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At least five human hepatitis viruses have been identified worldwide. Within the United States, hepatitis A, B, and C are endemic and account for over 97% of acute viral hepatitis infections. Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is rarely reported in the United States but causes large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries. Mounting evidence indicates that HEV is a zoonotic agent that may result in asymptomatic infections. Both hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B, C, and D are bloodborne diseases. This review summarizes the physical properties of these viruses and describes the timing and location of virus during an infection as background information for intelligent handing of these agents in the laboratory. The approaches and methods that should be used for control and prevention are summarized based upon the mode of transmission and the availability of vaccine prevention.

At least five human hepatitis viruses have been identified worldwide. Within the United States, hepatitis A, B, and C are endemic and account for over 97% of acute viral hepatitis infections. Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is rarely reported in the United States but causes large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries. Mounting evidence indicates that HEV is a zoonotic agent that may result in asymptomatic infections. Both hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B, C, and D are bloodborne diseases. This review summarizes the physical properties of these viruses and describes the timing and location of virus during an infection as background information for intelligent handing of these agents in the laboratory. The approaches and methods that should be used for control and prevention are summarized based upon the mode of transmission and the availability of vaccine prevention.