination with selectivity for primary and secondary C–H bonds, overriding thermodynamic preference for weaker tertiary C–H bonds. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that Cl· remains confined through formation of a Cl·|arene complex with aromatic groups on the pyridinediimine ligand. Furthermore, photocrystallography confirms that this selectivity arises from the generation of Cl· within the steric environment defined by the iron secondary coordination sphere.

Adult processing of other-accented speech is fast, dependent on lexical access, and readily generalizable to new words. But what does children's processing of other-accented speech look like? Although many acquisition researchers have emphasized how other-accented speech presents a formidable challenge to young children, we argue that the field has perhaps underestimated children's early accent processing abilities. In support of this view, we present evidence that 2-year-olds’ accent processing abilities appear to be in many respects adult-like, and discuss the growing literature on children's ability to cope with multi-accent input in the natural world. We outline different theoretical outlooks on the transition children make from infancy to later childhood, and discuss how the growing sophistication of infants’ accent processing abilities feeds into their social perception of the world (and perhaps vice versa). We also argue that efficient processing and meaningful interpretation of accent variation are fundamental to human cognition, and that early proficiency with accent variation (along with all of the implied representational and learning capacities) is difficult to explain without assuming the early emergence of abstract speech representations.

Blastomycosis is an endemic fungal infection caused by Blastomyces, a soil-dwelling dimorphic fungus found predominantly in North America. In this pictorial essay, we illustrate the varied imaging features of blastomycosis along with a brief description of the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and differential diagnosis, emphasizing clues that can help radiologists arrive at this diagnosis.

Clinical trials are exploratory in nature and thus present a degree of risk for those individuals who participate in the trial. Risks include adverse events, which are undesirable experiences that arise from use of investigational products or devices that may cause participant injury or withdrawal from the clinical trial. The prevention of adverse events is a challenge given the lack of interoperability among organizational electronic health records and reliance on wallet cards to communicate safety-related information, leaving the burden of describing research-related information to external providers on the trial participant. This potential for ineffective communication propagates further risk of contraindicated medication administration and misaligned care management, which can negatively impact the trial participant's opportunity to safely engage in novel therapeutic research. This pilot, qualitative descriptive study explores a mobile, low-technology solution in the form of a wearable universal serial bus device to house deidentified, critical research-related information for clinical trial participants to wear and give external providers such that trial constraints on care management are effectively communicated. Eight participants wore a commercial universal serial bus device for 72 hours and described the meaning surrounding the participants' daily wearing of the universal serial bus bracelet via semistructured interviews. Four themes emerged: application to clinical trial participants, societal perception of wearing device, healthcare operations/workflow impact, and wearability of the universal serial bus device. Thematic findings included recommendations for device design improvements as well as key considerations for provider identification of the device.

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on data related to macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and visual function in adults with healthy eyes. Methods: MEDLINE®, Cochrane, and Commonwealth of Agriculture Bureau abstracts databases were searched for English-language publications between 1946 and August 2018. Included studies examined correlation of MPOD and visual function in adults with healthy eyes at all timepoints and all designs, except for case–control, case reports, and reviews. Visual function outcomes of interest included photostress recovery, contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, glare sensitivity/disability, and dark adaptation. Random effects model meta-analyses combined study-level correlation (r). Results: Twenty-two publications were included. In meta-analysis MPOD was found to be significantly correlated with contrast sensitivity at 30′ (two studies, summary r: 0.37; 95% CI 0.15, 0.56), and at 1° eccentricity with a spatial frequency of 7, 11, and 21 cpd (three studies, summary r: 0.31; 95% CI 0.06, 0.52), with photostress recovery at a 1° eccentricity with a moderate background, 10 cpd, and 16% contrast (two studies, summary r: −0.17; 95% CI −0.31, −0.02), and at 30′ (four studies, summary r: −0.57; 95% CI −0.78, −0.24), and with glare disability at 30′ eccentricity with a log scale at 460 nm (three studies, summary r= 0.47; 95% CI 0.32; 0.59). There were insufficient data for meta-analysis for other visual functions. Conclusions: Our review identifies a link between MPOD and visual function with significant correlations with photostress recovery, glare disability, and contrast sensitivity.

It is estimated 1 in 3 clinical trials utilize a wearable device to gather real-time participant data, including sleep habits, telemetry, and physical activity. While wearable technologies (including smart watches, USBs, and implantable devices) have been revolutionary in their ability to provide a higher precision and accuracy to data acquisition external to the research milieu, there is hesitancy among providers and participants alike given security concerns, perception of cyber-related threats, and meaning attributed to privacy issues. The purpose of this research is to define cyber-situational awareness (CSA) as it pertains to clinical trials, evaluate its current measurement, and describe best practices for research investigators and trial participants to enhance protections in the digital age. This paper reviews integrated elements of CSA within the process of informed consent when wearable devices are implemented for trial procedures.Evaluation of CSA as part of informed consent allows the research site to support the participant in knowledge gaps surrounding the technology while also providing feedback to the trial sponsor as to technology improvements to enhance usability and wearability of the device.

How does the human brain integrate spatial and temporal information into unified mnemonic representations? Building on classic theories of feature binding, we first define the oscillatory signatures of integrating ‘where’ and ‘when’ information in working memory (WM) and then investigate the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in spatiotemporal integration. Fourteen individuals with lateral PFC damage and 20 healthy controls completed a visuospatial WM task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. On each trial, two shapes were presented sequentially in a top/bottom spatial orientation. We defined EEG signatures of spatiotemporal integration by comparing the maintenance of two possible where-when configurations: the first shape presented on top and the reverse. Frontal delta-theta (δθ; 2–7 Hz) activity, frontal-posterior δθ functional connectivity, lateral posterior event-related potentials, and mesial posterior alpha phase-to-gamma amplitude coupling dissociated the two configurations in controls. WM performance and frontal and mesial posterior signatures of spatiotemporal integration were diminished in PFC lesion patients, whereas lateral posterior signatures were intact. These findings reveal both PFC-dependent and independent substrates of spatiotemporal integration and link optimal performance to PFC.