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The effect of solid waste dumpsites leachate on groundwater quality of Yelwa Kagadama Bauchi, in Bauchi State, Nigeria was evaluated using appropriate standard techniques. The parameters determined included nitrite, magnesium, total alkalinity, sulphate, calcium, phosphate, temperature, TDS, conductivity, pH, colour and turbidity. It was discovered that the wells have high level of colour ranges from 0 to 85 which shows that well I 25, well II 60 and well IV 85 did not falls within the standard compared to WHO and NSDWQ standard of 5.00, but other parameters are within the NSDWQ standard. Hence such water should be treated by employing some measures such as applying alum and disinfectant before use which will help to reduce pollutants, but majorly an improved water supply to the study area will go a long way to correct the unhealthy condition. The pH ranges from 6.33 to 7.79 indicating toxic pollution, turbidity was between 0, 1, 8, 12 and 29 NTU respectively and the concentration of nitrite ranges from 0.010 to 0.008 mg/l which falls within the standard, calcium ranges from 83 to 166 mg/l which does not fall within the standard, which shows the presence of hardness in water. The implication is that forming lather with soap. The results show that all but some of the well was strongly polluted but will require certain levels of treatment before use. Also casing of the wells is of critical importance in addition to siting dump site at reasonable distances from wells, sorting, and adoption of clean technology to prevent further contamination of ground water flow are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dump site at Mbodo study area is characterized by diverse kinds of waste, from municipal waste to industrial waste, agricultural waste, and solid waste. Hence, this study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals level in groundwater and leachate around solid waste dumpsite at Mbodo, Rivers State, Nigeria using standard methods after sample treatment. The physiochemical results of the underground waters were studied and the results range are pH (4.50-4.77); Total dissolved solid (7.0-8.0); Total hardness (2.40-4.04); Turbidity (0.4); Conductivity (14-17); chloride (4.6-6.0), Nitrate (0.9). The physiochemical parameters are within the world health organization standard except for pH of the waters which indicates low pH (4.48-4.477). The low pH of the underground water could be due to surrounding factors like elemental compositions of the aquifer, the nature of the underground water, reactions of the elemental components in the water, reactions of metals at the subsurface, dissolution of confined CO2 in the underground water. The leachates have average composition of (Cu= 0.015; Mn=5.565; Fe=15.01). The heavy metals in the underground water are within the permissible limit which can be tolerated by human beings as compared with the world health organization standard. The heavy metals concentrations range from (Ca =0.06-0.11; Mg= 0.05-0.2; Mn=0.02-0.03; Fe= 0.033; Ni=0.047) while Cd, Cr and Pb are not significant. The waste dump at Mbodo study area did not have any significant effect on the proxy underground water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution continuously accumulates in the environment and poses a global threat as it fragments into microplastics and nanoplastics that can harm ecosystems. To reduce the accumulation of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution, bioplastics made from biodegradable materials are promoted as a more sustainable alternative because it can degrade faster than plastics. However, plastics also leach out chemicals as they degrade and disintegrate, but the potential toxicity of these chemicals leaching out from plastics and especially bioplastics is poorly explored. Here, we determined the composition of leachates from plastics and bioplastics and tested their toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. LC-MS analysis of the leachates revealed that bioplastics leached a wider array of chemicals than their counterpart plastics. Toxicity testing in our study showed that the leachates from plastics and bioplastics reduced lifespan, decreased locomotion, and induced neurotoxicity in C. elegans. Leachates from bioplastics reduced C. elegans lifespan more compared to leachates from plastics: by 7%–31% for bioplastics and by 6%–15% for plastics. Leachates from plastics decreased locomotion in C. elegans more compared to leachates from bioplastics: by 8%–34% for plastics and by 11%–24% for bioplastics. No changes were observed in the ability of the C. elegans to respond to mechanical stimuli. The leachates induced neurotoxicity in the following neurons at varying trends: cholinergic neurons by 0%–53% for plastics and by 30%–42% for bioplastics, GABAergic neurons by 3%–29% for plastics and by 10%–23% for bioplastics, and glutamatergic neurons by 3%–11% for plastics and by 15%–29% for bioplastics. Overall, our study demonstrated that chemicals leaching out from plastics and bioplastics can be toxic, suggesting that both plastics and bioplastics pose ecotoxicological and human health risks. [Display omitted] • Bioplastics generally leached a wider array of chemicals than plastics. • Leachates from both plastics and bioplastics demonstrated toxicity in C. elegans. • The leachates reduced lifespan and decreased locomotion. • The leachates were toxic to cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tire wear particles (TWP) are a major source of microplastics in the aquatic environment and the ecological impacts of their leachates are of major environmental concern. Among marine biota, copepods are the most abundant animals in the ocean and a main link between primary producers and higher trophic levels in the marine food webs. In this study, we determined the acute lethal and sublethal effects of tire particle leachates on different life stages of the cosmopolitan planktonic copepod Acartia tonsa. Median lethal concentration (LC 50 , 48 h) ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 g L−1 depending on the life stages, being nauplii and copepodites more sensitive to tire particle leachates than adults. The median effective concentration (EC 50 , 48 h) for hatching was higher than 1 g L−1, indicating a relatively low sensitivity of hatching to tire particle leachates. However, metamorphosis (from nauplius VI to copepodite I) was notably reduced by tire particle leachates with an EC 50 (48 h) of 0.23 g L−1 and the absence of metamorphosis at 1 g L−1, suggesting a strong developmental delay or endocrine disruption. Leachates also caused a significant decrease (10–22%) in the body length of nauplii and copepodites after exposure to TWP leachates (0.25 and 0.5 g L−1). We tested a battery of enzymatic biomarkers in A. tonsa adult stages, but a sublethal concentration of 50 mg L−1 of tire particle leachates did not cause a statistically significant effect on the measured enzymatic activities. Our results show that tire particle leachates can negatively impact the development, metamorphosis, and survival of planktonic copepods. More field data on concentrations of TWPs and the fate and persistence of their leached additives is needed for a better assessment of the risk of tire particle pollution on marine food webs. [Display omitted] • Acute exposure to tire particle leachates caused lethality in all copepod life stages. • Nauplii and copepodites were the most sensitive stages to tire particle leachates. • Metamorphosis was notably reduced, suggesting endocrine disruption. • Tire particle pollution can decrease recruitment success of marine copepods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tire rubber microparticles (TRPs) entering aquatic ecosystems through stormwater runoffs is a significant challenge. TRPs are formed by the abrasion of tires with the road surface and include chemical additives that are an additional cause for concern. Currently, information on the molecular effects of TRPs, or especially its additives, in freshwater organisms is scarce. To address this problem, an array covering different cellular processes has been designed for the freshwater midge Chironomus riparius. Fourth-instar larvae were exposed to two concentrations of TRPs (1 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1) and tire rubber leachates (TRLs) (0,0125 %, 5 %) to evaluate the transcriptional activity by Real-Time PCR. To assess acute toxicity, larvae were exposed for 24 h and genes related to the endocrine system, stress response, DNA repair mechanisms, immune system, oxidative stress, and detoxification mechanisms were evaluated. The activity of the enzymes: glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase was also examined. The main pathway affected was the stress response showing overexpression of HSPs (HSC70. 3 , HSC70. 4 , HSC70. 5 , HSP60). Moreover, there was a reduction of the GSTd3 and catalase disrupting the antioxidant system. The upregulation of InR indicates a potential disturbance in the insulin pathway and ABCB6 activation only in TRPs exposure suggests its potential implication in their transport. However, most of these alterations are caused by TRLs, showing higher toxicity than TRPs. The results obtained in this work provide the first approach at the molecular and cellular levels to elucidate the impact of TRLs in freshwater organisms. To perform a realistic evaluation of the TR effects, additional research is required to assess the TR's long-term effects at the molecular level. [Display omitted] • TR disrupts detoxification and stress system in C. riparius after 24 h exposure. • TRLs have shown higher toxicity to C. riparius than TRPs. • Zinc is the main metal present in TRLs producing toxicity. • Analyzing effects at transcriptional level enables assessing real scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite the increasing interest for biochar as a soil amendment, a knowledge gap remains on its impacts on non-target soil and aquatic species. We hypothesised that biochar particle size and application rate can play a role in the toxicity to biota. Pine woodchip biochar was incorporated in a clean soil at three particle size classes: small (<0.5 mm), medium (1–2 mm), and large (<4 mm), and at two concentrations: 1% and 6% w/w. A laboratory screening with earthworm Eisenia andrei avoidance behaviour bioassay was carried out to test the most adequate application rates, particle sizes and soil-biochar pre-incubation period. Thereafter, a 28-day greenhouse microcosm experiment was conducted as an ecologically more representative approach. Survival, vertical distribution and weight changes of E. andrei, and bait-lamina consumption were recorded. Soil leachates from the microcosms were collected to evaluate their impact on Daphnia magna immobilisation and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) bioluminescence. A feeding experiment with E. andrei was also performed to address earthworm weight changes and to conduct a screening of PAH-type metabolites in their tissue. The 6% <0.5 mm treatment pre-incubated for 96 h induced significant avoidance of the earthworms. Significantly lower bait-lamina consumption was observed in microcosms for the 6% <0.5 mm treatment. Moreover, particle size was a statistically significant factor regarding the loss of weight in the feeding experiment and higher concentration of naphthalene-type metabolites detected in E. andrei tissue, when exposed to <0.5 mm biochar particles. The leachates had no adverse effects on the aquatic species. The results suggest that particles <0.5 mm of pine woodchip biochar can pose sub-lethal effects on soil biota. Highlights • Integrative ecotoxicological assessment of biochar-amended soil was employed. • Bait-lamina consumption was particle size- and application rate-dependent. • Woodchip biochar particles <0.5 mm posed sub-lethal toxicity to earthworms. • Leachates did not induce any adverse effects on the aquatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate 6 different endodontic sealers by characterizing their leachates and comparing their solubility in water over a 4-week period. The solubility of each sealer (Apexit Plus [Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein], MTA Fillapex [Angelus Dental, Londrina, Brazil], AH Plus [Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany], BioRoot RCS [Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France], Total Fill [FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland], and Obturys [Itena, Paris, France]) was tested according to the ISO specification 6876:2012 over a 4-week period. Residues were chemically analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Solubility was analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and elution with 1-way analysis of variance (P <.05). At 24 hours, the solubility of the tested sealers was as follows: AH Plus, 0.0%; Obturys, 0.2%; Apexit Plus, 0.2%; Fillapex, 1.8%; Total Fill, 9.4%; and BioRoot RCS, 13.1%. BioRoot RCS was significantly more soluble than the other sealers, apart from Total Fill (P <.05). After 1 week, the solubility of Total Fill increased to 11.2%, significantly exceeding the solubility of AH Plus, Obturys, and Apexit Plus. After 2 weeks, MTA Fillapex (10.9%) was significantly more soluble than AH Plus, Obturys, and Apexit Plus. High levels of calcium were released from BioRoot RCS, Apexit Plus, MTA Fillapex, and Total Fill. AH Plus released mainly sodium and lanthanum, and Obturys showed an increase of silicon release over time. All sealers met ISO 6876:2012 regarding solubility (limit <3% at 24 hours) with the exception of Total Fill and BioRoot RCS. MTA Fillapex exceeded the limit after 1 week. High levels of calcium were released from all materials, except from the epoxy resin-based sealers. • The investigated calcium silicate sealers do not meet the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association's requirements for solubility. • The hydraulic calcium silicate sealers leached high levels of calcium. • MTA Fillapex and Apexit Plus showed an increasing release of silicon over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microplastics are defined as plastic fragments <5 mm, and they are found in the ocean where they can impact on the ecosystem. Once released in seawater, microplastics can be internalized by organisms due to their small size, moreover they can also leach out several additives used in plastic manufacturing, such as plasticizers, flame retardants, etc., resulting toxic for biota. The aim of this study was to test the toxicity of micronized PVC products with three different colors, upon Paracentrotus lividus embryos. In particular, we assessed the effects of micronized plastics and microplastic leachates. Results showed a decrease of larval length in plutei exposed to low concentrations of micronized plastics, and a block of larval development in sea urchin embryos exposed to the highest dose. Virgin PVC polymer did not result toxic on P. lividus embryos, while an evident toxic effect due to leached substances in the medium was observed. In particular, the exposure to leachates induced a development arrest immediately after fertilization or morphological alterations in plutei. Finally, PVC products with different colors showed different toxicity, probably due to a different content and/or combination of heavy metals present in coloring agents. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Effects of PVC commercial products with different colors were assessed on P. lividus. • Microplastics and their leachates resulted toxic on larval development at high dose. • Microplastics toxicity seems to be mainly due to the leached substances. • Different colors showed different toxicity. • PVC virgin didn't result toxic upon P. lividus embryos. PVC commercial products exerted toxicity upon sea urchin larvae development mainly due to leached substances in seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution is a major concern of our age, eliciting a range of effects on organisms including during embryonic development. Plastic preproduction pellets stunt the development of sea urchins through the leaching of teratogenic compounds. However, the effect of these leachates on adult sea urchins and their fertility is unknown. Here we investigate the effect of PVC leachates on the capacity to produce normal embryos, and demonstrate that adults kept in contaminated water still produce viable offspring. However, we observe a cumulative negative effect by continued exposure to highly polluted water: adult animals had lower counts and disturbed morphological profiles of immune cells, were under increased oxidative stress, and produced embryos less tolerant of contaminated environments. Our findings suggest that even in highly polluted areas, sea urchins are fertile, but that sublethal effects seen in the adults may lead to transgenerational effects that reduce developmental robustness of the embryos. • P. lividus exposed to PVC pellet leachates can produce viable gametes. • Adults treated with PVC leachates produce less robust embryos in contaminated water. • Embryos grown in PVC leachates are aberrant but can be rescued for a period of time. • PVC nurdle leachates modify immune cell morphology and counts in P. lividus. • PVC pellet leachates increase oxidative stress is sea urchins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of leachate samples from Olushosun dumpsite in Ojota, Lagos on the toxicological response of Poecilia reticulata, Hyla and Culex species was investigated using acute and chronic toxicity tests. Physicochemical parameters were analysed in the leachate prior to toxicological assessment against test animals. Computed results showed that pH 7.62 while the acute toxicity assay of leachate sample against test animals revealed a 96hr LC50 of 71.53ml/L, 58.34ml/L and 60.643ml/L for Poecilia, Hyla and Culex species respectively. On the basis of the 96hr LC50 values, the leachate was found to be more toxic against Hyla than Poecilia. The exposure of the Poecilia and Hyla species to sub-lethal concentrations (1/10th of 96hrs LC50) of leachate revealed varied biochemical responses over a 28 day period. The activity of Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) showed significant increase (p<0.05) when compared to control in Hyla while the activity of GSH, SOD and CAT showed significant increase (p<0.05) when compared to control in Poecilia sp. Results from this study showed that leachate can induce adverse environmental effect on organisms. The acute and chronic toxicological response of the test animals could be incorporated into risk assessment of dumpsite leachate, design and management of landfill sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for efficient treatments for solid or liquid wastes containing heavy metals derived from new technologies, such as, smartphones and cell phones has increased in recent years. In this work, cobalt (Co(II)) was leached from spent lithium batteries (LIB’s) and the leachate was treated by adsorption using Spirulina sp. and activated charcoal, aiming the Co(II) recovery. For both adsorbents, the study was firstly performed with synthetic solutions and after, realized with real leachates from LIB’s. The study using synthetic solutions revealed that the adsorption was favored at pH of 6.0 for both adsorbents. Langmuir and Freundlich models were adequate to represent the adsorption equilibrium. The adsorption kinetic curves were well represented by the pseudo-second order model. The maximum adsorption capacities were 95.9 mg g −1 and 50.3 mg g −1 for Spirulina and activated charcoal, respectively. The study with real leachates revealed that 82% of Co(II) was recovered using Spirulina and 72% was recovered using activated charcoal. From these findings it is possible affirm that Spirulina is a renewable green alternative to recovery Co(II) from real leachates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast fashion and our daily use of fibrous materials cause a massive release of microfibres (MF) into the oceans. Although MF pollution is commonly linked to plastics, the vast majority of collected MF are made from natural materials (e.g. cellulose). We investigated the effects of 96-h exposure to natural (wool, cotton, organic cotton) and synthetic (acrylic, nylon, polyester) textile MF and their associated chemical additives on the capacity of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to ingest MF and the effects of MF and their leachates on key molecular and cellular endpoints. Digestive and glycolytic enzyme activities and immune and detoxification responses were determined at cellular (haemocyte viability, ROS production, ABC pump activity) and molecular (Ikb1, Ikb2, caspase 1 and EcSOD expression) levels, considering environmentally relevant (10 MF L−1) and worst-case scenarios (10 000 MF L−1). Ingestion of natural MF perturbed oyster digestive and immune functions, but synthetic MF had few effects, supposedly related with fibers weaving rather than the material itself. No concentration effects were found, suggesting that an environmental dose of MF is sufficient to trigger these responses. Leachate exposure had minimal effects on oyster physiology. These results suggest that the manufacture of the fibres and their characteristics could be the major factors of MF toxicity and stress the need to consider both natural and synthetic particles and their leachates to thoroughly evaluate the impact of anthropogenic debris. Environmental Implication. Microfibres (MF) are omnipresent in the world oceans with around 2 million tons released every year, resulting in their ingestion by a wide array of marine organisms. In the ocean, a domination of natural MF- representing more than 80% of collected fibres-over synthetic ones was observed. Despite MF pervasiveness, research on their impact on marine organisms, is still in its infancy. The current study aims to investigate the effects of environmental concentrations of both synthetic and natural textile MF and their associated leachates on a model filter feeder. [Display omitted] • Environmental concentration of MF is sufficient to perturb oyster physiology. • Tested natural MF elicit higher digestive and inflammatory responses than synthetic. • The physical properties of natural MF might explain the observed perturbation. • In general MF toxicity depends on their properties and intended use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast fashion and our daily use of fibrous materials cause a massive release of microfibres (MF) into the oceans. Although MF pollution is commonly linked to plastics, the vast majority of collected MF are made from natural materials (e.g. cellulose). We investigated the effects of 96-h exposure to natural (wool, cotton, organic cotton) and synthetic (acrylic, nylon, polyester) textile MF and their associated chemical additives on the capacity of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas to ingest MF and the effects of MF and their leachates on key molecular and cellular endpoints. Digestive and glycolytic enzyme activities and immune and detoxification responses were determined at cellular (haemocyte viability, ROS production, ABC pump activity) and molecular (Ikb1, Ikb2, caspase 1 and EcSOD expression) levels, considering environmentally relevant (10 MF L−1) and worst-case scenarios (10 000 MF L−1). Ingestion of natural MF perturbed oyster digestive and immune functions, but synthetic MF had few effects, supposedly related with fibers weaving rather than the material itself. No concentration effects were found, suggesting that an environmental dose of MF is sufficient to trigger these responses. Leachate exposure had minimal effects on oyster physiology. These results suggest that the manufacture of the fibres and their characteristics could be the major factors of MF toxicity and stress the need to consider both natural and synthetic particles and their leachates to thoroughly evaluate the impact of anthropogenic debris. Environmental Implication. Microfibres (MF) are omnipresent in the world oceans with around 2 million tons released every year, resulting in their ingestion by a wide array of marine organisms. In the ocean, a domination of natural MF- representing more than 80% of collected fibres-over synthetic ones was observed. Despite MF pervasiveness, research on their impact on marine organisms, is still in its infancy. The current study aims to investigate the effects of environmental concentrations of both synthetic and natural textile MF and their associated leachates on a model filter feeder. [Display omitted] • Environmental concentration of MF is sufficient to perturb oyster physiology. • Tested natural MF elicit higher digestive and inflammatory responses than synthetic. • The physical properties of natural MF might explain the observed perturbation. • In general MF toxicity depends on their properties and intended use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-use plastics and food packaging are the most common items polluting the environment, commonly identified in surveys and litter monitoring campaigns. There are pushes to ban these products from production and use in different regions, and to replace them with other materials viewed as "safer" or "more sustainable". Here, we address the potential environmental impacts of take-away cups and lids used for hot and cold beverages, consisting of plastic or paper. We produced leachates from plastic cups (polypropylene), lids (polystyrene), and paper cups (lined with polylactic acid), under conditions representative of plastic leaching in the environment. The packaging items were placed and left to leach in sediment and freshwater for up to four weeks, and we tested the toxicity of contaminated water and sediment separately. We used the model aquatic invertebrate Chironomus riparius and assessed multiple endpoints both on larval stages and on emergence to the adult phase. We observed a significant growth inhibition with all the materials tested when the larvae were exposed in contaminated sediment. Developmental delays were also observed for all materials, both in contaminated water and sediment. We investigated teratogenic effects via the analysis of mouthpart deformities in chironomid larvae, and observed significant effects on larvae exposed to polystyrene lid leachates (in sediment). Finally, a significant delay in time to emergence was observed for females exposed to paper cups leachates (in sediment). Overall, our results indicate that all the tested food packaging materials can have adverse effects on chironomids. These effects can be observed from one week of material leaching in environmental conditions, and tend to increase with increasing leaching time. Moreover, more effects were observed in contaminated sediment, indicating that benthic organisms might be especially at risk. This study highlights the risk posed by take-away packaging and their associated chemicals, once discarded into the environment. [Display omitted] • Leachates impacted growth, development, and emergence of chironomid larvae. • Adverse effects were observed for all the tested takeaway packaging materials. • Effects were observed after 7 days of exposure. • Stronger effects were observed in contaminated sediment, compared to water. • Effects increased with increasing leaching time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indiscriminate solid waste disposal to the environment without proper treatment poses a serious threat to the public health. This study was carried out to investigate genotoxicity of the raw and simulated leachates samples collected from Amilegbe municipal dump site located in Ilorin metropolis in Nigeria. Some of the physicochemical properties of both raw and simulated leachate samples were determined. Mice were exposed to 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 25% (raw leachate) and 1%, 5% and 10% concentrations (simulated leachate) respectively for 35 days. Distilled water and colchicine were used for negative and positive control respectively. Two standard genotoxicity tests namely abnormal sperm-head morphology and micronucleus (MN) assays were used to assess possible genotoxicity of the raw and simulated leachates samples. Sperm head morphology assay showed some abnormalities (folded, amorphous, banana shaped, two tails, pin tail among others) and the frequencies of the abnormalities increases was concentrationdependent. Congestion, necrosis, degeneration and appearance of vacuolation were observed in the histopathological analysis of the liver. The histopathological changes were also more pronounced with higher concentrations of raw and simulated leachates. MN and abnormal nuclei frequencies also showed statistically significant differences (p>0.05) such that MN and other nuclear abnormalities reached the maximum at the highest concentration (25% >10% >5% >2.5%>1%). This study shows that the raw and simulated leachates contain potentially genotoxic and cytotoxic substances capable of causing DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population growth and the intensification of socio-economic activities in the region of Annaba, have a direct impact of increasing waste discharge of all kinds at its landfill. This last represents a real source of environmental pollution. This study aims to identify this pollution and its risks. Therefore, physico-chemical analyses were performed on leachates and water of the plain, which is located in the downstream of the landfill representing a direct relation with a highly sensitive ecosystem of the Fetzara Lake. A sampling campaign and analysis (pH, Eh, T, EC, major ions, heavy metals) were performed on all points (wells, boreholes and leachates). The mapping of hydrochemical elements allows the understanding of the pollution mechanisms and their origins. The use of LWPI as a tool for identifying hazards show that the leachate have a significant impact on water quality of the study area. A diagnosis of risks on public health has been achieved using the RI as hazard index. Results indicates few scenarios of water uses and show the significant influence of the old landfill site on the quality of water and the degradation of people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become a global environmental and public health issue due to its high production volume and inadequate management practices in many countries. E-waste contains hazardous substances including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals which when inappropriately recycled or processed can result in environmental contamination by these toxicants. Exposure to these components arises through dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation. One of the major health concerns is the DNA damaging potential of e-waste in exposed plants and animals, especially humans. Studies on e-waste induced DNA damage in plants have been limited to the use of the Allium cepa assay; while different cell lines such as the human promonocytic leukemia cell line, the fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell line and human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been utilized to show that e-waste can induce various forms of genetic damages. Genetic studies using fish and mice further showed that e-waste induced somatic and germ cell mutations. In humans, studies have shown that e-waste induced chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, testicular dysfunction and prostate cancer; altered gene expression and reduced placental telomere length. Since e-waste accumulation is on the increase with possible complex combinatorial effects of its toxicants, this review addresses the need for assessment of the potential DNA damaging effects of such an unprecedented exposure scenario. In this review, we surveyed the literature to provide updated information on e-waste's potential DNA damaging effect in different organisms, both in vitro and in vivo. The review buttressed the fact that e-waste is hazardous; hence, disposal and recycling should be properly monitored. Further studies are necessary to unravel and have a holistic view of the 'potential genetic danger posed by e-waste constituents in living organisms, as well as the possible mechanism of DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection treatment is an indispensable water purification process, but it can leave trace concentrations of disinfectant in the purified water. Disinfectants oxidation can age plastic pipes and release hazardous microplastics and chemicals into drinking water. Lengths of commercially-available unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene random copolymer water pipe were ground into particles and exposed to micro-molar concentrations of ClO 2 , NaClO, trichloroisocyanuric acid, or O 3 for up to 75 days. The disinfectants aged the plastic and changed its surface morphology and functional groups. Meanwhile, disinfectants could significantly promote the release of organic matter from plastic pipes into the water. ClO 2 generated the highest concentrations of organic matter in the leachates from both plastics. Plasticizers, antioxidants and low molecular weight organic matter were detected in all of the leachates. Leachate samples inhibited the proliferation of CT26 mouse colon cancer and induced oxidative stress in the cells. Even trace concentrations of residual disinfectant can constitute a drinking water risk. [Display omitted] • Disinfectants changed the physical and chemical properties of plastic pipe. • Disinfectants facilitated the release of organic matters from plastic pipe. • Organic compounds released from plastics have potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterizes the leachates quality of an active dumpsite in Warri, Delta State and also analyses its contamination or pollution potential. Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) - a tool for quantifying pollution potential of leachates generated from dumpsites - has been used to quantify the leachates contamination potential of the dumpsite. The LPI values for the different sample locations L1, L2 and L3 were computed to be 5.69, 6.18 and 5.89 respectively with a mean value of 5.80, while the control had a value of 4.82. These LPI values were also compared with the LPI standard (7.38) for treated leachates. Comparison of the mean LPI value (5.80) with the standard (7.38) indicated a relatively low contamination potential of the leachates. Moreover, it was observed that the concentration of the individual parameters of the leachates is quite variable. The organic strength (BOD5 divided by COD) of the dumpsite was less than 0.5, while the pH values indicated that all sample locations in terms of age was mature, an indication of dumpsite stabilization. The study recommends continuous monitoring of leachates and upgrade to an engineered landfill to forestall possible pollution problems in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential adverse effects of e-waste recycling activity on environment are getting increasing concern. In this work, a model alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, was employed to assess the toxic effects of the leachates of paddy soils and river sediments collected from e-waste dismantling sites. Chemical analysis of the paddy soils and river sediments and their leachates were carried out and the growth rate, chlorophyll a fluorescence and anti-oxidative systems of the alga were measured. Results showed that two leachates decreased the amount of PSII active reaction centers and affected photosynthesis performance, interfered with chlorophyll synthesis and inhibited algal growth. Some chemical pollutants in the sediments and soils such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metals derived from e-waste recycling activity may impose oxidative stress on algae and affect the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes such as GST, SOD, CAT and APX. The leachates of both river sediments and paddy soils are potentially toxic to the primary producers, P. subcapitata and the leachate from sediments was more deleterious than that from soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal leachates are loaded with heavy metals that can contaminate surface water before discharge into a receiving body of water. The aim of this study is to evaluate the genotoxic effects of heavy metals generated by domestic waste on the common roach Rutilus rutilus in the last of the four interconnected ponds at the Etueffont landfill. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) since it has been shown to be a powerful means of detecting a broad range of DNA damage due to environmental contaminants. Our results show the ability of RAPD analysis to detect significant genetic alterations in roach DNA, after contamination with a set of metals contained in the landfill leachates in comparison to a roach from a non-polluted reference pond. Analysis of electrophoresis profiles indicates apparent changes such as the appearance of new bands or disappearance of bands as compared to the control. In fact, mixed smearing and laddering of DNA fragments in muscle samples support the genotoxic effects of metal deposits in the roach. This study is the first evidence found via the RAPD-PCR technique in the detection of pollutant impacts on fish exposed to landfill leachates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are one of the major sources of environmental pollution. Leachates from these wastes might contaminate the water sources and affect quality of environment. The study was carried out to determine the possible toxic effects of leachates from MSW in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ). Third instar larvae exposed to 1.0–3.0% of these leachates at different time intervals were examined for hsp70 expression, oxidative stress enzyme activities, proteotoxicity, tissue damage along with effect on emergence and reproduction. Maximum hsp70 expression was observed in the larvae exposed to highly acidic leachates. Overwhelming of hsp70 expression in the exposed larvae caused a concomitant decline in total protein content and a significant elevation in oxidative stress enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) product. The leachates caused a significant delay in emergence of flies and affected the reproductive performance of the flies at the tested concentrations. The present study highlights the toxic potential of MSW leachates and the advantage of Drosophila as a model to evaluate the impact of leachates at organismal and cellular levels, also advocating Hsp70 as the first tier indicator of toxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Improper disposal of hazardous wastes can lead to release of potentially harmful substances through leaching such as heavy metals, which ultimately contaminate soil, sediment surface water, and groundwater through runoff. To remove these toxic metals and avoid any adverse effect on the ecosystem, a novel approach involving calcium alginate (CA) beads containing humic acid (HA) was used. For this, 10% leachates of the waste obtained from two major industrial units with electroplating processess were prepared at neutral pH and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Both leachates contained Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn. The concentrations of Ni, Mn, Fe, and Zn in the waste were found to be significant. The leachates analyzed were passed through columns packed with calcium alginate beads with or without humic acid. The concentrations of various metals in beads and in different fractions collected after adsorption were measured. Data recorded indicate that calcium alginate beads containing humic acids are more efficient in removal of all metals in substantial amounts from the two leachates. Along with removal of metals, this process led to considerable detoxification of the leachates as tested by Microtox assay, indicated by earlier protection and higher EC50. The significance of the results in relation to removal of toxic metals by beads containing humic acid is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the current COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has been quantified in wastewater in various countries, and wastewater based epidemiology has been proposed as a potential early warning tool for new outbreaks. However, even taking into account that poorly treated wastewater and sewage sludge may be spread on soils, there is no published paper dealing with the quantification of the virus in soil-related liquid samples, as could be runoff, leachates, or soil solution. To fill this gap, the authors of this piece propose reflections on the development of a methodological approach for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 (and eventually other pathogens) in soil-related liquid samples. Image 1 • No previous study has focused on SARS-CoV-2 in soil-related liquid samples. • Previous papers alert on risks related to mutations and new transmission routes. • We encourage a methodological approach for quantifying the virus in these samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution has become ubiquitous, affecting a wide variety of biota. Although microplastics are known to alter the development of a range of marine invertebrates, no studies provide a detailed morphological characterisation of the developmental defects. Likewise, the developmental toxicity of chemicals leached from plastic particles is understudied. The consequences of these developmental effects are likely underestimated, and the effects on ecosystems are unknown. Using the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a model, we studied the effects of leachates of three forms of plastic pellet: new industrial pre-production plastic nurdles, beached pre-production nurdles, and floating filters, known as biobeads, also retrieved from the environment. Our chemical analyses show that leachates from beached pellets (biobead and nurdle pellets) and highly plasticised industrial pellets (PVC) contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are known to be detrimental to development and other life stages of animals. We also demonstrate that these microplastic leachates elicit severe, consistent and treatment-specific developmental abnormalities in P. lividus at embryonic and larval stages. Those embryos exposed to virgin polyethylene leachates with no additives nor environmental contaminants developed normally, suggesting that the abnormalities observed are the result of exposure to either environmentally adsorbed contaminants or pre-existing industrial additives within the polymer matrix. In the light of the chemical contents of the leachates and other characteristics of the plastic particles used, we discuss the phenotypes observed during our study, which include abnormal gastrulation, impaired skeletogenesis, abnormal neurogenesis, redistribution of pigmented cells and embryo radialisation. Image 1 • Beach collected pellets and new PVC microparticles leach PCBs and PAHs to seawater. • Sea urchin development is negatively affected by chemicals in the leached seawater. • Leachates have treatment specific effects on sea urchin embryos. • Gastrulation, axis formation, skeletal and neural development are affected. Capsule: We demonstrate that plastic particles retrieved from the marine environment or factory settings leach contaminants to the water that adversely affect early development of sea-urchins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, but little information is currently available on the dangers and risks to living organisms. In order to assess the ecotoxicity of environmental microplastics (MPs), samples were collected from the beaches of two islands in the Guadeloupe archipelago, Petit-Bourg (PB) located on the main island of Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante (MG) on the second island of the archipelago. These samples have a similar polymer composition with mainly polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). However, these two samples are very dissimilar with regard to their contamination profile and their toxicity. MPs from MG contain more lead, cadmium and organochlorine compounds while those from PB have higher levels of copper, zinc and hydrocarbons. The leachates of these two samples of MPs induced sublethal effects on the growth of sea urchins and on the pulsation frequency of jellyfish ephyrae but not on the development of zebrafish embryos. The toxic effects are much more marked for samples from the PB site than those from the MG site. This work demonstrates that MPs can contain high levels of potentially bioavailable toxic substances that may represent a significant ecotoxicological risk, particularly for the early life stages of aquatic animals. • Microplastics were collected on beaches from 2 islands in the Guadeloupe archipelago. • MPs collected have similar polymer composition but dissimilar chemical composition. • Leachates from both sites are toxic for sea urchin larvae and jellyfish ephyrae. • Toxicity levels differ between sites. • Toxicity differences may be attributed to differences in chemical impregnation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry, while of major importance in the world economy, is a toxic industry utilizing and emitting thousands of chemical substances into the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to study the potentially harmful effects associated with the leaching of chemical residues from three different types of textiles: sportswear, children's bath towels, and denim using different fish models (cell lines, fish larvae and juvenile fish). A combination of in vitro and in vivo test systems was used. Numerous biomarkers, ranging from gene expression, cytotoxicity and biochemical analysis to behavior, were measured to detect effects of leached chemicals. Principle findings indicate that leachates from all three types of textiles induced cytotoxicity on fish cell lines (RTgill-W1). Leachates from sportswear and towels induced mortality in zebrafish embryos, and chemical residues from sportswear reduced locomotion responses in developing larval fish. Sportswear leachate increased Cyp1a mRNA expression and EROD activity in liver of exposed brown trout. Leachates from towels induced EROD activity and VTG in rainbow trout, and these effects were mitigated by the temperature of the extraction process. All indicators of toxicity tested showed that exposure to textile leachate can cause adverse reactions in fish. These findings suggested that chemical leaching from textiles from domestic households could pose an ecotoxicological threat to the health of the aquatic environment. ga1 • Textiles leachates were screened for toxicity using in vitro and in vivo testing. • Leachates from sportswear, towels and jeans caused cytotoxicity in fish cell lines. • Some leachates induced mortality in zebrafish embryos and reduced larval locomotion responses. • Biomarkers (Cyp1a , EROD, VTG, MT-a , GSH) were induced in trout species in vivo. • Chemical leaching from textiles could pose an ecotoxicological threat in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine plastic debris can act as a reservoir of chemical additives that can pose a potential threat to sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs. A survey of foam macrodebris collected on beaches indeed revealed high concentrations of hexabromocyclododecanes (ΣHBCDD) in polystyrene (PS) samples (up to 1940 μg g−1). Results also showed that PS fragments can still leach over 150 ng g−1 d−1 of ΣHBCDD (primarily as the α-isomer) for relatively long durations, and that these additives are readily bioaccumulated and well-retained by corals. Despite significant HBCDD bioaccumulation in coral tissue, short-term exposure to HBCDD or PS leachate had no considerable effect on coral photosynthetic activity, symbiont concentration and chlorophyll content. Exposure to the PS leachate did however cause consistent polyp retraction in nubbins over the 5-day exposure. This response was not observed in animals exposed to HBCDD alone, suggesting that another constituent of the leachate stressed corals. Unlabelled Image • Most beached foam macrodebris had elevated concentrations of HBCDD. • HBCDD containing polystyrene can release additives over relatively long durations. • Corals can bioaccumulate these brominated flame retardants. • Polyp retraction was the only short-term observed physiological effect of leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics, heavy metals and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills have aroused more attentions due to their potential risk toward the ecosystems and public healthcare, but the contents and relationships of them have yet to be systematically understood during landfilling process. In this study, we selected refuse samples with different ages from two representative landfills and leachate samples from three major landfills. The total contents of measured antibiotics and metals respectively ranged from 157.22 to 1752.01 μg/kg and 19624.62–30624.01 mg/kg in refuse, while 3961.59–4497.12 ng/L and 9.16–10.82 mg/L in detected leachates. Among them, Ten of fourteen antibiotics were relatively higher in aged refuse, and contrary results were presented in most detected metals. Three ARGs (sul1 , ermB and sul2) and intl1 were found with a higher abundance across all detected samples. Network analysis indicated that the abundance of tetM and tetQ in refuse were positively correlated with corresponding antibiotics doxycycline (DC) and oxytetracycline (OTC), respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, ermB and bla CTX-M in leachates were respectively related with corresponding roxithromycin (RTM) and cefalexin (CEF), (P < 0.01). Moreover, Cu exhibited positive and significant correlations with sul1 , mexF and intl1 in all refuse and leachates (P < 0.05). Mantel test indicated that the quantified intl1 was closely correlated with detected contents of ARGs (Mantel test, R = 0.48, P < 0.05), and the highly abundant intl1 were correlated with sul1 (P < 0.001) and bla CTX-M (P < 0.05) across all samples. Image 1 • Antibiotics, heavy metals and ARGs were investigated in MSW landfill systems. • Most antibiotics and ARGs in refuse exhibited decreased trends with landfill ages. • Cu exhibited positive correlated with sul1 , mexF and intl1 in landfill systems. • Mantel test showed intl1 was closely correlated with ARGs in landfill systems. • intl1 were significantly correlated with sul1 and bla CTX-M across all samples. Summarizes: (1) Most antibiotics and ARGs in refuse exhibited relatively decreased trends with landfill ages, while opposite results were presented in most heavy metals; (2) sul1 , ermB and sul2 were dominant ARGs during landfill process in MSW landfills; (3) Mantel test indicated that intl1 was closely correlated with detected contents of ARGs in landfill systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachates from municipal landfills are formed as infiltration waters flowing through the landfill. They contain toxic, dissolved products of biochemical reactions taking place in the deposit. They cause soil and groundwater pollution. It is necessary to take them out of the landfill cover and utilize toxins contained therein, in particular heavy metals. Such processes are conducted with the use of microorganisms. Due to the content of toxic compounds, introducing leachates into the process of biological purification poses a threat to the microorganisms used in these processes. An alternative to microbial co-treatment of sludge and leachate as well as soil contaminated with communal leachate is to use red hybrid of California (Eisenia fetida Sav.), an earthworm resistant to environmental toxins, in particular heavy metals. The aim of the conducted research is to demonstrate the possibility of using red hybrid of California in leachate bioutilization as a complementary or alternative method to the process of leachate utilization with the use of microorganisms. The obtained results led to the conclusion that Eisenia fetida accumulates environmental toxins well. By collecting and processing them in the tissues, it remedies the substrate and retains long life and fertility, and the ability to reproduce. The research demonstrated high dynamics of population growth (from 25 individuals in the initial deposit to 298 individuals after six months of research). These properties are related to the presence of enzyme proteins from the metallothionein group in the gastrointestinal tract cells. Packing heavy metals found in leachates into the metallothionein coat limits their toxic effect on earthworm tissues, which confirms the possibility of using earthworms in the processes of detoxification of municipal leachate. Image 1 • During the bioremediation period, the growth of juvenile earthworms was recorded. • The accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm tissues did not affect reproduction processes. • California earthworms can be used for the process of immobilization of heavy metals. The use of Californian earthworms for the immobilization of heavy metals contained in toxic leachates from landfills is justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental characteristics of Waste Foundry Sands (WFS), including chemicals in WFS and its leachate, are essential in understanding the environmental impact, rational disposal and potential development of beneficial applications of this solid industrial waste. This paper presents an assessment of broad-spectrum chemicals (metallic, non-metallic and organic chemicals) in aspects of their statistics (mean, median and the 95th percentile) in dry-weight WFS and WFS leachates based on laboratory measurements of 594 WFS samples from 123 foundry facilities in the USA. Results indicate that WFS is basically not hazardous except a risk associated with WFS from copper-based foundry facilities. Leachability of metallic chemicals varies among investigated WFS. A clear delineation between different leaching protocols is implicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]