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PurposePsychological intimate partner violence (IPV) will impact almost half of US adults throughout the lifespan and as many as 80% of undergraduate college students; however, psychological IPV remains understudied. Examining perceptions of IPV can aid in the identification of potential barriers to treatment seeking and advance intervention efforts. The current study intended to determine how myths and stigmatizing beliefs about IPV affected the minimization (i.e., neutralization) of IPV acts and how history of psychological IPV victimization could moderate the aforementioned associations.MethodsParticipants were undergraduate students in the southeastern United States (N= 52) who were currently, or had previously been, in a relationship for at least 1 month. Data were collected regarding IPV victimization and perpetration and perceptions of IPV, including stigmatizing beliefs, myth endorsement, and neutralizing beliefs.ResultsFindings indicated that those reporting higher levels of psychological IPV victimization endorsed more neutralizing beliefs about IPV more stigmatizing beliefs about females experiencing IPV victimization, compared to those reporting fewer stigmatizing beliefs towards females experiencing IPV. That is, individuals who have experienced psychological IPV and also stigmatize females experiencing IPV victimization may tend to normalize IPV.ConclusionsFindings illuminate how perceptions and personal experiences of IPV can minimize someone’s views of the severity of others’ IPV victimization. This research has implications for highlighting barriers to help-seeking behaviors for individuals experiencing IPV and informing future studies about help-seeking in undergraduate populations.

ABSTRACTA central theme in the philosophy of sport literature is the definability of games. According to Thomas Hurka, and others, the argument presented by Bernard Suits in The Grasshopper(1978) refutes Wittgenstein’s claim that there is no aspect common to all games. We challenge Suits’s understanding of Wittgenstein’s views about definition, showing that Wittgenstein is not anti-definitional. Instead, we argue, Wittgenstein is against thinking that all definitions must be essentialist. We also argue that Suits fails to find a feature common to all games. We conclude, then, that Suits has failed to refute Wittgenstein’s views on the definability of games.

In this paper, we will explore two initiatives that focus on the importance of employing logical theories in educating people how to think and reason properly, one in Poland: The Lvov-Warsaw School; the other in North America: The Informal Logic Initiative. These two movements differ in the logical means and skills that they focus on. However, we believe that they share a common purpose: to educate students in logic and reasoning (logical education conceived as a process) so that they may be able to apply their skills to analyze the issues in their society (logical culture as a result of logical education). The aim of the paper is to justify this claim by exploring research objectives and products that are common to both movements.

1. Blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine responses were examined in two groups of elderly subjects distinguished by blood pressure responses to standing. Subjects in the control group showed a fall of less than 15 mmHg in systolic blood pressure on standing; subjects in the orthostatic hypotension group had falls of more than 20 mmHg systolic and 10 mmHg diastolic blood pressure on standing. 2. The heart pressure response on standing showed no significant difference between the two groups. 3. The orthostatic hypotension patients had lower plasma noradrenaline concentrations than the control patients (P < 0.01) in the supine position, but during 10 min standing there was no significant difference in noradrenaline levels between the groups, and the percentage increase of noradrenaline levels in the orthostatic hypotension group was greater (P < 0.05) than in the control group. 4. in the supine position, diastolic blood pressure was higher (P < 0.05) in the orthostatic hypotension group than in the control group. 5. We conclude that impairment of baroreceptor function is not involved in most cases of orthostatic hypotension in the elderly, nor is there reduction of sympathetic nervous activity. We suggest that mechanical changes or adrenoreceptor dysfunction are more likely to be important factors in orthostatic hypotension in the elderly.

Quality factors and resonant frequencies of a resonant spectrophone have been measured as a function of pressure and the results compared to theoretical predictions which took into account classical surface and volumetric losses and molecular relaxation. Buffer gases investigated included the five noble gases, H_2, N_2, O_2, CO_2, N_2O, and SF_6. Typically 95% of the cavity losses were accounted for theoretically. Frequency shifts due to relaxational dispersion, nonideal gas behavior, and classical boundary layer effects were observed; all behaved as predicted by theory.

Criticisms of fallacy theory have been lodged from many different directions. In this paper, I consider the classic criticism of incompleteness by DeMorgan, Finocchiaro's claim that fallacies probably exist only in the mind of the interpreter, McPeck's claim that fallacies are at best context-dependent and Paul's complaints about the teaching of fallacies. I seek not merely to defend fallacy theory against unfair criticisms but also to learn from the criticisms what can be done in order to make fallacy theory a viable theory of criticism. I argue that this will involve several changes: rethinking of the nature of fallacy; addressing some theoretical issues; and presenting fallacy theory in a more rigorous fashion. The paper concludes with reflections on how Quine's ontological advice about the resolution of ontological disputes might be applied to the issue of whether or not there are fallacies.

It is now well recognized that autonomic dysfunction may occur in disorders affecting the various body systems. Over the past year important observations have been reported in congestive cardiac failure, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and diabetes mellitus.

Plasma catecholamines were measured in nine men after they had drunk either 0.5 or 1 ml/kg ethanol. Ethanol was found to induce a dose-dependent rise in plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Epinephrine concentrations were also raised in the initial intoxication phase. To determine whether ethanol raises plasma norepinephrine through increased release or decreased clearance (Cl), we infused norepinephrine into eight male subjects with and without prior ethanol, each subject acting as his own control. During infusions after ethanol, norepinephrine concentrations rose higher, and the mean circulatory Cl of norepinephrine was reduced from 76 to 47 ml/kg/min. This was associated with a prolongation of norepinephrine t½ from 1.7 to 2.05 min. No significant difference in circulatory input of norepinephrine was found between infusions with and without ethanol. These results indicate that ethanol consumption increases plasma norepinephrine by reducing its circulatory Cl.Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 143–147; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.143

• A crossover comparative study of valproate sodium and clonazepam in the treatment of 32 adult epileptic patients receiving multiple drug therapy is described. Serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs were unchanged by the addition of clonazepam. However, patients receiving high doses ofother anticonvulsant drugs had lower serum concentrations of clonazepam (p &lt;.01). With valproate sodium, phenobarbital concentrations increased (p &lt;.05) in patients receiving phenobarbital but not significantly in patients receiving primidone. Phenytoin concentrations were reduced (P &lt;.05) during treatment with valproate sodium. Both drugs significantly reduced the frequency of minor seizures, with valproate sodium having the greater effect. However, it is important to monitor serum concentrations of other anticonvulsant drugs during treatment with valproate sodium since changes in these may influence seizure control or cause side effects.

A survey has been carried out to examine the facilities available to a group of disabled people living in Scotland. Fifty paraplegics, living in Glasgow or the surrounding counties, were visited and interviewed.The degree of unemployment in the group (74 per cent.) was far greater than has been reported in other surveys and no quadriplegic was in remunerative employment. Although the general unemployment level in the area is high, services to help the disabled gain employment were only partially utilised.Liaison between social workers was not always successful. Some paraplegics were visited at home by both a medical social worker and a local authority social worker, while others were not supported by either. There is no apparent attempt by local authorities to identify the disabled as is required in England under Section 1 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (1970). Several paraplegics lacked facilities which are covered by Section 2 of the Act. It would appear that the exclusion of Scotland from Sections 1 and 2 of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act may widen the differences between the two countries as the Scottish legislation is less specific.

Background: Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy (flex sig) have been established as part of a strategy for colon cancer surveillance. For surveillance to be effective, patients must follow-up on a regular basis. To plan long-term studies on the outcome of colon cancer surveillance, patients should follow-up at the same institution. The rates for colonoscopy and flex sig follow-up at an institution are unknown. Methods: All colonoscopy and flex sig reports at the VA Medical Center (VAMC) [Jan-Jun 1994] and at the Medical University of S Carolina (MUSC) [Feb-Jul 1994] during a 6 month period 5 years ago were collected. Recommended follow-up on the reports were noted, and subsequent lower endoscopies on these patients were also noted. VAMC patients death dates were available from the VA VISTA system. Results: See Table Conclusions: Over 50% of VA patients (death-adjusted) had follow-up lower endoscopies while about 30% at another teaching hospital had follow-up procedures. The reasons for differences are multiple, but a closed patient population (VA) is advantageous. The low rates suggest that gastroenterologists should be more aggressive in endoscopic follow-up rather than relying on primary care physicians. Finally, procedure tracking may have improved since 1994, and these rates should be monitored over time.

The cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to oral glucose (50 g) ingestion were investigated in five elderly subjects with orthostatic hypotension and five elderly control subjects. All the orthostatic hypotension subjects showed blood pressure falls after glucose ingestion, as compared to only one of the control subjects. Significantly greater falls in the orthostatic hypotension as compared to control patients were observed for systolic blood pressure (P<0.01) at 60 and 90 min following glucose and mean blood pressure (P<0.05) at 60 min following glucose. The orthostatic hypotension subjects did not have evidence of reduced heart-rate or plasma catecholamine responses to the glucose ingestion. It is concluded that, in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension, disorder of blood pressure control may also cause hypotension asssociated with eating.