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The extensive utilization of plastic in daily life has significantly contributed to per-day waste generation. The conversion of waste plastic through pyrolysis into fossil fuel is a promising solution to waste management and energy crises. The precise control of the process parameters in the pyrolysis would be a sustainable business model. Since the optimization of process parameters for production yield and the physicochemical properties of waste plastic oil have been underexplored. So, the current research optimized input process parameters of pyrolysis through response surface methodology using a central composite design. The input parameters of the experimental design were reaction temperature (350°C-550°C), retention time (60–300 min), nitrogen flow rate (0–40 ml/s), and ZSM-5 catalyst concentration (1–5 wt%). Waste plastic is converted into the optimized yield of oil (85 %), solid (3 %), and syngas (12 %). Waste plastic oil (WPO) had optimal results of physicochemical properties like heating value (48 MJ/kg), flash point (60 °C), kinematic viscosity (2.1 mm2/s), and density (820 kg/m3). American Society for Testing and Materials Standards validated the produced WPO, which had better fuel properties than petroleum diesel. However, the application of other sustainable biocatalysts and uncondensed gas may be explored in future research.

The current investigation addresses the pressing need to integrate orphan or underutilized crops into mainstream agriculture, focusing on Perilla (Perilla frutescensL.) due to its superior nutritional profile. A major challenge is the lack of fast, cost-effective, and labor-efficient screening methods for germplasm. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) addresses this by providing precise and rapid determination of crucial biochemical parameters. This study developed Modified Partial Least Squares (mPLS) regression-based NIRS prediction models using WinISI and 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to enable high-throughput screening for moisture, ash, proteins, total soluble sugars (TSS), and phenols in Perilla germplasm. Calibration with WinISI involved mathematical treatments, optimizing for each trait: “2,6,6,1” for moisture, “3,4,4,1” for ash and TSS, “3,4,6,1” for protein, and “2,4,6,1” for phenols. The 1D CNN model, with lower mean absolute error (MAE), was further validated. External validation metrics, including RSQexternal, SEP(C), slope, bias, and RPD, assessed prediction accuracy. Comparative evaluation showed WinISI performed better for moisture prediction, while the 1D CNN model excelled in predicting ash, protein, TSS, and total phenol, highlighting the importance of model selection for specific traits. This rapid screening tool aids in identifying nutritionally dense Perilla genotypes, guiding targeted breeding efforts, and represents the first comparative mPLS and DL-based modeling using NIRS data for Perilla.

The development of precise RNA-editing tools is essential for the advancement of RNA therapeutics. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) PspCas13b is a programmable RNA nuclease predicted to offer superior specificity because of its 30-nucleotide spacer sequence. However, its design principles and its on-target, off-target and collateral activities remain poorly characterized. Here, we present single-base tiled screening and computational analyses that identify key design principles for potent and highly selective RNA recognition and cleavage in human cells. We show that the de novo design of spacers containing guanosine bases at precise positions can greatly enhance the catalytic activity of inefficient CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). These validated design principles (integrated into an online tool, https://cas13target.azurewebsites.net/) can predict highly effective crRNAs with ~90% accuracy. Furthermore, the comprehensive spacer–target mutagenesis revealed that PspCas13b can tolerate only up to four mismatches and requires ~26-nucleotide base pairing with the target to activate its nuclease domains, highlighting its superior specificity compared to other RNA or DNA interference tools. On the basis of this targeting resolution, we predict an extremely low probability of PspCas13b having off-target effects on other cellular transcripts. Proteomic analysis validated this prediction and showed that, unlike other Cas13 orthologs, PspCas13b exhibits potent on-target activity and lacks collateral effects.

The present study aimed at utilizing P. hysterophorus—a harmful weed that infested millions of hectares worldwide—for ethanol production. The organosolv pre-treatment of P. hysterophoruswas carried out at 180 °C, maintaining ethanol to distilled water ratio of 3:1, solid to liquid ratio of 1:5, and reaction time of 60 min with 2% of H2SO4(as catalyst). P. hysterophoruswas subjected to FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM analysis to observe the change after pre-treatment. P. hysterophorusproduced total reducing sugars of 24.82±1.2g, ethano-organosolv lignin of 20.11±1.5g, and acid soluble lignin of 0.95±0.19g in hydrolysate after organosolv pre-treatment. Pre-treated substrate after enzymatic hydrolysis with Talaromyces stipitatusMTCC-12687 and Aspergillus nigerNFCCI-4113 produced total reducing sugars of 32.34±1.2 and 32.85±1.2 g/100g of oven-dried material and total mass balance of 79.35 and 79.86 g/100 g of total solids respectively. The glucose and xylose recovery after enzymatic hydrolysis with T. stipitatusMTCC-12687and A. nigerNFCCI-4113 were 94.3 and 94.8% and 63.3 and 63.4% respectively from the sample of P. hysterophoruscoded as “H.” Detoxification of pre-treated hydrolysate was carried out using over-liming followed by activated charcoal treatment, and 86.3% and 94.2% reduction were found in furan and total phenols respectively with a loss of 4.5% of reducing sugar. Total reducing sugars after pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were mixed and subjected to co-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMTCC-170 and Pichia stipitisNCIM-3497 in the ratio of 1:1 and produced 0.422g ethanol/g reducing sugars.

[Display omitted] Over past three decades, scientists have worked toward creating different photocatalytic materials with distinct features, with the goal of successful technology transfer. Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (BTO)-based materials offer many uses in photocatalytic technology, including wastewater remediation and green energy production. To counter the potential limitations of BTO photocatalyst i.e. quick recombination of photogenerated charges and for increasing visible light absorption and enhancing the photocatalytic activity, several approaches including developing surface defects, elemental doping, formation of heterojunctions and construction of oxygen vacancies were examined in this review. This review discusses the different techniques used in the synthesis of BTO based photocatalysts. This study presents the most recent advances in the development of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 -based photocatalysts for the efficient degradation organic pollutants, hydrogen energy production and reduction of carbon dioxide into valuable fuels. At the end, the current issues and future prospective in engineering and use of BTO based photocatalyst for improving photocatalytic activity under lab control and large-scale conditions are also discussed. Conclusively, this review aims to inspire more creative work on designing BTO based photocatalysts with great potential which accelerates the discovery of high performance photocatalysts for environmental remediations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-cost, slightly high input-power, and poor power-quality at a supply-side are the main concerns in a traditional brushless direct current motor ceiling-fan (BLDCM-CF), which limits its utility. This article addresses retrofit solutions of problems in an existing BLDCM-CF to increase utility and user attraction to use it. In this, discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM)-operated, coupled-inductor-based (CIB) switched-inductor Ćuk-converter (SICC) with an inherent active power factor correction is used at front-end to simplify control and to enhance supply-side-power-quality (SSPQ). Unlike an existing Ćuk-converter, presented SICC offers a high step-down gain with an effective operation over a wide variation in output-voltage (15–48 V), which partially fulfills requirement of a high-frequency transformer (HFT). It reduces HFT-losses and converter-cost. CF-motor is rewound for a 48 V with reduced-gauge aluminum-winding, which offers low i2R losses, cost, and weight. Moreover, inverter losses are minimized with fundamental switching. These modifications in an existing BLDCM-CF considerably reduce input-power, overall-cost, and weight. SSPQs are improved (crest-factor: 1.49, current THD: 1.38%, and PF: 0.999) with low power-input (27.73 W). Finally, the performance and effectiveness of given BLDCM-CF are validated using a lab-prototype.

Recent advancements in the communication arena demand small-size devices with better transmission and minimum losses. Switches are the basic building blocks for any communication system. MEMS switches offer better performance in terms of size and losses than their mechanical and solid-state counterparts. Out of different MEMS switch types, ohmic switches are preferred over capacitive switches in terms of large bandwidth. Ohmic switches work over the entire frequency range starting from dc, whereas capacitive switches only operate in a particular frequency band. Hence, ohmic switches are preferred to cover multibands. However, the insertion loss of the usual series ohmic switches is higher than the capacitive switches due to contact resistance. In this article, a new concept for a shunt ohmic switch with low insertion loss has been designed and characterized. The contact resistance term is removed from the switch in the ON state. The insertion loss of the proposed shunt ohmic switch is less than −0.3 dB, and isolation is better than −17 dB over the frequency range of dc-6 GHz. The proposed switch is suitable for all the communication bands from 2G to 6G till sub-6-GHz technology.

Present research critically investigates drying sensitivity and cement hydration resumption in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). To determine minimum post-curing time for optimum strength resumption in RAC, a curing ratio (δ) is introduced. Curing ratio is defined as the ratio between post-curing duration and delay time before curing. Drying sensitivity of RAC is observed significantly lower than NAC. The maximum strength loss under drying conditions is 25.9% in RAC (OPC) and 23.2% in RAC (PPC). Strength criteria determine the curing ratios of RAC (OPC) and RAC (PPC) as 2.22 and 0.30. The maximum delay time for RAC (OPC) and RAC (PPC) is determined at 8 days and 21 days with a minimum post-curing for 17.76 and 6.63 days. The longest allowable delay produces ion penetration less than 1000 Coulombs, resistivity greater than 208 ohm-m, superior structural integrity and internal compactness, and sorptivity comparable to RACs cured after a shorter delay.

The use of an effective photocatalyst is critical for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water using visible light, which is an essential prerequisite for wastewater treatment. In this work, the Z-scheme heterostructure photocatalyst of Bi2Ti2O7/CaIn2S4(BTO–CIS) with high effectiveness for the degradation of crystal violet was successfully synthesized using a two-step process combining hydrothermal treatment and coprecipitation. The BTO/CIS heterojunction demonstrated a high photocatalytic efficacy of 98.58% in degrading CV after 15 min of visible light exposure. In comparison, BTO and CIS individually degraded CV by up to 62.01 and 75.80%, respectively, though over an extended duration of 50 min. The combination of BTO and CIS results in an increase in the separation of charges at the interface, which ultimately leads to an increase in the efficiency of the catalyst. Furthermore, ESR measurements and quenching studies have identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O2–) as the main active species. Additionally, the BTO/CIS heterojunction exhibited significant degradation efficacy against ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Furthermore, the synthesized Bi2Ti2O7/CaIn2S4heterojunction demonstrated exceptional stability, which is advantageous for practical applications in wastewater treatment.

Reconfigurable systems play an important role in the design of reconfigurable wireless communication systems. In the traditional approach, separate transmit and receive pathways are required for every supported communication standard/frequency band for an RF front-end architecture. However, this approach increases the complexity and size of the system. This problem can be solved by employing subsystems, or blocks, that can function across multiple frequency bands and standards or that can reconfigure themselves based on the spectrum. This flexibility can free up finite spectrum resources to enable a miniaturized system. Therefore, microwave subsystems should ideally be reconfigurable and frequency agile in order to handle the vast frequency allocation of the regulated communication bands and the multitude of standards by which these radios must function. Such subsystems would allow for the implementation of new architectures with fewer functional components. Therefore, reconfigurable circuits can be useful for several wireless applications, such as telecommunication and military applications, where new frequency bands are coming or are expected to come. A flow graph for designing reconfigurable circuits is in Figure 1.

The technology-driven gig-platform sector has emerged as a new source of employment generation both globally as well domestically. This recent transformation in the labour market is reshaping the nature of labour practices, labour relations, workers’ rights, and contracts. The sector has huge potential to generate millions of job opportunities by leveraging the use of digital technology. As this sector continues to generate more jobs, such jobs are portrayed as fostering economic growth, while creating ‘meaningful jobs,’ which are mutually beneficial to workers and employers in terms of providing ‘flexibility and freedom,’ ‘better earning opportunity,’ and ‘promoting social inclusion,’ by which it implies that women are increasingly equipped to find better jobs. This article critically examines the developmental roles of platform jobs which are being particularly highlighted within the policy circle, in academic literature, and tech companies through workers’ lens. It delves deeper into the discussion on those very aspects of platform jobs just listed, including the flexibility and freedom debate, workers’ income, and the gender aspect of jobs. In doing so, it carefully examines these aspects with respect to their implications on workers in terms of working conditions and regulatory aspects. The article brings out the workers’ precarity hidden within those developmental aspects of gig-platform jobs.

This paper presents a method for trajectory tracking of constrained mobile manipulators under both holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. An adaptive robust motion/force controller with a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network is proposed to improve the tracking control based on the dynamic model with external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. In this proposed control strategy, the model-based robust compensator is associated with an adaptive controller, which is based on model-free RBF network; it can effectively enhance the control performance. With the proposed method, the trajectory and constraint force can be converged asymptotically to their respective values to reach the desired levels. Neural network estimation errors, as well as boundedness on parameter uncertainties, are all strictly controlled by an updated law of adaptive control. Lyapunov stability theory and the stability of a closed-loop system are ensured by the adaptive robust controller. Finally, simulation results of the proposed approach in a comparative manner with model-based and model-free controllers are performed to demonstrate the adequate performance of adaptive robust control in tracking errors and have a faster reduction rate.

Rice (Oryza sativaL.) is the major staple crop of Eastern Himalayan Region (EHR) and its cultivation and productivity is severely constrained by elevated temperature (T) in cooler mountain regions like EHR. Present study on stress physiological response of indigenous rice cultivars (68no.) of EHR for elevated T of Carbon dioxide temperature gradient chamber (CTGC) revealed that leaf chlorophyll and leaf T has varied significantly with chlorophyll content index (CCI) of 35.05 and 28.34 °C canopy temperature (CT) and range of 25.0–49.3CCI and 23.1–35.9 °C CT. Higher chlorophyll of 35.02–40.0 CCI and cooler canopy T of 26.0–29.0 °C under elevated T was recorded by 45.0% and 51.0% rice cultivars against 35.0% and 65.0% cultivars under ambient T. Under elevated T high photosynthetic types had 23.5% and 60.4% higher photosynthetic rate over moderate and low photosynthetic types, respectively. Cultivar TRC2016-14 had highest SLW (Specific leaf weight) and leaf carotenoids, whereas Saplani and Anjali recorded highest LT (Leaf thickness) and highest Chl a/b ratio under elevated T. CMS (Cell membrane stability) and LRWC (Leaf relative water content) under elevated T was 29.8% and 24.2% lower in low tolerant types (LTT) compared to high tolerant types (HTT). Grain chaffiness was lower in HTT (73.7%) compared to LTT (113.5%), whereas the grain yield was 47.8% lower in LTT than HTT (23.4%). TRC 2016-14 and Anjali showing higher yield of 11.7 and 11.3qt/ha respectively under elevated T are promising for crop stress improvement and cultivation in EHR.

The initial size distribution and morphological parameters of sodium aerosols are critical in evaluating the accidental suspended aerosol behaviour in Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) containment. Mass-based measurements were more familiar in characterizing the sodium aerosols. Real-time number size distribution measurements are carried out in this study. The sensitivity analysis of sodium aerosol effective density (ρe) in deriving the actual number size distributions from the measured Aerodynamic Particle Size Distributions (APSD) and predicting suspended aerosol dynamics is presented. Tests are conducted in a 1 m3chamber at 47 ± 3% RH for different initial mass concentrations (M0) of 0.1, 1, and 2.9 g/m3. The initial APSDs measured just after the generation completions are observed to be polydisperse with the count median aerodynamic diameter (CMAD) < 1 μm. The literature reported ρevalues of sodium aerosols, 2.27, 1.362, and 0.61 g/cm3are used to derive mobility equivalent PSDs from APSD in each test. The real-time number concentration decay and size growth for four different PSDs are measured and compared with the estimate using nodal method-based code to ascertain the actual parameters. The validated parameters CMD = 0.66 μm, σg = 1.96, ρe = 1 g/cm3and χ = 1 are used for improved estimation of sodium aerosol dynamics in Indian SFR containment with M0 = 4 g/m3for severe accident scenarios.

AbstractCancer is one of the most prominent causes of death worldwide and tubulin is a crucial protein of cytoskeleton that maintains essential cellular functions including cell division as well as cell signalling, that makes an attractive drug target for cancer drug development. 1,3,4-oxadiazoles disrupt microtubule causing G2-M phase cell cycle arrest and provide anti-proliferative effect. In this study, field-based 3D-QSAR models were developed using 62 bioactive anti-tubulin 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. The best model characterized by PLS factor 7 was rigorously validated using various statistical parameters. Generated 3D-QSAR model having high degree of confidence showed favourable and unfavourable contours around 1,3,4-oxadiazole core that assisted in defining proper spatial positioning of desired functional groups for better bioactivity. A five featured pharmacophore model (AAHHR_1) was developed using same ligand library and validated through enrichment analysis (BEDROC160.9 value = 0.59, Average EF 1% = 27.05, and AUC = 0.74). Total 30,212 derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole obtained from PubChem database was prefiltered through validated pharmacophore model and docked in XP mode on binding cavity of tubulin protein (PDB code: 1SA0) which led into the identification of 11 HITs having docking scores between −7.530 and −9.719 kcal/mol while the reference compound Colchicine exerted docking score of −7.046 kcal/mol. Following the analysis of MM-GBSA and ADME studies, HIT1 and HIT4 emerged as the two promising hits. To verify their thermodynamic stability at the target site, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out. Both HITs were further subjected to DFT analysis to determine their HOMO-LUMO energy gap for ensuring their biological feasibility. Finally, molecular docking based structural exploration for 1,3,4-oxadiazoles to set up a lead of Formula I for further advancements of tubulin polymerization inhibitors as anti-cancer agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Apigenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has received substantial attention due to its various pharmacological effects, particularly in cancer therapy. This review delves deeply into apigenin's phytochemical properties and pharmacological activity, with a particular emphasis on its potential as a targeted cancer therapy. We conducted an exhaustive literature study to investigate the molecular processes underlying apigenin's anticancer actions, such as its ability to induce apoptosis, block angiogenesis, and decrease metastasis. We also examine its synergistic effects with conventional chemotherapy drugs and its potential as an adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, the paper discusses current advances in nanoparticle-based delivery systems that improve the bioavailability and efficacy of apigenin in cancer treatment. This detailed investigation aims to provide insights into apigenin's therapeutic capabilities and future possibilities in targeted cancer treatment.

The non-availability of efficient buckwheat genotypes is a challenge to achieve higher productivity under organic farming. Hence, this study was undertaken during three consecutive rabiseasons (2016–19) in the Sikkim state of the Indian Himalayas to evaluate the agronomic performance of different buckwheat genotypes under organic farming. Twelve buckwheat genotypes were tested in three times replicated randomized block design. Results revealed that among the buckwheat genotypes, PRB-1 had the tallest plant (68.3 cm) while IC 109729 had the shortest (41.8 cm). However, the maximum above-ground dry matter accumulation (10.7 g plant−1) and leaf area index (2.59) were noticed in IC 49671 followed by IC 109433. While the chlorophyll content (2.08 mg g−1) was highest in Sangla B-1. Local Meethay was short duration (78 days) buckwheat genotype while Sangla B-1 took the maximum number of days (113 days) to attain maturity. The highest number of branches plant−1(12.8) and seeds clusters plant−1(28.7) was recorded in IC 49671. The maximum production efficiency (14.2 kg ha−1day−1), profitability (649.6 US$ ha−1day−1), and the nutrients’ acquisition (122 kg N ha−1, 30.5 kg P ha−1and 98.8 kg K ha−1) were recorded under IC 49671 closely followed by IC 109433. Overall findings suggested that the buckwheat genotype IC 49671 and IC 109433 are suitable candidates for organic cultivation in the Eastern Himalayan region of India.

This scoping review summarizes the literature on neonatal physiotherapy among neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), identifies gaps in the literature, and provides future recommendations for better research.

This paper is concerned with the experimental and theoretical evaluation of the tensile strength of carbon fabric-reinforced epoxy composites developed using hand lay-up and vacuum bagging techniques. The developed CFRP composite laminates were subjected to tensile tests as per ASTM D3039 at different strain rates of 1 s−1, 10 s−1, and 100 s−1. The statistical analysis of the experimental results was conducted using a two-parameter Weibull distribution function. The results showed an increase in tensile strength with an increase in strain rate for composite laminates produced using both fabrication techniques. The tensile modulus also showed an increasing trend with respect to strain rate, but the increase was marginal, while elongation at break showed a decreasing trend. For all cases of strain rate, the vacuum bag-fabricated composite laminates showed higher tensile strength and modulus values except for elongation at break when compared with the laminates fabricated with hand lay-up. Cumulative probability density data, along with Weibull parameters, were utilised to determine theoretical tensile strength. The projected tensile strength values closely matched the experimental results, with a minimal difference of approximately 6.2% observed in the context of composite laminates fabricated under vacuum bag conditions. Fracture analysis identified distinct failure mechanisms: adhesive failure at the fabric/matrix interface for the hand lay-up method and brittle fracture as the predominant failure mode for laminates produced using vacuum bagging techniques.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a carbohydrate binding protein that has been implicated in the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. Proof-of-principal animal models have demonstrated that inhibition of Gal-3 is a potentially viable pathway for the treatment of fibrosis─with small molecule Gal-3 inhibitors advanced into clinical trials. We hereby report the discovery of novel galactose-based monosaccharide Gal-3 inhibitors comprising 2-methyl-4-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (compound 20) and 4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (compound 15). Notably, hindered rotation caused by steric interaction between the 3-thione and ortho-trifluoromethyl group of compounds 20, 21induced formation of thermodynamically stable atropisomers. Distinct X-ray cocrystal structures of 20and 21were obtained, which clearly demonstrated that the configuration of 21proscribes a key halogen bonding σ-hole interaction of 3-chloro with carbonyl oxygen of Gly182, thereby leading to significant loss in potency. Ultimately, 20and 15were evaluated in mouse pharmacokinetic studies, and both compounds exhibited oral exposures suitable for further in vivoassessment.

The expansion of agroforestry has immense potential in mitigating and curbing regional and/or global climate change. In the present study, agroforestry systems, viz., agrihorticulture (AH), agrisilviculture (AS), and agrihortisilviculture (AHS), were explored for biomass production and carbon density in vegetation as well as in soil in two different climatic conditions, viz., high hills, dry temperate (C1) and high hills, dry and cold temperate (C2). The results revealed that production of above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) were found to be maximum in AS followed by AHS and minimum under AH systems. A similar trend was also observed for litter biomass production. Moreover, the maximum soil organic carbon (SOC; 1.26%) was recorded in the AHS system and minimum (1.14%) in AS system whereas vegetation carbon density displayed its maximum value (63.09 t ha−1) in AS system, followed by AHS (56.20 t ha−1) and AH system (40.85 t ha−1). Litter carbon density and total carbon density (vegetation + soil) followed the trend: AS ~ AHS > AH. Unlike agroforestry systems, climatic conditions failed to exert any significant influence on different biomass components. However, the SOC and total carbon increased with a change in climatic conditions from C1to C2but declined with an increase in soil depth. Contrary to leaf litter and soil organic carbon for which a reverse trend was observed for climatic conditions. Overall, the study establish that the various agroforestry land use systems had a substantial impact on the capacity for biomass production and carbon storage; however, the influence of climatic conditions was confined to soil and total C density. Thus, agroforestry in temperate regions could be considered one of the potential natural-based climate solutions.

Addressing carbon emissions from hard-to-abate heavy industries has become critical for mitigating global climate change. This review systematically examines the current landscape, practical routes to decarbonise, and future pathways toward achieving net-zero emissions in four critical sectors: iron and steel, cement, coal-fired power generation, and chemical synthesis industries. The paper also underscores the urgent need for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology solutions targeting the CO2emissions from these vital industries. The paper focuses on analysing global efforts to implement commercially viable and cost-effective CCS models to pinpoint the most efficient technologies. Detailed overviews of each industry's carbon capture potential and decarbonization pathways are presented, alongside discussions on innovative, cost-effective CCS technologies currently operational worldwide. Moreover, the paper explores the integration of renewable energy sources as a crucial component in achieving a net-zero future. It also explores negative emission technologies such as Direct Air Capture, Bioenergy coupled with CCS, and Geochemical methods, highlighting their potential to offset emissions from these hard-to-abate industries. By consolidating contemporary advancements, confronting challenges, and projecting future prospects, this paper systematically elucidates the intricate pathways toward attaining carbon neutrality within hard-to-abate industrial sectors.

In the atmosphere, the photodissociation of HONO is a significant source of OH radicals after ozone. In the present study, using Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, we showed that HONO can dissociate on ice and water surfaces without light. In addition, the dissociation time of HONO is found to be much less on the ice surface compared to the same time on the water droplets.