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In addition to high mechanical loads certain components for the automotive industry are exposed to corrosive environments, especially during winter, when corrosion promoting de‐icers are essential to sustain road traffic. The underlying research work contributes to the evaluation of the corrosion fatigue performance of aluminium alloys relevant for automotive application generally, while the present text focuses on wrought alloys. Aluminium alloys are of special interest because of the opportunity to reduce expenses for an additional corrosion protection and to support lightweight construction of vehicles. Components exposed to simultaneous mechanical and corrosive service loads as well as corrosion tests of different scale level (immersion and cabinet testing, long term outdoor exposure of components, usage on test carriers) were analysed to evaluate typical forms of corrosion. Based upon the prevailing damaging mechanism of material conditions with known differences in susceptibility to specific forms of corrosion, like intergranular corrosion or pitting, methods were derived to evolve service relevant types of corrosion during laboratory tests.

Load controlled fatigue tests were performed up to 107cycles on flat notched specimens (Kt= 2.5) under constant amplitude and variable amplitude loadings with and without periodical overloads. Two materials are studied: a ferritic‐bainitic steel and a cast aluminium alloy. These materials have a very different cyclic behaviour: the steel exhibits cyclic strain softening whereas the Al alloy shows cyclic strain hardening. The fatigue tests show that, for the steel, periodical overload applications reduce significantly the fatigue life for fully reversed load ratio (Rσ= –1), while they have no influence under pulsating loading (Rσ= 0). For the Al alloy overloads have an effect (fatigue life decreasing) only for variable amplitude loadings. The detrimental effect of overloads on the steel is due to ratcheting at the notch root which evolution is overload's dependent.

The use of PM materials is rapidly expanding with an increasing concentration on highly loaded structural parts such as synchroniser hubs, gears, sprockets or shifting forks. The successful implementation of PM materials for such parts depends on a reliable fatigue design concept. Such a design concept has to consider the local durability, especially in fatigue critical sharply notched areas, depending on the local density of the material and stress gradients. This paper summarises different design methods in order to transfer the fatigue behaviour of specimens to components by considering sharply notched areas. Four different local approaches have been investigated: the highly stressed volume approach, the stress gradient approach, the critical distance method and the stress averaging method according to Neuber. The design methods have been analysed on the basis of fatigue testing results of unnotched and notched fatigue specimens and of synchroniser hubs made from a 4% Ni diffusion‐alloyed steel material (Distaloy AE+0.6%C). The transferability of characteristic fatigue properties from specimens to a sharply notched component, a synchroniser hub, is presented and the practicability of the design methods demonstrated and discussed. These investigations showed that the most reliable concept was the highly stressed volume approach. The accuracy of the approach can be comprehended separating statistical and so called material support effect.

This paper presents the results and evaluation of the multiaxial fatigue behaviour of laserbeam‐welded overlapped tubular joints made from the artificially hardened aluminium alloy AlSi1MgMn T6 (EN AW 6082 T6) under multiaxial loadings with constant and variable amplitudes. Several fatigue test series under pure axial and pure torsional loadings as well as combined axial and torsional proportional and non‐proportional loadings have been carried out in the range of 2·104to 2·107 cycles. The assessment of the investigated thin‐walled joints is based on a local notch stress concept. In this concept the fatigue critical area of the weld root is substituted by a fictitious notch radius rref = 0.05 mm. The equivalent stresses in the notch, considering especially the fatigue life reducing influence of non‐proportional loading in comparison to proportional loading, were calculated by a recently developed hypothesis, which is called the Stress Space Curve Hypothesis (SSCH). This hypothesis is based on the time evolution of the stress state during one load cycle. In addition, the fatigue strength evaluation of multiaxial spectrum loading was carried out using a modified Gough‐Pollard algorithm.

For the investigation of variable amplitude loading effects, it is necessary to increase the test frequency of conventional testing facilities because, for the evaluation of many components, test results with more than 107cycles are also needed. However, due to the restriction of conventional testing facilities and the associated costs and required time, variable amplitude testing is almost limited to 107 cycles. Service loading with more than 107 cycles to failure is characterized by low amplitudes with a high number of cycles. The challenge in investigation of material fatigue in the regimes of high cycle and very high cycle fatigue is to apply this large number of cycles to failure in an acceptable time frame. For this reason, it is essential to use a machine, which is able to operate at high frequencies. In this paper, two testing machine concepts with piezo actuators are presented. In the first concept, a high performance piezo stack actuator is presented, in which the specimen and the load cell are mechanically assembled in series. This set‐up applies forces up to 10 kN and testing frequencies up to 1000 Hz. The second testing facility is a hybrid testing system, which consists of an inertial mass actuator and a servo hydraulic actuator connected in parallel. Both systems are capable of testing normal specimen dimensions and provide the possibility to work with variable amplitude loading as well as constant amplitude loading.

In the present study, the results of fatigue tests with the magnesium alloy AZ31 ISOMgAl3Zn1 in the material states base metal, heat affected zone and weld metal obtained under strain control at room temperature within a range from 2·102 to 5·106cycles are presented. The fatigue behaviour was characterized by the Coffin–Manson–Basquin equations and the stress – strain behaviour by the Ramberg–Osgood equation. The data can be used to assess welded magnesium joints according to the local strain concept.

Die weit verbreiteten Methoden zur Beschreibung des zyklischen Werkstoffverhaltens nach RambergOsgood und MansonCoffinBasquin sind schon mehrere Jahrzehnte alt. Für verschiedene Werkstoffe wird jedoch festgestellt, dass die sich laut Kompatibilitätstheorie 1, 2, 3 ergebenden SpannungsDehnungsKurven nicht mit den Versuchsergebnissen übereinstimmen. In früheren Arbeiten wurde eine laut Theorie notwendige Methode zur kompatiblen Auswertung vorgestellt 4 und κ als Maß für das inkompatible Werkstoffverhalten eingeführt 5. In dieser Arbeit wird auf die Bedeutung von κ näher eingegangen und dem Ingenieur die Auswirkungen bei der Vernachlässigung dieser neuen Kenngröße verdeutlicht.

Die betriebsfeste Auslegung von spaltprofilierten Blechbauteilen erfordert geeignete Methoden und Übertragbarkeitskriterien, die für verzweigte Strukturen noch nicht zu Verfügung stehen. Wesentlich hierfür sind die Kenntnisse über das zyklische Werkstoffverhalten. Aus diesem Grund werden die zyklischen Werkstoffkennwerte in Abhängigkeit der Produkteigenschaften Umformgrad, Gefüge, Oberflächenrauhigkeit, Eigenspannungen und unterschiedlichen Belastungsparametern ermittelt. Da jedoch die Ermittlung der zyklischen Kennwerte mit hohen Versuchaufwand und Kosten verbunden ist, wird nach Methoden gesucht, diese kostengünstig und schnell zu bestimmen. Ein viel versprechender Ansatz hierfür ist der Einsatz von künstlichen Neuronalen Netzen KNN 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, da sie in der Lage sind, die Einflüsse aus Fertigungs und Umweltparametern auf die Schwingfestigkeit aus sinnvoll gewählten Eingangsparametern zu generieren. Sie bieten die Möglichkeit, auf erlerntes Wissen zurückzugreifen und somit, auf Basis weniger Versuche ein mehrdimensionales Kennfeld zu erstellen.

Soil Fe oxides occur in almost all soils and reflect different environmental conditions by the high variability of their mineralogy and concentration. Quantitatively determining this important pedogenic indicator enables diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) based on material‐specific absorption characteristics. This paper presents a methodology that directly links free Fe oxide content (Fed, citrate‐dithionite extractable Fe) with the diagnostic Fe absorption band near 900 nm (Fe‐NIR). In addition, we investigated the influence of soil texture on the spectral characteristics and prediction accuracy. We showed that the Fe absorption bands of clay‐dominated soil samples were, in general, deeper than sand‐dominated samples with comparable Fedcontent. Based on the Fe‐NIR absorption depth, we created two texture‐dependent Fedprediction models, retrieving the best Fedestimates for the sand calibrated model (R2v= 0.87, rel. MSEv= 13.9%). Due to the high texture variability in sand, silt, and clay fractions of the clay–silt dominated samples, the clay–silt calibrated model produced good predictions (R2v= 0.70, rel. RMSEv= 19.0%). The soil texture appeared to have no significant influence on model stability but did affect the prediction accuracy. Constant Fedcontents were over‐ and underestimated when applying the texture‐dependent models to other texture groups. The texture‐independent model was stable and performed well (R2v= 0.76, rel. RMSEv= 18.1%). These results are highly relevant to the subsequent spatial assessment of free Fe oxide content as an indicator for soil development from hyperspectral remote sensing data.

We have constructed an aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx., line Turesson141) BAC library containing 55,296 clones in total. A random sampling of 86 BAC clones indicated an average insert size of 76 kb with a range of 20 to 160 kb. Twelve percent of the BAC clones in the library have an insert size larger than 100 kb. Based on an estimated genome size for Populus of 500 Mbp, library coverage is about 8 haploid genome equivalents. This library will be screened using AFLP marker identified before co-segregating with gender in a P. tremula x P. tremuloides progeny, where Turesson141 was the male parent.

Es wird eine Methode zur Auswertung dehnungsgeregelter Versuche vorgeschlagen. Sie beinhaltet eine Regressionsrechnung auf Basis der Versuchsergebnisse im 3Dimensionalen Raum. Dabei wird jeder Versuchspunkt genau einer Spannungsamplitude, einer Dehnungsamplitude und einer Schwingspielzahl zugeordnet. Die gesuchten zyklischen Konstanten und Exponenten werden direkt aus dem Richtungsvektor Rund dem Stützpunkt Paus der Regressionsrechnung bestimmt. Weiterhin wird anhand der 3DMethode gezeigt, wie die Kompatibilitätsbedingung, d.h. die Gleichsetzung der elastischen und plastischen Anteile aus der RambergOsgood und der CoffinMansonBasquinGleichung, sowohl die mathematischen als auch die physikalischen Zusammenhänge beibehält. Anhand von Versuchsdaten, die an sprühkompaktierten Aluminiumlegierungen mit unterschiedlichen Fertigungs und Prüfparametern ermittelt wurden, wird das Ergebnis und die Vorteile dieser neuen Auswertemethode gezeigt.

A consensus conference on multiple system atrophy (MSA) in 1998 established criteria for diagnosis that have been accepted widely. Since then, clinical, laboratory, neuropathologic, and imaging studies have advanced the field, requiring a fresh evaluation of diagnostic criteria. We held a second consensus conference in 2007 and present the results here.

To perform an evidence-based review of the safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in the treatment of autonomic and urologic disorders and low back and head pain.

Der Einfluss von Korrosion muss bei zahlreichen Bauteilen in der Fahrzeugindustrie für die Auslegung berücksichtigt werden. Mit entsprechenden Beschichtungen wird versucht, den negativen Einfluss der Korrosion unter statischen und zyklischen Beanspruchungen zu unterdrücken. Am Beispiel der Aluminiumgusslegierung AlSi7Mg0,3 T6 sollen ausgewählte Werkstoff-Beschichtungssysteme unter mechanisch-thermisch-korrosiven Komplexbeanspruchungen charakterisiert und Kennwerte für die Auslegung von Bauteilen unter zyklischen Beanspruchungen ermittelt werden. Es wurden Auslagerungsversuche in den Medien Ottokraftstoff E5 (Ottokraftstoff mit 5 % Ethanol) und E10 (Ottokraftstoff mit 10 % Ethanol) bei verschiedenen Temperaturen mit unbeschichteten, eloxierten und chemisch-vernickelten Proben durchgeführt und anschließend im REM untersucht. Die zyklischen Versuche mit chemisch vernickeltem und getemperten Aluminium im Ottokraftstoff E5 bei 100 °C haben gezeigt, dass für dieses Umgebungsmedium der mindernde Einfluss durch die Kraftstoffkorrosion auf die Schwingfestigkeit im Rahmen der Streuung nicht zu erkennen ist. Dieses Ergebnis deckt sich mit den Auslagerungsversuchen im Ottokraftstoff E5 bei 100 °C, bei denen sich keine Korrosion zeigte.Salznebelkorrosion führt trotz Beschichtung zu einer deutlichen Minderung der Schwingfestigkeit. Bei der Schadensakkumulationsrechnung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die tatsächliche Schadenssumme von Bremssattel und Proben trotz unterschiedlicher Beschichtung vergleichbar ist.

Sprühkompaktierte Hochleistungsaluminiumlegierungen (DISPAL = DISpersionsverfestigtes ALuminium) zeichnen sich durch hohe Festigkeiten, hohe E-Moduli, guten Verschleißwiderstand und niedrige thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizienten aus. Der Einsatz dieser Werkstoffe und das gestiegene Interesse der Automobilindustrie begründen sich in diesen Eigenschaften. Im Rahmen eines bilateralen Projektes wurden unter Variation von verschiedenen Parametern sowohl dehnungs- als auch kraftgeregelte Versuche durchgeführt, um das Verhalten unter zyklischer Belastung dieser Werkstoffe zu beschreiben.

A new production route for metallic foams the vacuum foaming technique (VFT), is presented. The principle of this technique is based on the expansion of gas pores in metal melts at low pressure. As starting materials high pressure die casting scrap and machining chips are used.

Im Rahmen eines gemeinschaftlichen Projektes der Stahl- und Automobilindustrie wurden für 17 Stahlfeinbleche des Automobilbaus in verschiedenen Anlieferungs- und Verformungszuständen unter -40 °C, Raumtemperatur und +100 °C mit 37 Versuchsreihen Anrisswöhlerlinien und zügige bzw. zyklische Spannung-Dehnung-Kurven bestimmt. Sämtliche Versuchspunkte, Hysteresen und ermittelte zyklische Kennwerte liegen in einer Datenbank vor. Eine Korrelationen zwischen den Kennwerten aus dem Zugversuch und den Kennwerten aus den zyklischen, dehnungsgeregelten Versuchen ist grundsätzlich möglich.

Abstract A BAC library to serve as a general tool for the physical mapping and positional cloning of rose genes has been constructed from Rosa rugosa DNA. With 27,264 clones the library contains 5.2 genome equivalents. The library was used to assemble a contig of BAC clones spanning Rdr1, a locus that confers resistance to blackspot. For this purpose fine-scale mapping of the target locus was achieved by bulked segregant analysis using 816 AFLP primer combinations. The target region around Rdr1 comprises about 400 kb and is covered by a minimum of six BAC clones. Furthermore, the detection of at least five resistance gene analogs of the TIR-NBS-LRR family on the contig indicates the presence of a cluster of resistance genes around Rdr1. These results will not only allow the isolation and identification of Rdr1 in the near future, but also provide the tools for the physical mapping and positional cloning of other horticulturally interesting genes in roses.

For the monitoring of urban areas, high-resolution aerial image data are still primarily used to detect individual man-made structures. Image segmentation techniques extract and provide basic information such as regions of similar features or typical object edges for further model-driven analysis. Therefore, the quality of the final object recognition depends strongly on this information. In this paper, the potential of a combined edge- and region-based segmentation technique for the purpose of detecting characteristic man-made objects is tested and compared to standard techniques using a new quality measure. The presented approach proves its value, especially for objects with low-contrast boundaries.

Aims: In order to establish normal values and interocular differences of visual acuity, Lea symbols were applied to neurologically and ophthalmologically normal children. Methods: 385 children (21-93 months old) were examined, within a routine check up in an urban paediatric practice where Lea symbol acuity (LS) was measured. Of these children, 90 were re-examined in hospital comparing Lea symbol acuity (LS) and Landolt C acuity (LC). Strabismus, ametropia, and any organic eye disease were excluded. Results: In the paediatric practice, LS could be measured on both eyes in 54% of the children. In the age group above 36 and 48 months the success rate was 76% and 95%, respectively. Acuity in the paediatric practice ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 (median 1.25) in the whole group. Interocular acuity difference was one line or less in 80%. In the hospital, LS and LC could be measured on both eyes of 77% and 48% of the 90 children, respectively. Cooperation increased with age. LS in the hospital ranged from 0.32 to 2.0 (median 1.0) and LC from 0.16 to 1.25 (median 0.8). Interocular difference of LS acuity was one line or less in 90%. Conclusion: Lea symbols were found to be useful for visual acuity assessment in early childhood. Significant variability of visual acuity in this age group is caused by cooperation. When monocular measurements are possible on both eyes, however, the intraindividual interocular difference of visual acuity usually does not exceed one line.

Casting of high strength, ductile and pressure tight components at low cost is the prerequisite for the introduction of magnesium alloys into hydraulic and structural applications. This paper introduces the New Rheocasting process (NRC) as a novel approach for semi-solid casting of light metals, in which the slurry is prepared from normal casting alloys directly at the foundry machine. The specialties of the process and the alloy requirements are explained. Ways for increasing ductility and process stability with slight alloy modifications and proper heat treatment are shown. The resulting mechanical properties are compared with data received from classical high pressure die casting parts. New Rheocasting of the alloy AZ71proves to be superior in strength and ductility, and shows excellent KJC values.

Casting of high strength, ductile and pressure tight components at low cost is the prerequisite for the introduction of magnesium alloys into hydraulic and structural applications. This paper introduces the New Rheocasting process (NRC) as a novel approach for semi‐solid casting of light metals, in which the slurry is prepared from normal casting alloys directly at the foundry machine. The specialties of the process and the alloy requirements are explained. Ways for increasing ductility and process stability with slight alloy modifications and proper heat treatment are shown. The resulting mechanical properties are compared with data received from classical high pressure die casting parts. New Rheocasting of the alloy AZ71proves to be superior in strength and ductility, and shows excellent KJCvalues.

Continuous carbon fibre preforms (M40), with an average fibre content of 66 vol.-%, were infiltrated with liquid Mg by gas pressure at various temperatures and pressures in order to determine a relationship between manufacturing conditions and the mechanical properties of the material. A saturation curve describes the infiltration behaviour of liquid Mg into the preforms and the relationship between infiltration pressure, pore volume, and mechanical properties. The maximum bending strength of the composites exceeds 1400 MPa and is insensitive to melt temperature between 680 and 720°C. The density of the Mg composite is 1.77 Mg m-3, 20% lighter than the Al–C composites produced and tested by the authors in an earlier investigation, but yields the same mechanical properties in bending tests at room temperature.

Cytological diagnosis of malignant cells in effusions is hampered by difficulties in the differentiation from reactive mesothelial cells. Because interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) might complement cytological evaluation, we determined the power of tumor cell detection using FISH and cytology in 201 effusions from patients with advanced cancer. Furthermore, 9 primary breast tumors were FISH-karyotyped, and chromosomal aberrations were compared with those of corresponding metastasic effusion cells. By using centromeric probes representing chromosomes 7, 8, 11, 12, 17, and 18, a rate of malignancy-associated aneusomy combined for the 6 chromosomes was detected in an overall of 44.8% of effusion specimens (range, 31.8% to 39.3% for the individual chromosome), comparable to cytology (43.3%). The combination of just 2 FISH probes (namely, representing chromosome pairs 8/11 and 8/17) was almost equally efficient in the identification of aneusomy. Approximately one fourth of the cytologically negative effusions were FISH positive and vice versa. From the initially FISH-negative effusions, 18.9% could be subsequently classified positive with dual-color FISH by visualization of intranuclear chromosomal complexity in rare aneuploid cells. Thus, ''overall FISH analysis,'' including dual-color evaluation, identified tumor cells in significantly more effusions (55.2%, P = .001) than conventional cytology, implying greater sensitivity. Finally, our finding that numerical aberration patterns in primary breast tumors and corresponding metastasic effusions are comparable indicates that FISH examination of primary tumors will indicate the centromeric probe(s) best suited for an efficient search for metastasis m the individual case.

· Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiemetic effect of prophylactic dimenhydrinate application prior to Faden operation and to compare the incidence of PONV between bimedial Faden operation (BMF) and horizontal recess-resect procedure (R&R). · Methods: Ninety-nine children (4-10 years) scheduled for BMF were included in this prospective double-blind study. Midazolam (0.5 mg/kg body weight, BW) was administered orally for premedication 30 min before induction of anesthesia. Additionally, children weighing 23 kg received either dimenhydrinate suppositories or placebo. The placebo group was compared with 148 children who underwent R&R surgery without antiemetic prophylaxis during the same period. Anesthesia was induced with thiopentone (5-10 mg/kg BW) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg BW) bromide and maintained with halothane (1-2 vol%) in N₂O/O₂ (65/35 vol%). Age, height, weight, and incidence of oculocardiac reflex were documented. PONV was classified into ”no vomiting", ”vomiting without therapy", and ”vomiting requiring rescue medication". In the latter case dimenhydrinate was given again. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. · Results: Forty-eight patients received placebo, while 51 received dimenhydrinate. No differences between any groups were observed concerning age, height, weight, and incidence of oculocardiac reflex. Compared to R&R surgery, PONV requiring rescue medication occurred significantly more frequently after BMF (45% vs 23% after R&R). PONV after BMF was significantly less severe in the dimenhydrinate group than in the placebo group. The total incidence of PONV after BMF, however, was not significantly reduced. · Conclusion: The high incidence of PONV after BMF can be explained by the greater invasiveness of BMF than R&R surgery. PONV requiring antiemetic rescue medication can be reduced by preoperative administration of dimenhydrinate suppositories.

Abstract: Objective: Lea symbols can be used for measuring visual acuity in childhood. Therefore, these symbols might be useful for early detection of amblyopia. We evaluated whether the visual acuity determined with Lea symbols (LS) corresponds to the visual acuity determined with the Landolt-C (LC). Patients and methods: In 55 strabismic amblyopic volunteers aged 5–59 years, the monocular visual acuity of both eyes was determined using LC and LS. For comparison, the right eye of 20 healthy volunteers was examined. Single optotypes (LC, LS) were used in 55 amblyopes and crowded optotypes (LC17.2, LC2.6, CLS) in 40 amblyopes. The luminance of the test charts was 180–200 cd/m2, with a contrast >85%. The refraction of the subjects was corrected beforehand. Results: In the 40 amblyopic eyes tested under each condition, LS exceeded CLS and LC by about 1 line (dB), LC17.2 by 2 lines and LC2.6 by 3 lines (mean values SD: LS 0.621.8 dB, CLS 0.461.7 dB, LC 0.52.0 dB, LC17.2 0.412.3 dB, LC2.6 0.292.3 dB). The non-amblyopic fellow eyes and healthy eyes showed smaller differences (fellow eyes LS 1.321.1 dB, CLS 1.171.1 dB, LC 1.150.9 dB, LC17.2 1.050.9 dB, LC2.6 0.931.1 dB; healthy eyes LS 1.740.9 dB, CLS 1.580.8 dB, LC 1.480.6 dB, LC17.2 1.410.7 dB, LC2.6 1.321.1 dB). In the amblyopic eyes, the reduction of LC was more distinct than the reduction of LS. Fifty-two amblyopes had an amblyopia >1 dB of LC, LC17.2 and LC2.6, while 50 had an interocular acuity difference >1 dB CLS. Conclusions: Using Lea symbols, a recognition acuity can be determined and amblyopia can reliably be detected. Due to their design, the Lea symbols are particularly suitable and recommendable for application in young children. However a slight systematic difference between LS and LC has to be considered.

Observed optical reflectivity in the infrared spectral region is compared with theoretical predictions in a strongly coupled electron–phonon system. Starting from a Fröhlich Hamiltonian, the spectral functions and their temperature dependence are derived. A full analysis including vertex corrections leads to an expression for the optical conductivity σ(ω) that can be formulated in terms of the well-known optical conductivity for a quasi-isotropic system without vertex corrections. A numerical comparison between the full result and the so-called extended Drude formula, its weak coupling expansion, shows little difference over a wide range of coupling constants. Normal-state optical spectra for the high-Tcsuperconductors YBa2Cu3O7and La2 − xSrxCuO4at optimal doping are compared with the results of model calculations. Taking the plasma frequency and ∈∞from band structure calculations, the model has only one free parameter, the electron–phonon coupling constant λ. In both materials the overall behavior of the reflectivity can be well accounted for over a wide frequency range. Systematic differences exist only in the mid-infrared region. They become more pronounced with increasing frequency, which indicates that a detailed model for the optical response should include temperature-dependent mid-infrared bands.

Three brothers with a constitutional skeletal dysplasia characterized by an excessively retarded ossification, principally of the epiphyses, the pelvis, the hands and the feet, are reported. In the hands and feet the retarded ossification is combined with an abnormal modeling of the bones.

A search in the H1 experiment at HERA for scalar and vector leptoquarks, leptogluons and squarks coupling to first generation fermions is presented in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 425 nb−1. For masses ranging up to ∼275 GeV, no significant evidence for the direct production of such particles is found in various possible decay channels. At high masses and beyond the centre of mass energy of 296 GeV a contact interaction analysis is used to further constrain the couplings and masses of new vector leptoquarks and to set lower limits on compositeness scales.

Global properties of the hadronic final state in deep inelastic scattering events at HERA are investigated. The data are corrected for detector effects and are compared directly with QCD phenomenology. Energy flows in both the laboratory frame and the hadronic centre of mass system and energy-energy correlations in the laboratory frame are presented. Comparing various QCD models, the colour dipole model provides the only satisfactory description of the data. In the hadronic centre of mass system the momentum components of charged particles longitudinal and transverse to the virtual boson direction are measured and compared with lower energy lepton-nucleon scattering data as well as withe+e- dat from LEP.

We present an experimental study of theep?e?+p andep?e?+X processes using data recorded by the H1 detector in 1993 at the electron-proton collider HERA. These processes are employed to measure the luminosity with an accuracy of 4.5 %. A subsample of theep?e?+X events in which the hard photon is detected at angles ??' = 0.45 mrad with respect to the incident electron direction is used to verify experimentally the size of radiative corrections to theep?eX inclusive cross section and to investigate the structure of the proton in theQ2 domain down to 2 GeV2, lower than previously attained at HERA.

Using the freon filled bubble chamber SKAT at the Serpukhov accelerator we study event charge distributions in neutrino and antineutrino charged current reactions in the (anti)neutrino energy region from 3–30 GeV. We derive from the data the total cross section ratios of reactions on neutrons to reactions on protonsRν=2.24±0.18 and in agreement with the predictions of the quark parton model. These values agree also with other experimental results at different energies. For neutrino reactions we study additionally the differential distributions in Bjorken variablesx andy.

Using the freon filled bubble chamber SKAT in the (anti)neutrino wide band beam of the Serpukhov accelerator we determine the neutral to charged current cross section ratios for neutrinos and antineutrinos below 30GeV. From these ratios we calculate in leading order a mixing parameter of the standard model of Tw=0.215±0.029.

Neutrino and antineutrino charged current reactions are studied inclusively at energies below 30 GeV using the freon filled bubble chamber SKAT at the Serpukhov accelerator. Data are given for the nucleon structure functions and the differential spectradσ/dy. The results are compared with predictions of the Quark-Parton Model and Quantum Chromodynamics.

For charged current neutrino nucleus interactions at energies below 30 GeV, resulting from an experiment with the freon filled bubble chamber SKAT,K0 and Λ production is investigated. An estimation of the total strange and charm production cross section is made.K0 and Λ production rates are given in dependence on different inclusive variables. The production properties forK0′s and Λ′s are discussed in terms of the Quark-Parton-Model. Comparisons with other ν-experiments at higher energies are performed.

We present inclusive spectra of charged hadrons produced in -Freon interactions at average beam energies of about 6 GeV. The experiment was done using the bubble chamber SKAT at the 70 GeV Serpukhov accelerator. In the hadronic energy range,W<5 GeV, dominantly isotropic events are found. The transverse momentum of the produced particles shows no strongW2-dependence. Feynman-scaling may be reached forW2≳10 GeV2, where also theż-spectra are described by the predictions of the parton model. All experimental data are reproduced rather well also by a Monte Carlo model based on ordinary phase space.