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Despite routine detection of coseismic acoustic‐gravity waves (AGWs) in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) total electron content (TEC) observations, models of the earthquake‐atmosphere‐ionosphere dynamics, essential for validating data‐driven studies, remain limited. We present the results of three‐dimensional numerical simulations encompassing the entire coupling from Earth's interior to the ionosphere during the Mw${M}_{w}$7.8 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. Incorporating the impact of data/model uncertainties in estimating the ionospheric state, the results show a good agreement between observed and simulated slant TEC (sTEC) signals, assessed through a set of metrics. The signals exhibit intricate waveforms, resulting from the integrated nature of TEC and phase cancellation effects, emphasizing the significance of direct signal comparisons along realistic line‐of‐sight paths. By comparing simulation results initialized with kinematic and dynamic source models, the study demonstrates the quantifiable sensitivity of sTEC to AGW source specifications, pointing to their utility in the analysis of coupled dynamics. Earthquakes launch acoustic‐gravity waves (AGWs) into the atmosphere, spanning periods from seconds to minutes, that can reach the ionosphere at ∼${\sim} $100–400 km altitude. The majority of AGW detections in the ionosphere are performed with the use of GNSS signals collected with ground‐based receivers that nowadays comprehensively cover seismically active regions. However, the modeling of earthquake‐atmosphere‐ionosphere processes together, essential for validating and supporting data‐driven studies, remains rare. We present the outcomes of three‐dimensional numerical modeling of interconnected processes, spanning from Earth's interior to the ionosphere. We conducted a case study focused on the 2016 Mw${M}_{w}$7.8 earthquake in New Zealand, renowned for its complexity and comprehensive observations of coseismic AGWs recorded with GNSS signals. Our results demonstrate a high level of accuracy of simulated GNSS signals, also revealing the high sensitivity to the chosen earthquake model and the complexity of resulting ionospheric signals, highlighting the necessity of attributing realistic geometries of GNSS TEC observations. The findings highlight the potential for using GNSS signals to investigate coseismic AGWs to infer characteristics of earthquakes. Acoustic‐gravity wave‐driven slant total electron content (sTEC) signals are analyzed in terms of amplitude, waveform, and onset timeIntricate sTEC signal waveforms result from ionospheric fluctuations measured along lines‐of‐sight between satellites and receiversHigh sensitivity of sTEC signals to acoustic‐gravity wave source specification provides additional basis for earthquake characterization Acoustic‐gravity wave‐driven slant total electron content (sTEC) signals are analyzed in terms of amplitude, waveform, and onset time Intricate sTEC signal waveforms result from ionospheric fluctuations measured along lines‐of‐sight between satellites and receivers High sensitivity of sTEC signals to acoustic‐gravity wave source specification provides additional basis for earthquake characterization

Abstract:This article examines the nèidān training regimen advocated by Niú Jīnbǎo 牛金寶 (Xuánjīn 玄金 [Mysterious Gold]; 1915–1988), an influential modern lay Daoist practitioner. Niú was a senior disciple and formal lineage-successor of Zhào Bìchén 趙避塵 (Shùnyī 順一 [Accordant Unity]; 1860–1942), author of the influential Xìngmìng fǎjué míngzhǐ 性命法訣明指 (Illuminating Pointers to the Methods and Instructions of Innate Nature and Life-Destiny). Zhào is best known as the founder of Qiānfēng pài 千峰派 (Thousand Peaks Lineage), a sub-lineage of the Wǔ-Liǔ 伍柳 sub-lineage of the Lóngmén 龍門 (Dragon Gate) lineage of Quánzhēn 全真 (Complete Perfection) Daoism. In this study, I begin with a discussion of Qiānfēng pài, including an overview of nèidān training according to the Xìngmìng fǎjué míngzhǐ. I then explore the life of Niú Jīnbǎo and his lineage connection to Zhào. This is followed by a summary of Niú's "Jiǔbù gōngfǎ" 九步功法 (Methods in Nine Stages). The core of the study is a bilingual, annotated Chinese-English translation of Niú's major composition, namely, thirteen poems on Daoist internal alchemy.摘要:本文探討具有影響力的現代道教居士牛金寶（玄金；1915–1988）倡導的內丹修煉。牛金寶是趙避塵（順一；1860–1942）的高級弟子和正式繼承人。趙避塵出名的主要緣故應是他為千峰派的祖師與《性命法訣明旨》的作者。千峰派是道教全真道龍門派的伍柳派的一個支派。在這項研究中，作者首先討論千峰派，包括根據《性命法訣明指》的內丹修煉作法。然後又探索牛金寶的生平和他與趙避塵的聯繫，接下來提供牛氏九步功法的總結。本研究的核心乃牛金寶的道教內丹十三詩的漢英翻譯與註釋。

We review observations on the coupling between Earth's surface disturbances and the upper atmosphere. In particular, we focus on the upper atmospheric responses to atmospheric acoustic‐gravity waves generated during impulsive surface disturbance events including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. We review the theoretical background for the generation and propagation of atmospheric acoustic‐gravity waves from surface disturbance events as well as of the ionospheric plasma response to such acoustic‐gravity waves. We review a variety of observational techniques that have been successfully utilized to detect upper atmospheric perturbations induced by surface disturbances and summarize the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on the coupling processes learnt from these observations. Finally, we touch on some most recent advances in the field and propose directions for future research. Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and chemical and nuclear explosions on or under the ground create sudden and violent motions of the ground or ocean surface. While ground shakings during some massive earthquakes can be felt by people who live thousands of kilometers away from the epicenters, the shakings can also be detected from the atmosphere hundreds of kilometers above the ground (upper atmosphere). Similarly, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and explosions can have footprints in the upper atmosphere as well. These footprints have been successfully detected by a variety of observational techniques. This paper reviews the observational results and the current understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the coupling between the ground/ocean and the upper atmosphere. In addition, future research directions are proposed in order to address the open questions. The upper atmosphere can respond to Earth's surface disturbances via acoustic‐gravity wavesThe responses have been detected by a variety of remote sensing and in situ observationsOutstanding questions remain to understand the surface‐upper atmosphere coupling processes

To numerically simulate earthquake‐induced ionospheric disturbances, we extend the Wave Perturbation‐Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model, which was originally developed for tsunami‐ionosphere coupling via gravity waves, to the case of earthquake‐ionosphere coupling via acoustic‐gravity waves. The new Wave Perturbation‐Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model represents epicentral crustal movements by a point source specified with the ground motion data from seismic measurements. The model then solves for the neutral atmospheric perturbations generated by spherical acoustic‐gravity waves and the resulting ionospheric plasma perturbations over the epicentral area. We apply the model to simulate the near‐field ionospheric disturbances during two major earthquake events: the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki, Japan, and the 2015 Illapel, Chile, events. To validate the results, we extract receiver‐to‐satellite total electron content perturbations from the simulations and compare them to the corresponding slant total electron content perturbations from Global Positioning System observations. We find good agreement on magnitudes and arrival times between the simulations and observations. We have developed a novel earthquake‐ionosphere coupling model based on a state‐of‐the‐art upper atmospheric modelThe model is capable of simulating ionospheric signatures induced by epicentral crustal movementsModel validation with two earthquake events shows reasonable agreement with observations

High-frequency geodesy is here intended as the capability of retrieving information relevant to geodesy and geophysics at high frequency through geodetic measurements and methodologies. In particular, this short review work focuses on two aspects: fast ground motions, as those due to earthquakes, and fast ionospheric total electron content (TEC) disturbances, as those caused by tsunamis. This information can be retrieved, even in real time, from Global Navigation Satellite System observations collected at high rate (equal or higher than 1 Hz), and can significantly support geohazard understanding contributing in seismic moment estimation and tsunami early warning. Here, the real-time possibilities of the new variometric approach for high-frequency geodesy are summarized: the fundamental idea is to directly focus on the quantities of interest, which are “variations” (of positions, of ionospheric TEC) and can be properly estimated in real time. The work moves “from ground to ionosphere”: with respect to the ground, the more consolidated application of the variometric approach to GNSS seismology (VADASE) is presented, up to the latest developments; with respect to the ionosphere, the brand new application named VARION for TEC disturbances computation is described, and the first results of the application to the Illapel, Chile earthquake (USGS $$M=8.3$$ M=8.3 , 16 September 2015, 22:54:32 UTC) are shown.

We conducted an experiment in Pahrump, Nevada, in June 2017, where artificial seismic signals were created using a seismic hammer, and the possibility of detecting them from their acoustic signature was examined. In this work, we analyze the pressure signals recorded by highly sensitive barometers deployed on the ground and on tethers suspended from balloons. Our signal processing results show that wind noise experienced by a barometer on a free‐flying balloon is lower compared to one on a moored balloon. This has never been experimentally demonstrated in the lower troposphere. While seismoacoustic signals were not recorded on the hot air balloon platform owing to operational challenges, we demonstrate the detection of seismoacoustic signals on our moored balloon platform. Our results have important implications for performing seismology in harsh surface environments such as Venus through atmospheric remote sensing. Seismology has traditionally been performed by placing sensors on the ground. However, on Venus, high temperature and pressure on the surface drastically shorten the lifetime of sensors placed on the ground. This is one of the major reasons why we know so little about the interior of Venus. Earthquakes are known to generate pressure waves in the atmosphere at various frequencies. The low‐frequency components are found to travel long distances with relatively little damping. Here we demonstrate that these waves can be detected by pressure sensors floating on balloons. By demonstrating that we can detect artificial earthquakes from their atmospheric signature using a pressure sensor suspended on a balloon, we motivate a new way to perform seismology on Venus—by detecting seismic waves while floating at a high altitude, where the temperature and pressure are more benign. The success of this technology offers a compelling alternative to landing on the surface and surviving for long periods of time to study the internal structure of Venus. Artificially generated seismic signals were detected using infrasonic pressure signatureBarometers exhibit less wind noise on free‐flying platforms compared to tethered airborne platformsSeismic activity may be detected on airborne platforms on other planets with significant atmospheres

This paper presents electron number density profiles derived from high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations performed using the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe payload on the high inclination CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) spacecraft. We have developed and applied a novel inverse Abel transform algorithm on high rate RO total electron content measurements performed along GPS to CASSIOPE radio links to recover electron density profiles. The high‐resolution density profiles inferred from the CASSIOPE RO are (1) in very good agreement with density profiles estimated from ionosonde data, measured over stations nearby to the latitude and longitude of the RO tangent points; (2) in good agreement with density profiles inferred from GPS RO measured by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC); and (3) in general agreement with density profiles estimated using the International Reference Ionosphere climatological model. Using both CASSIOPE and COSMIC RO observations, we identify, for the first time, that there exist differences in the characteristics of the electron number density profiles retrieved over landmasses and oceans. The density profiles over oceans exhibit widespread values and scale heights compared to density profiles over landmasses. We provide an explanation for the ocean‐landmass discrepancy in terms of the unique wave coupling mechanisms operating over oceans and landmasses. The study provides realistic and high spatial resolution electron density profiles inferred using a novel Abel inversion algorithmThe study provides for the first time distinct properties of electron density profiles over ocean and landmassThe study provides valuable electron density data for ionospheric modeling, geospace research, space weather applications, etc.

Numerical models of ionospheric coupling with the neutral atmosphere are used to investigate perturbations of plasma density, vertically integrated total electron content (TEC), neutral velocity, and neutral temperature associated with large‐amplitude acoustic waves generated by the initial ocean surface displacements from strong undersea earthquakes. A simplified source model for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake is constructed from estimates of initial ocean surface responses to approximate the vertical motions over realistic spatial and temporal scales. Resulting TEC perturbations from modeling case studies appear consistent with observational data, reproducing pronounced TEC depletions which are shown to be a consequence of the impacts of nonlinear, dissipating acoustic waves. Thermospheric acoustic compressional velocities are ∼±250–300 m/s, superposed with downward flows of similar amplitudes, and temperature perturbations are ∼300 K, while the dominant wave periodicity in the thermosphere is ∼3–4 min. Results capture acoustic wave processes including reflection, onset of resonance, and nonlinear steepening and dissipation—ultimately leading to the formation of ionospheric TEC depletions “holes”—that are consistent with reported observations. Three additional simulations illustrate the dependence of atmospheric acoustic wave and subsequent ionospheric responses on the surface displacement amplitude, which is varied from the Tohoku case study by factors of 1/100, 1/10, and 2. Collectively, results suggest that TEC depletions may only accompany very‐large amplitude thermospheric acoustic waves necessary to induce a nonlinear response, here with saturated compressional velocities ∼200–250 m/s generated by sea surface displacements exceeding ∼1 m occurring over a 3 min time period. Large undersea earthquakes generate large‐amplitude acoustic waves with compressional velocities exceeding 200 m/sModeled ionospheric responses to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, including TEC depletions, are consistent with the dataTEC depletions are shown to be a result of an initial acoustic shock followed by nonlinear, dissipating acoustic waves in the thermosphere.

We present a multiinstrumented approach for the analysis of the Arctic ionosphere during the 19 February 2014 highly complex, multiphase geomagnetic storm, which had the largest impact on the disturbance storm-time index that year. The geomagnetic storm was the result of two powerful Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs). It produced a strong long lasting negative storm phase over Greenland with a dominant energy input in the polar cap. We employed global navigation satellite system (GNSS) networks, geomagnetic observatories, and a specific ionosonde station in Greenland. We complemented the approach with spaceborne measurements in order to map the state and variability of the Arctic ionosphere. In situ observations from the Canadian CASSIOPE (CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer) satellite's ion mass spectrometer were used to derive ion flow data from the polar cap topside ionosphere during the event. Our research specifically found that (1) thermospheric O/N2measurements demonstrated significantly lower values over the Greenland sector than prior to the storm time. (2) An increased ion flow in the topside ionosphere was observed during the negative storm phase. (3) Negative storm phase was a direct consequence of energy input into the polar cap. (4) Polar patch formation was significantly decreased during the negative storm phase. This paper addresses the physical processes that can be responsible for this ionospheric storm development in the northern high latitudes. We conclude that ionospheric heating due to the CME's energy input caused changes in the polar atmosphere resulting in Neupwelling, which was the major factor in high-latitude ionosphere dynamics for this storm. Multiinstrument analysis of the Arctic ionosphere during the 19 February 2014 storm is presentedObserved negative ionospheric storm is found to be the direct consequence of energy input into the polar capPolar patch generation significantly decreased during the negative storm phase

We identify interplanetary plasma regions associated with three intense interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs)‐driven geomagnetic storm intervals which occurred around the same time of the year: day of year 74–79 (March) of 2012, 2013, and 2015. We show that differences in solar wind drivers lead to different dynamical ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) responses and to different preconditioning of the IT system. We introduce a new hourly based global metric for average low‐latitude and northern middle‐latitude vertical total electron content responses in the morning, afternoon, and evening local time ranges, derived from measurements from globally distributed Global Navigation Satellite System ground stations. Our novel technique of estimating nitric oxide (NO) cooling radiation in 11° latitudinal zones is based on Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) measurements. The thermospheric cooling throughout the storm phases is studied with this high latitudinal resolution for the first time. Additionally, TIMED/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) observations of the dynamical response of the thermospheric composition (O/N2ratio) are utilized to study negative ionospheric storm effects. Based on these data sets, we describe and quantify distinct IT responses to driving by ICME sheaths, magnetic clouds, coronal loop remnants, plasma discontinuities, and high‐speed streams following ICMEs. Our analysis of coupling functions indicates strong connection between coupling with the solar wind and IT system response in ICME‐type storms and also some differences. Knowledge of interplanetary features is crucial for understanding IT storm dynamics. We identify interplanetary plasma regions and analyze ICME intervals on DOY 74‐79 March of 2012, 2013, and 2015We introduce new metrics for average low‐latitude and northern middle‐latitude VTEC and NO thermospheric emissionOur analysis of coupling functions indicates connection and also differences between coupling with the solar wind and IT system response

Tsunamis can generate gravity waves propagating upward through the atmosphere, inducing total electron content (TEC) disturbances in the ionosphere. To capture this process, we have implemented tsunami‐generated gravity waves into the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) to construct a three‐dimensional physics‐based model WP (Wave Perturbation)‐GITM. WP‐GITM takes tsunami wave properties, including the wave height, wave period, wavelength, and propagation direction, as inputs and time‐dependently characterizes the responses of the upper atmosphere between 100 km and 600 km altitudes. We apply WP‐GITM to simulate the ionosphere above the West Coast of the United States around the time when the tsunami associated with the March 2011 Tohuku‐Oki earthquke arrived. The simulated TEC perturbations agree with Global Positioning System observations reasonably well. For the first time, a fully self‐consistent and physics‐based model has reproduced the GPS‐observed traveling ionospheric signatures of an actual tsunami event. We have developed a 3‐D tsunami‐ionosphere coupling model WP‐GITMWP‐GITM combines an analytical model and a fully physics‐based ionospheric modelWP‐GITM reproduces traveling ionospheric signatures of a real tsunami

中華道藏目錄這個目錄給《中華道藏》建立一個標定的數字系統，標題索引和搜尋目錄。 本文不但討論《中華道藏》的結構和內容,而且交叉引用《中華道藏》的文本 號碼與本人編著的《道教文集目錄》(Title Index to Daoist Collections; 2002)。

Recent advances in GPS data processing have demonstrated that ground-based GPS receivers are capable of detecting ionospheric TEC perturbations caused by surface-generated Rayleigh, acoustic and gravity waves. There have been a number of publications discussing TEC perturbations immediately following the M9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan on March 11, 2011. Most investigators have focused on the ionospheric responses up to a few hours following the earthquake and tsunami. In our research, in addition to March 11, 2011 we investigate global ionospheric TEC perturbations a day before and after the event. We also compare indices of geomagnetic activity on all three days with perturbations in TEC, revealing strong geomagnetic storm conditions that are also apparent in processed GEONET TEC observations. In addition to the traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) produced by the earthquake and tsunami, we also detect “regular” TIDs across Japan about 5 hours following the Tohoku event, concluding these are likely due to geomagnetic activity. The variety of observed TEC perturbations are consistent with tsunami-generated gravity waves, auroral activity, regular TIDs and equatorial fluctuations induced by increased geomagnetic activity. We demonstrate our capabilities to monitor TEC fluctuations using JPL’s real-time Global Assimilative Ionospheric Model (GAIM) system. We show that a real-time global TEC monitoring network is able to detect the acoustic and gravity waves generated by the earthquake and tsunami. With additional real-time stations deployed, this new capability has the potential to provide real-time monitoring of TEC perturbations that could potentially serve as a plug-in to enhance existing early warning systems.

ABSTRACTA randomized, single-center, open-label study of posaconazole (POS) was performed to determine the concentration of POS in the skin of 30 healthy adult human subjects receiving 400 mg POS oral suspension twice daily for 8 days with a high-fat meal. Blood samples for plasma POS level determination were collected at prespecified times on day 1 and day 8. From each subject, two 4-mm skin punch biopsy samples were obtained, one immediately before or after both the first and last doses of POS. A MIC90value of 250 ng/ml, which encompasses the majority of common dermatophytes, was used to calculate the time above the MIC90in plasma and skin. On days 1 and 8, POS attained peak plasma concentrations at median times of 8 and 5 h, respectively. On days 1 and 8, POS peak skin concentrations were attained at 12 and 3 h, respectively; peak skin concentrations were produced from a single composite profile. On day 8, POS concentrations in skin and plasma for the entire dosing interval were severalfold higher than the MIC90. POS dosed at 400 mg twice daily per os was well tolerated in healthy subjects. Two subjects reported increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The findings of this study demonstrate adequate skin penetration and have certain implications for the treatment of dermatophytic skin and nail infections.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this single-center, phase 1, randomized, 5 by 5 crossover, open-label study was to determine the effects of varying amounts of a nutritional supplement (Boost Plus) on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in 30 healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast, subjects were administered a single dose of 400 mg posaconazole oral suspension alone or following Boost Plus (8 fluid ounces [oz] [240 ml], 4 oz [120 ml], 2 oz [60 ml], or 1 oz [30 ml]). Subjects were randomized to receive all five treatments in different sequences, with a 14-day washout between treatments. Primary pharmacokinetic variables—area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the final quantifiable sample (AUCtf), maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax(Tmax), and relative bioavailability—were assessed up to 5 days postdose. Safety assessments included testing for adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, measurement of vital signs, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms. Posaconazole bioavailability increased almost linearly with increasing amounts of Boost Plus. Based on log-transformed data, the relative bioavailabilities (AUCs) of posaconazole were 35% (fasting), 48% (1 oz), 60% (2 oz), and 77% (4 oz) of the level reached in the presence of 8 oz Boost Plus, whereas Tmaxwas unaffected. Compared with the levels reached under fasting conditions, posaconazole Cmaxand AUC values increased 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively, when given with 8 oz Boost Plus. Single doses of posaconazole at 400 mg alone and with 1, 2, 4, or 8 oz Boost Plus were safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects.

The Mw8.3 Illapel earthquake on 16 September 2015 induced ionospheric disturbances detected by Global Positioning System ground‐based total electron content (TEC) observations, which display much stronger TEC perturbations above the northern region of the epicenter than above the southern region. To investigate the cause of the asymmetry, we extend the Wave Perturbation—Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model from using a point source representing the epicentral crustal movement to using an extended source including the ground motion caused by propagating seismic waves. The modeling results reveal that on average, 31% of the north‐south asymmetry in the TEC perturbation magnitude is caused by the different ground motion strengths northward and southward of the epicenter, while the remaining 69% is attributed to the background ionospheric state including the magnetic field. In particular, the spatial variation of the background electron density and the magnetic field inclination angle contributes comparably to the north‐south asymmetry. Ground shakings during the 16 September 2015 Illapel M8.3 Earthquake caused disturbances in the atmosphere hundreds of kilometers above the epicentral region. The atmospheric disturbances were much stronger northward of the epicenter than southward of the epicenter. To find out what caused the north‐south asymmetry in the atmospheric disturbances, we further develop and utilize a model to simulate the atmospheric disturbances caused by the earthquake. The new model development takes into account the different ground motion characteristics along different directions of the epicenter. We find that the north‐south asymmetry in the atmospheric disturbances is primarily caused by the background atmosphere condition including the geomagnetic field inclination, as well as caused by the stronger ground motions in the north of the epicenter than in the south of the epicenter. We extend the earthquake‐ionosphere coupling model Wave Perturbation‐Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (WP‐GITM) to include seismic‐wave‐induced ground motionsWP‐GITM reproduces the observed north‐south asymmetry of co‐seismic ionospheric disturbances during the 2015 Illapel earthquakeThe north‐south asymmetry is caused by the ground motion (31%) and the background ionosphere including the magnetic field (69%) We extend the earthquake‐ionosphere coupling model Wave Perturbation‐Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (WP‐GITM) to include seismic‐wave‐induced ground motions WP‐GITM reproduces the observed north‐south asymmetry of co‐seismic ionospheric disturbances during the 2015 Illapel earthquake The north‐south asymmetry is caused by the ground motion (31%) and the background ionosphere including the magnetic field (69%)

Abstract:Part One of the present article, published in JDS 1 (2008), presented the historical and terminological contours of the Neijing tu??? (Diagram of Internal Pathways). As a late nineteenth-century stele commissioned by the Longmen monk and court eunuch Liu Chengyin ??? (Suyun ??, Pure Cloud; d. 1894), it is currently housed in the Baiyun guan ??? (White Cloud Monastery; Beijing). This installment focuses on the content of the diagram as well as the Daoist cultivation methods embedded in its contours. I first provide a thorough analysis of the textual and visual dimensions of the Neijing tu, including a complete translation with the diagram divided into three sections. The article also clarifies some influences on this Daoist body map and its corresponding internal alchemy system, specifically indicating a possible connection with the emerging Wu-Liu ?? sub-lineage of Longmen. This analysis is followed by a reconstruction of Daoist alchemical practice as expressed in the Neijing tu. I emphasize three methods: praxis-oriented applications of classical Chinese medical views of the body; visualizations which draw their inspiration from the Huangting jingand find clear historical precedents in Shangqing Daoism; and the alchemical technique known as the Waterwheel or Microcosmic Orbit. The three techniques form an interconnected system, wherein the adept’s overall psychosomatic health is maintained and strengthened, his body is osmicized, and he awakens the mystical body, the body-beyond-the-body or yang-spirit, i.e., the culmination of alchemical transformation and the precondition for post-mortem transcendence.

Abstract:This article examines the history and content of the Neijing tu??? (Diagram of Internal Pathways), a late nineteenth-century stele currently housed in Baiyun guan ??? (White Cloud Monastery; Beijing). The diagram is one of the most well-known illustrations of the Daoist body, though its historical provenance has not been sufficiently documented to date. The present article provides a more complete account of its context of production and dissemination, namely, within the context of Baiyun guan, the late imperial Longmen ?? (Dragon Gate) lineage of the Quanzhen ? ? (Complete Perfection) monastic order, and elite imperial court culture. I then turn to a systematic study of its contents and the Daoist methods expressed in its contours. Within its topographical landscape, one finds a specific vision of the Daoist body, a body actualized through Daoist alchemical praxis. As such, the Neijing tuand its various rubbings were more than likely intended as visual aids for Daoist religious training. For readability, the article has been divided into two parts. The current section discusses the diagram’s historical and terminological dimensions. The second part, scheduled to be published in the next issue of the Journal of Daoist Studies, focuses on content and includes a complete bilingual translation with illustrations.

Abstract The United States Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for civil aircraft navigation is focused primarily on the Conterminous United States (CONUS). Other Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) include the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the Japanese Multi-transport Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS). Navigation using WAAS requires accurate calibration of ionospheric delays. To provide delay corrections for single frequency global positioning system (GPS) users, the wide-area differential GPS systems depend upon accurate determination of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along radio links. Dual-frequency transmissions from GPS satellites have been used for many years to measure and map ionospheric TEC on regional and global scales. The October 2003 solar-terrestrial events are significant not only for their dramatic scale, but also for their unique phasing of solar irradiance and geomagnetic events. During 28 October, the solar X-ray and EUV irradiances were exceptionally high while the geomagnetic activity was relatively normal. Conversely, 29–31 October was geomagnetically active while solar irradiances were relatively low. These events had the most severe impact in recent history on the CONUS region and therefore had a significant effect on the WAAS performance. To help better understand the event and its impact on WAAS, we examine in detail the WAAS reference site (WRS) data consisting of triple redundant dual-frequency GPS receivers at 25 different locations within the US. To provide ground-truth, we take advantage of the three co-located GPS receivers at each WAAS reference site. To generate ground-truth and calibrate GPS receiver and transmitter inter-frequency biases, we process the GPS data using the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This software allows us to compute calibrated high resolution observations of TEC. We found ionospheric range delays up to 35 m for the day-time CONUS during quiet conditions and up to 100 m during storm time conditions. For a quiet day, we obtained WAAS planar fit slant residuals less than 2 m (0.4 m root mean square (RMS)) and less than 25 m (3.4 m RMS) for the storm day. We also investigated ionospheric gradients, averaged over distances of a few hundred kilometers. The gradients were no larger than 0.5 m over 100 km for a quiet day. For the storm day, we found gradients at the 4 m level over 100 km. Similar level gradients are typically observed in the low-latitude region for quiet or storm conditions.

ABSTRACT: Utilizing an interpretive model based on "family resem-blances," this paper provides a survey of Daoist teachers and organizations in North America, giving particular attention to those individuals who fall on the "close relations" (Daoist priests, lineage holders) side of the spectrum. The paper first discusses the question of identity with respect to American Daoists. The author advocates the principle of self-identification as an initial methodology, with the additional distinction of Daoist adherents (birthright and convert) and sympathizers. Next, the paper discusses Daoist teachers and organizations in North America via two primary chartological methods: (1) a chronological discussion of the social history of Daoism in North America; and (2) an interpretive framework centering on three models, namely, literati, communal or ritual, and self-cultivation. The author emphasizes that the predominant model in American Daoism centers on self-cultivation, focusing particularly on personal health and healing.*

Natural stimulation of the vestibular end organs will produce alterations in the local vestibular microvascular blood flow.

We assess the detection of the August 4, 2020 chemical explosion in Beirut, Lebanon (33°N, 35°E). We use ionospheric total electron content (TEC) observations from a regional network of ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to study the ionospheric variability and wave perturbations generated by the Beirut explosion. Our analysis reveals that the induced wave structures arrived in the ionosphere 10 ± 2 min after the explosion, which is a strong indication of acoustic gravity wave activity. These wave structures are characterized with ΔTEC of 0.06 TECU moving at ∼750 m/s in south‐east direction away from the explosion epicenter. The continuous wavelet analysis we applied shows a dominant wave periodicity of 1.5–2.5 min (6.78–11 mHz) in the ionosphere. Furthermore, we use measurements from ERA‐interim analysis to establish the ambient neutral atmospheric conditions before the Beirut explosion event. Finally, the observed ionospheric wave perturbations appear to be in good agreement with the expected arrival of acoustic gravity waves generated following the explosion. Detection and characterization of ionospheric perturbations generated by the 2020 Beirut explosionSignatures of acoustic gravity wave activity generated by the event are observedLower and upper atmospheric coupling due to anthropogenic explosion is investigated Detection and characterization of ionospheric perturbations generated by the 2020 Beirut explosion Signatures of acoustic gravity wave activity generated by the event are observed Lower and upper atmospheric coupling due to anthropogenic explosion is investigated

Little is known about the physiologic regulation of the vestibular end organ blood flow. The purpose of the current study was to examine posterior semicircular canal ampulla blood flow in addition to systemic factors during intravenous infusions of calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), a factor involved in the tonic regulation of blood How. Receptors for this factor are known to be available to the vascular supply of the vestibular organs. Local blood flow using laser Doppler fiowmetry and systemic parameters were monitored during infusion of CGRP, CGRP antagonists and control vehicle. The results show relatively stable vestibular blood flow (VBF), concentration-dependent decreases in systemic blood pressure, and elevations in heart rate. Pretreatment with CGRP(8-37), a specific receptor antagonist, attenuated these responses to subsequent CGRP infusions.These findings suggest a rigid regulation of VBF in the presence of a systemically active vasodilator.

Abstract: Several authors have proposed that complications arising from vestibular disorders are the result of compromised circulation. The purpose of the current study was to assess the ability of flunarizine and pentoxifylline to increase peripheral vestibular blood flow (VBF), since flunarizine is a selective calcium-channel entry blocker that inhibits calcium-related contraction of smooth muscle, while pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative that promotes microcirculation by affecting red blood cell malleability. Both of these treatment strategies have received considerable attention in clinics and laboratory, but their effects on blood flow are unclear. Changes in VBF were evaluated from the posterior semicircular canal ampulla in guinea pigs using a laser Doppler flowmeter. One group of animals was infused with pentoxifylline at concentrations of 10–40 mg/ml, while a second group was treated with 0.3–1.5 mg/kg flunarizine. VBF, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Findings showed that pentoxifylline induced a concentration-dependent increase in VBF. In contrast, no increase in VBF occurred in response to flunarizine infusions. These studies suggest that the effectiveness of pentoxifylline in the clinical treatment of vestibular disorders may be the result of improved blood flow.

The current literature contains little information on vestibular end organ blood flow. The absence of an accepted model, difficulties applying dynamic in vivo measurement techniques and the inaccessibility of the inner ear organs contribute to the shortage of experimental findings. The purpose of the current study is to introduce the gerbil as a viable model for the in vivo study of vestibular blood flow dynamics. The potent vasoactive peptide, angiotensin III (AIII), was used to provoke blood pressure and blood flow changes. The results of this study demonstrate that viable blood flow measures may be obtained from the vestibule of the gerbil. Dose-dependent changes in blood pressure and vestibular blood flow were observed in response to high concentrations of AIII. Pretreatment with the receptor antagonist, sarthran, attenuated both blood pressure and blood flow increases in response to subsequent AIII infusions. The gerbil model offers the advanlages of easily accessible and identifiable peripheral vestibular organs, as well as responsive local blood flow. Investigations using this model may provide information on the regulation of blood flow during presentation with a variety of stimulus modalities. Information from such studies may lead to development of strategies for treatment of vestibulopathies suspected to be of vascular origins.

Extreme temperature and pressure conditions on the surface of Venus present formidable technological challenges against performing ground‐based seismology. Efficient coupling between the Venusian atmosphere and the solid planet theoretically allows the study of seismically generated acoustic waves using balloons in the upper atmosphere, where conditions are far more clement. However, earthquake detection from a balloon has never been demonstrated. We present the first detection of an earthquake from a balloon‐borne microbarometer near Ridgecrest, CA in July 2019 and include a detailed analysis of the dependence of seismic infrasound, as measured from a balloon on earthquake source parameters, topography, and crustal and atmospheric structure. Our comprehensive analysis of seismo‐acoustic phenomenology demonstrates that seismic activity is detectable from a high‐altitude platform on Earth, and that Rayleigh wave‐induced infrasound can be used to constrain subsurface velocities, paving the way for the detection and characterization of such signals on Venus. The interior structure of Venus remains unknown due to lack of in situ seismic observations. Adverse temperature and pressure conditions on the Venusian surface limit the lifetimes of landers to a few hours, which poses a technological challenge against performing ground‐based seismology to detect venusquakes. Seismic energy on Venus, as on Earth, can be transmitted into the atmosphere through mechanical coupling and propagate as low‐frequency sound (infrasound). Infrasound from earthquakes travels long distances and has been detected from ground‐based stations. This mechanism may allow the detection of seismically generated pressure disturbances on Venus using balloons, enabling remote seismology from its upper atmosphere, where temperature and pressure conditions are far more clement and longer mission lifetimes are likely. However, the feasibility of such a technique has yet to be established through the detection of ground motion following an earthquake using a freely floating balloon. We demonstrate the first detection of an earthquake from a high‐altitude balloon. We explore the dependence of the pressure signal seen by the balloon on parameters such as the magnitude, focal mechanism, location of the earthquake, surface topography, and atmospheric structure. We also show how the signal recorded at the balloon can be used to study the subsurface. First detection of a natural earthquake using balloon‐borne infrasound dataRayleigh wave‐induced infrasound dispersion characteristics provide constraints on subsurface velocitiesShallow waveguides, focal mechanism, and subwavelength topographic changes control infrasound amplitude and dispersion by weak earthquakes First detection of a natural earthquake using balloon‐borne infrasound data Rayleigh wave‐induced infrasound dispersion characteristics provide constraints on subsurface velocities Shallow waveguides, focal mechanism, and subwavelength topographic changes control infrasound amplitude and dispersion by weak earthquakes

Near‐ and far‐field ionospheric responses to atmospheric acoustic and gravity waves (AGWs) generated by surface displacements during the 2015 Nepal Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake are simulated. Realistic surface displacements driven by the earthquake are calculated in three‐dimensional forward seismic waves propagation simulation, based on kinematic slip model. They are used to excite AGWs at ground level in the direct numerical simulation of three‐dimensional nonlinear compressible Navier‐Stokes equations with neutral atmosphere model, which is coupled with a two‐dimensional nonlinear multifluid electrodynamic ionospheric model. The importance of incorporating earthquake rupture kinematics for the simulation of realistic coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) is demonstrated and the possibility of describing faulting mechanisms and surface deformations based on ionospheric observations is discussed in details. Simulation results at the near‐epicentral region are comparable with total electron content (TEC) observations in periods ( ∼3.3 and ∼6‐10 min for acoustic and gravity waves, respectively), propagation velocities ( ∼0.92 km/s for acoustic waves) and amplitudes (up to ∼2 TECu). Simulated far‐field CIDs correspond to long‐period ( ∼4 mHz) Rayleigh waves (RWs), propagating with the same phase velocity of ∼4 km/s. The characteristics of modeled RW‐related ionospheric disturbances differ from previously‐reported observations based on TEC data; possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Seismically generated AGW dynamics from ground to exobase are simulated based on realistic spatial and temporal surface displacementsSimulation results of near‐epicentral ionospheric responses to AGWs are consistent with observations in amplitudes, periods, and speedsResults identify challenges and opportunities for faulting mechanism characterization based on ionospheric observations

The mechanical coupling between solid planets and their atmospheres enables seismically induced acoustic waves to propagate in the atmosphere. We numerically simulate this coupled system for two application cases: active seismic experiments (ASEs) and passive seismic experiments. A recent ASE (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077481) observed the infrasonic signals produced by a seismic hammer. To measure the sensitivity of observations to seismic parameters, we attempt to reproduce the results from this experiment at short range by considering a realistic unconsolidated subsurface and an idealized rock‐solid subsurface. At long range, we investigate the influence of the source by using two focal mechanisms. We found surface waves generate an infrasonic plane head wave in the ASE case of the rock‐solid material. For the passive seismic experiments, the amplitude of atmospheric infrasound generated by seismic surface waves is investigated in detail. Despite some limitations, the simulations suggest that balloon measurement of seismically induced infrasound might help to constrain ground properties. During an earthquake, the ground shakes the air above. We performed simulations of some seismic events and of the propagation of their consequences in the atmosphere. We found that observing the displacement of the air close to a seismic event can give information about the properties of the soil. This perspective is particularly interesting for planetary investigation. For example, it is impossible to study Venus' interior with ground instruments because of the harsh conditions at its surface. Our work is one of the steps toward proving that the study of Venus' (or any other solid planet) internal structure may be possible with airborne instruments. Full‐wave numerical simulations of the 2‐D coupled ground/atmosphere system under different seismic events are conductedFor active seismic experiments, simulated short‐range/low‐altitude balloon signals depend significantly on near‐surface velocity structureActive seismic experiment data and synthetics present the same seismic infrasound arrivals at similar frequencies

We revisit three complex superstorms of 19–20 November 2003, 7–8 November 2004, and 9–11 November 2004 to analyze ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) effects driven by different solar wind structures associated with complex interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and their upstream sheaths. The efficiency of the solar wind‐magnetosphere connection throughout the storms is estimated by coupling functions. The daytime IT responses to the complex driving are characterized by combining and collocating (where possible) measurements of several physical parameters (total electron content or TEC, thermospheric infrared nitric oxide emission, and composition ratio) from multiple satellite platforms and ground‐based measurements. A variety of metrics are utilized to examine global IT phenomena at ~1 h timescales. The role of direct driving of IT dynamics by solar wind structures and the role of IT preconditioning in these storms, which feature complex unusual TEC responses, are examined and contrasted. Furthermore, IT responses to ICME magnetic clouds and upstream sheaths are separately characterized. We identify IT feedback effects that can be important for long‐lasting strong storms. The role of the interplanetary magnetic field Bycomponent on ionospheric convection may not be well captured by existing coupling functions. Mechanisms of thermospheric overdamping and consequential ionospheric feedback need to be further studied. IT driving by solar wind structures in November 2003 and 2004 storm intervals is analyzedExternal driving effects on the IT system can be altered during strong and/or prolonged storms because of thermospheric feedbackWe suggest that solar wind‐magnetospheric coupling functions could be significantly improved as predictors of IT responses

We observe ionospheric perturbations caused by the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011. Perturbations near the epicenter were found in measurements of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) from 1198 GPS receivers in the Japanese GEONET network. For the first time for this event, we compare these observations with the estimated magnitude and speed of a tsunami‐driven atmospheric gravity wave, using an atmosphere‐ionosphere‐coupling model and a tsunami model of sea‐surface height, respectively. Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) were observed moving away from the epicenter at approximate speeds of 3400 m/s, 1000 m/s and 200–300 m/s, consistent with Rayleigh waves, acoustic waves, and gravity waves, respectively. We focus our analysis on gravity waves moving south and east of the epicenter, since tsunamis propagating in the deep ocean have been shown to produce gravity waves detectable in ionospheric TEC in the past. Observed southeastward gravity wave perturbations, seen ∼60 min after the earthquake, are mostly between 0.5 to 1.5 TECU, representing up to ∼5% of the background vertical TEC (VTEC). Comparisons of observed TID gravity waves with the modeled tsunami speed in the ocean and the predicted VTEC perturbation amplitudes from an atmosphere‐ionosphere‐coupling model show the measurements and models to be in close agreement. Due to the dense GPS network and high earthquake magnitude, these are the clearest observations to date of the effect of a major earthquake and tsunami on the ionosphere near the epicenter. Such observations from a future real‐time GPS receiver network could be used to validate tsunami models, confirm the existence of a tsunami, or track its motion where in situ buoy data is not available. The Tohoku tsunami caused perturbations to ionospheric GPS TEC measurementsGPS TEC observations of ionospheric response compare well with tsunami modelsObservations compare well with an atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling model