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A novel all‐sequential‐dip‐coated (SDC) deposited FA1MA1−yPbI3−xBrxperovskite films have been synthesized from an aqueous non‐halide lead precursor towards an environmentally benign, cost‐effective, and efficient approach for high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PrSCs). The mixed‐cationic FA1MA1−yPbI3−xBrxperovskite layers ensure the fractional incorporation of Br into the perovskite crystal lattice. The insertion of Br contents was regulated by modulating the FABr concentration into the FABr/MAI mixed‐cationic precursor solution. The incorporation of minor FABr into MAI helps to improve the surface coverage and crystallinity of the synthesized per‐ovskite layer in contrast to the other perovskite films prepared with higher FABr content under the same environment. The PrSCs with these FA1MA1−yPbI3−xBrxperovskite layers displayed good de‐vice performances and stability with a PCE of 11.1%. These outcomes reveal that the synthesis of FA1MA1−yPbI3−xBrxperovskite films with the SDC approach is more efficient because of the use of environmentally benign solvents for synthesizing lead and perovskite layers. The development of FA1MA1−yPbI3−xBrxperovskite films through an all‐sequential‐dip‐coated (SDC) deposition method marks a significant advancement in the field of perovskite solar cells (PrSCs). This novel approach utilizes an aqueous non‐halide lead precursor, promoting an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective alternative to traditional methods. The strategic modulation of FABr concentration in the precursor solution enables precise control over the bromine content within the perovskite crystal lattice, enhancing surface coverage and crystallinity. Such improvements are crucial for achieving high device performance and stability. The SDC method not only demonstrates increased efficiency due to the use of benign solvents but also shows promise for scaling up to large‐area PrSC devices, overcoming limitations associated with conventional spin‐casting techniques. This innovative synthesis strategy could potentially lead to more sustainable and scalable production of high‐performance PrSCs, contributing to the advancement of solar energy technology.

The annual amount of water pollution discharge load is utilized to assess its implementation of the load allotment on each unit watershed in the management of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). The amount of the discharge load might be changed as the rainfall changes in the area with the combined sewer system. In order to evaluate the implementation properly, the effects of rainfall changes should be considered in the estimation of the discharge load. It is necessary to standardize the annual discharge load to be calculated at the same rainfall condition as that of the reference year. But the calculation process is very difficult and might have some limitations. This study investigated and developed two methods in order to estimate the discharge load in a relatively simple way. The load conversion method (LCM) is designed to calculate the differences in discharge due to rainfall changes and to convert the discharge load of the current rainfall condition into that of the reference rainfall condition. The multi-regression equation method (MREM) is to predict the discharge load directly on reference rainfall conditions using a multi-regression equation. These methods were applied to examine the calculation results. LCM showed a more precise result with an error of –0.06%, while MREM –0.18%. Judging from the application results of this study LCM may be useful as a tool for estimating the discharge load for evaluation preferably in the TMDL process.

This study presents the principles and methods used in set target water quality values of total phosphorus (TP) in three major rivers of South Korea, such as Nakdong, Geum, and Yeongsan/Seomjin River. The QUALKO model (modified QUAL2E) was applied to establish the target water quality. According to the findings, while determining total maximum daily load (TMDL) targets, the intended use of water, current water quality, load density, and future pollutant elimination plans should be considered. If a watershed fails to meet the target quality standard, then the appropriate plan for the area should be established. In areas where small amounts of pollutants are released, development should be allowed within the limits of compliance with the water quality standards, targeting both development and water quality protection, which is the basic concept of TMDLs. Heavily polluted areas tend to continue releasing large amounts of pollutants, whereas others release only small amounts. The TMDL system is designed to address the problem by encouraging heavily polluted areas to reduce pollutant emission while allowing others to release some for development. The recommendations of this paper provide a reference to the development of a methodology for determining TP water quality considering TMDL.

Periodontitis is associated with dysbiosis of microbial flora in the oral cavity. We evaluated the effects of an oral care probiotic, Weissella cibariaCMU, on periodontal tissue destruction and regulation of inflammatory cytokines in mice with ligature‐induced periodontitis (LIP). Fourteen‐day LIP model was used. Ninety animals were randomly divided into six groups: negative control (Ctrl), positive control (LIP/Ctrl), PBS‐treated (LIP/PBS), W. cibaria‐low (1 × 107colony forming unit (CFU)/d; LIP/WC‐L), W. cibaria‐medium (1 × 108CFU/d; LIP/WC‐M), and W. cibaria‐high (1 × 109CFU/d; LIP/WC‐H). After the 14‐day treatment, alveolar bone loss was determined using micro‐computed tomography. The gingival tissue and serum samples from Ctrl, LIP/Ctrl, and LIP/WC‐H groups were immunoassayed for cytokines. Measurements of Porphyromonas gingivalis, total bacteria, and W. cibariain the gingiva were performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Mice in the LIP/WC‐H group showed significant reduction in alveolar bone loss at the distal aspect of the ligatured teeth compared to those in the LIP/Ctrl group. There was a dose‐dependent reduction (non‐significant) in periodontal tissue destruction with increased W. cibariaconcentration. Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in LIP/WC‐H than in LIP/Ctrl. The LIP/WC‐H group showed significantly fewer total bacteria compared to the LIP/Ctrl group but it was similar to that in Ctrl groups, and P. gingivaliswas not detected in the gingival tissue. W. cibariaCMU reduces periodontal tissue destruction apparently by regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and by reducing oral bacteria in a model for periodontal disease.

Efficient planar heterojunction inverted perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) were fabricated with MAPbI3perovskite layers prepared by using an aqueous Pb(NO3)2as a facile, cost‐effective, and an environmentally benign approach. Especially, the MAPbI3perovskite film fabricated from aqueous Pb(NO3)2on the MoO3/PEDOT:PSS hole transporting material bilayer exhibited better crystallinity, morphology, and performance. Efficient planar heterojunction inverted PrSCs with MAPbI3perovskite layers prepared by using aqueous Pb(NO3)2as a facile, cost‐effective, and environmentally benign approach were demonstrated. Especially, the MAPbI3perovskite film fabricated from aqueous Pb(NO3)2on the MoO3/PEDOT:PSS HTM bilayer exhibited better crystallinity, morphology, and performance.

We aimed to review the burden and the potential impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines on HPV-related diseases in the Republic of Korea and to discuss cervical cancer prevention practices in this country.

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases in the era before the introduction of organised HPV vaccination programmes in the Republic of Korea.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used National Health Insurance Service data from 2002 to 2015 and included participants who were diagnosed with the following HPV-related diseases (codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision): genital warts (A63.0); cancer in the head and neck (C00–C10), anus (C21), vulva (C51), vagina (C52), cervix uteri (C53) and penis (C60); carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the lip/oral cavity/pharynx (D00.0), anus (D01.3), cervix (D06), vulva (D07.1), vagina (D07.2) and penis (D07.4); benign neoplasms of the larynx (D14.1); and dysplasia of the cervix (N87), vagina (N89) and vulva (N90). For each diagnosis, the fraction of cases attributable to HPV in Korea was assessed based on the percentages of diseases attributable to HPV reported in some international studies. The age-standardised prevalence was estimated using the direct population-based method.ResultsThe overall age-standardised prevalence of HPV-related diseases increased from 2002 to 2015, mainly due to increased prevalence of genital warts in men and cervical dysplasia and CIS in women. In women, genital wart prevalence increased from 2002 (24.4 per 100 000) to 2011 (57.1) and then decreased until 2015 (53.5); in men, the prevalence increased steadily from 2002 (22.9) to 2015 (109.4). The prevalence of cervical dysplasia and CIS increased (from 86.5 in 2002 to 484.5 in 2015, and from 60.3 in 2002 to 114.9 in 2015, respectively), but that of cervical cancer decreased (from 120.0 in 2002 to 106.9 in 2015).ConclusionsNon-organised HPV vaccination and organised cervical cancer screening may have contributed to the downward trend in genital wart prevalence and the upward trend in cervical abnormalities among women.

A highly efficient designing and synthesis of an aryl‐substituted carbazole‐based fluorescent material (MeOCbzBP) has been carried out viatandem carbon–carbon (C–C)/carbon–nitrogen (C–N) bond formation by multiple Suzuki couplings and Cadogan cyclization followed by C–N cross‐couplings. Various organic solvents have been used to investigate photophysical, solvatofluorochromism, and photoluminescence characteristics of MeOCbzBP. The MeOCbzBPshowed a reasonable redshifted absorption in UVregion and photoluminescence enhancements in tetrahydrofuran/water mixtures. Furthermore, we also employed various theoretical functions to optimize the molecule both in the ground and excited states. A well‐known density functional theory was employed in a solvent phase with B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theories. We believe that the MeOCbzBPwill provide a better platform to investigate the novel applications in the field of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. A highly efficient designing and synthesis of an aryl‐substituted carbazole‐based material (MeOCbzBP) viatandem carbon–carbon (C–C)/carbon–nitrogen (C–N) bond formation by multiple Suzuki couplings and Cadogan cyclization followed by C–N cross‐coupling was carried out and investigated for solvatofluorochromism with its photophysical and photoluminescence characteristics in various organic solvents.

Purpose To evaluate long-term clinical outcomes and complications of the single-incision technique for implantation of totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAPs) via the axillary vein.Materials and Methods A total of 932 TIVAPs were placed in 927 patients between May 2012 and October 2014 using a single-incision technique. Patients included 620 men and 307 women with a mean age of 60.0 years. TIVAPs were placed via the left (n = 475) and right (n = 457) axillary veins after making a single oblique vertical incision and medial side pocket without subcutaneous tunneling. We retrospectively reviewed medical records to evaluate status of the patients and TIVAPs, complications, and reasons for explantation. In patients who still had a TIVAP in place, we calculated the duration of TIVAP use from the cut-off day of November 1, 2015.Results Clinical follow-up was obtained for a total device service period of 311,069 days with a median indwelling time of 467 days (range: 3-1097 days). A total of 37 (4.0%) complications developed. Early complications (n = 4) were one case each of stenosis of the brachiocephalic vein by tumor growth, thrombosis of axillary vein, intravascular migration, and malfunction depending on patient's position. Late complications (n = 33) were suspected catheter-related blood stream infection (n = 23), local infection of the pocket (n = 4), symptomatic stenosis and thrombosis of central vein (n = 4), malfunction by fibrin sleeve (n = 1), and intravascular migration (n = 1).Conclusions A single-incision technique for TIVAP implantation via the axillary vein seems to be safe with a low risk of complication.

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays are very attractive to the dental implant due to microstructural advantage for drug loading. We have fabricated the highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays on the surface of the dental implant. The surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays grown by normal anodic oxidation was not clean and the window of TiO2 nanotube was closed. These closed nanotubes decrease the surface area to load the drug and also decrease the osseointegration performances. To obtain the clean surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays, two-step anodic oxidation was used. The microstructures of TiO2 nanotube arrays from two-step anodic oxidation were compared with those from normal anodic oxidation. The length and diameter of TiO2 nanotube arrays with anodizing time were measured. TiO2 nanotube arrays grown by two-step anodic oxidation had the clean surface and the diameter of TiO2 nanotubes was ~100 nm at anodizing conditions of 60V and 20 min. It was applied to the surface of dental implant to improve the osseointegration. The improved osseointegration was observed by micro CT analysis. TiO2 nanotube arrays had a promising microstructure to load some drugs such as BMP-2 and anti-inflammatory.

AbstractGeosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are organic compounds known to cause earthy and musty odors in drinking water. In Korea, during the summer of 2012, a geosmin outbreak in the drinking water supply prompted further research to identify the source of the odorous materials, since these occurrences were not well understood or monitored. The purpose of this study was to investigate how important a role actinomycetes play in the production of geosmin and 2-MIB in Paldang Lake by measurement of microbial density (the number of colony-forming units), pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and determination of the prevalence of the geosmin synthase gene. Three sampling sites (P1, P2, and P3) were selected. The increase in geosmin concentration was paralleled by an increase in actinomycetes (Streptomycesspp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaenaspp.) populations. The bacterial communities in Paldang Lake were characterized by 454 pyrosequencing based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. P1 (North Han River) showed the highest density of actinomycetes, followed by P2 (Paldang Dam), and P3 (South Han River). The density of Streptomycesspp. increased at P1, while that of cyanobacteria increased at P3. No significant density change was noted in those two species at P2, a confluence of two rivers. The genes producing geosmin or 2-MIB were detected in 60 single strains that were isolated from water samples in Paldang Lake. This study confirmed that Streptomycesspp. significantly affect the production of geosmin that causes odors in Paldang Lake.

Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are organic compounds known to cause earthy and musty odors in drinking water. In Korea, during the summer of 2012, a geosmin outbreak in the drinking water supply prompted further research to identify the source of the odorous materials, since these occurrences were not well understood or monitored. The purpose of this study was to investigate how important a role actinomycetes play in the production of geosmin and 2-MIB in Paldang Lake by measurement of microbial density (the number of colony-forming units), pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and determination of the prevalence of the geosmin synthase gene. Three sampling sites (P1, P2, and P3) were selected. The increase in geosmin concentration was paralleled by an increase in actinomycetes (Streptomycesspp.) and cyanobacteria (Anabaenaspp.) populations. The bacterial communities in Paldang Lake were characterized by 454 pyrosequencing based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. P1 (North Han River) showed the highest density of actinomycetes, followed by P2 (Paldang Dam), and P3 (South Han River). The density of Streptomycesspp. increased at P1, while that of cyanobacteria increased at P3. No significant density change was noted in those two species at P2, a confluence of two rivers. The genes producing geosmin or 2-MIB were detected in 60 single strains that were isolated from water samples in Paldang Lake. This study confirmed that Streptomycesspp. significantly affect the production of geosmin that causes odors in Paldang Lake.

A new organic–inorganic ternary bulk heterojunction (TBHJ) hybrid configuration comprised of nanostructured (CH3)3NHPbI3(MAPbI3) perovskite–low bandgap PCPDTBT–PCBM was investigated. Well-organized TBHJ films were readily prepared by sequential spin-casting of sparsely covered MAPbI3nano dots and PCPDTBT–PCBM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites on ITO/PEDOT:PSS substrates. The TBHJ hybrid device configuration comprising diiooctane (DIO) treated MAPbI3perovskite nano dots and a PCPDTBT–PCBM BHJ composite processed with DIO additive exhibited excellent performances. The DIO additive played a key role in developing perovskite structures of MAPbI3nano dots and induced the (110) directional crystallinity growth of longitudinal constructive morphologies such as nano rods. The improved photocurrent and fill factor compared to those of conventional BHJ devices led to an increase in efficiency of ∼28%. This improved photovoltaic performance originated from the higher quantum efficiencies contributed by the charge transfer from nanostructured MAPbI3perovskite to PCBM. These TBHJs composed of nanostructured MAPbI3perovskite, PCPDTBT, and PCBM also facilitated the exciton dissociation in the multi-BHJ system between MAPbI3perovskite, PCPDTBT, and PCBM.

ABSTRACTLactobacillusspp. are associated with the maintenance of reproductive health, but obesity reduces fertility and is a risk factor for obstetric and neonatal complications. We assessed the association between obesity and the cervical Lactobacilluscomposition, which has not been examined previously. Pyrosequencing was performed using cervical swabs collected from 76 normal participants with negative results for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 57 participants with CIN, based on histological examinations. Cluster analysis of nine Lactobacillusspp. was performed, and five cluster types were identified. The association between obesity and the Lactobacilluscommunity was assessed by logistic regression analysis after adjustment for confounding factors. The proportion of Lactobacillus inersincreased and that of Lactobacillus crispatusdecreased according to body mass index (BMI) categories, i.e., underweight (BMI of <18.5 kg m-2), normal weight (BMI of 18.5 to 22.9 kg m-2), overweight (BMI of 23.0 to 24.9 kg m-2), and obese (BMI of =25 kg m-2). The L. iners-dominant type had a significant association with obesity (odds ratio [OR], 7.55 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 48.2]), compared to the L. crispatus-dominant type. The group with high values for the ratio obtained by dividing the relative abundance of L. inersby that of L. crispatushad a significant association with obesity (OR, 6.54 [95% CI, 1.22 to 35.1]), compared to the low-ratio group. Associations between obesity and the L. iners/L. crispatusratio were observed among young women (OR, 6.26 [95% CI, 1.15 to 33.9]) but not older women and in the normal group (OR, 6.97 [95% CI, 1.20 to 70.4]) but not the CIN group. Obesity was associated with cervical microflora dominated by L. inersin reproductive-age women without dysplasia.

Determining impairment of water bodies in the light of watershed characteristics is useful in selecting applicable water quality indicators as target pollutants for the watershed management. This study investigated impaired water bodies using frequency analysis on a stream zone basis in Geum river basin in Korea. The river basin was divided into three stream zones by its characteristics. Selected water quality parameters discussed in this study were pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-Coli, and F-Coli. Excess ratios of the water quality parameters were used to discriminate water bodies that did not meet water quality standards. Excess levels were used to classify the water quality degradation. Contributions of the tributaries were also estimated to identify the major contributors to the stream zones. The upstream zone showed that the indicators for impaired water bodies were BOD, COD, T-P, and T-Coli which indicated especially high excess level. The downstream zone revealed that COD, T-P, and T-Coli were the indicators and the M/D stream zone revealed that the indicators were BOD, COD, and T-P. The major contributors in the upstream are Okcheon, Juwon, Bonghwang, and Pumgok tributaries. In the downstream, Nonsan, Seokseong, Gab, Yudeung, and Daejeon were the major contributing tributaries and in the M/D stream zone, the major contributors were Iksan, Gobu, and Jeongeup tributaries.

AbstractDetermining impairment of water bodies in the light of watershed characteristics is useful in selecting applicable water quality indicators as target pollutants for the watershed management. This study investigated impaired water bodies using frequency analysis on a stream zone basis in Geum river basin in Korea. The river basin was divided into three stream zones by its characteristics. Selected water quality parameters discussed in this study were pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-Coli, and F-Coli. Excess ratios of the water quality parameters were used to discriminate water bodies that did not meet water quality standards. Excess levels were used to classify the water quality degradation. Contributions of the tributaries were also estimated to identify the major contributors to the stream zones. The upstream zone showed that the indicators for impaired water bodies were BOD, COD, T-P, and T-Coli which indicated especially high excess level. The downstream zone revealed that COD, T-P, and T-Coli were the indicators and the M/D stream zone revealed that the indicators were BOD, COD, and T-P. The major contributors in the upstream are Okcheon, Juwon, Bonghwang, and Pumgok tributaries. In the downstream, Nonsan, Seokseong, Gab, Yudeung, and Daejeon were the major contributing tributaries and in the M/D stream zone, the major contributors were Iksan, Gobu, and Jeongeup tributaries.

High efficiency small molecules were synthesized and characterized in solution-processed organic solar cells. These were star-shaped comprising of fused triphenylamine donating core, hexyl cyano acetate or methylene malononitrile accepting edges, and alkyl-substituted therthiophene bridge unit, exhibiting a noteworthy power conversion efficiency of 4.18% in solar cell device from bulk-heterojunction films with PC71BM.

Well-organized (CH3NH3)PbI3perovskite films fabricated from various solution-processing conditions were characterized and used in hybrid solar cells with PC71BM planar heterojuncion films, exhibiting a high power-conversion efficiency of 12.2% with the better photocurrent and fill factor compared to those with PC61BM due to a better spectral response in the visible region and a better planar junction with the Ag electrode than the PC61BM.

Dental implant with porous surface has been studied by many researchers because it has a good osseointegration. TiO2 nanotube arrays on the surface of dental implant could provide the porous surface, the space of drug loading, and better biocompatibility than bare surface. To investigate the effects of TiO2 nanotube arrays for dental implant, commercial dental implant was used and its surface was anodized to fabricate TiO2 nanotube arrays. Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were grown on the surface of dental implant. Ethylene glycol based electrolyte was used in anodic oxidation process. Anodic oxidation voltage and time were 50V and 15 min, respectively. The micro structure was observed by FE-SEM. The diameter and length of TiO2 nanotube arrays were ~60 nm and 10μm, respectively. BMP-2 was loaded in TiO2 nanotube arrays. For in-vivo testing, the dental implant with TiO2 nanotube arrays was applied to rabbit legs for 8 weeks. In dental implant with TiO2 nanotube arrays, good osseointegration properties were observed. TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by anodic oxidation will be very useful in the field of bone implants and bone tissue engineering.

Objectives To compare the frequency and absolute numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in healthy control subjects and patients with gynaecological cancer, and to test the hypothesis that cancer treatment lowers EPC numbers.Methods Patients with cervical or ovarian cancer and healthy control subjects provided peripheral blood samples for the isolation of mononuclear cells. EPCs were identified by quadruple immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry as CD45–/CD34+/CD133+/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2)+cells.Results In total, 28 participants were enrolled. Circulating EPCs were present at higher frequencies (and in greater absolute numbers) in patients with cervical or ovarian cancer (n= 14) than in controls (n= 14). Concurrent chemoradiation therapy or surgery significantly reduced the frequency and number of EPCs in patients with gynaecological cancer, compared with pretreatment levels.Conclusions EPC levels decline throughout cancer treatment; their measurement may therefore be a useful surrogate marker to monitor treatment response.

The synthesis and photovoltaic characteristics of new organic semiconductors, [bisDMFA-Th]-BT-HxTh3(1), [bisDMFA-Th]-MonoF-BT-HxTh3(2), and [bisDMFA-Th]-DiF-BT-HxTh3(3), are reported. These semiconductors have an unsymmetrical donor A–acceptor–donor B (DA-A-DB) framework composed of a benzothiadiazole (BT; fluorinated or unfluorinated) acceptor between two different donors, bisDMFA and terthiophene. We have demonstrated that these compounds are suitable for use in p-type organic semiconductors for high efficiency solution-processed small molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs), for which we achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 4.24% with a maximum Vocof 0.89 V. The fluorine substitution on BT decreased its HOMO level and increased hole mobilities of [bisDMFA-Th]-BT-HxTh3derivatives, leading to an increased Vocin the SMOSCs and improved hole carrier transport properties of the material. In addition, we determined that the insertion of a TiOxfunctional layer into a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell significantly reduced the interfacial resistance between the photoactive film and metal electrode, resulting in an increased photocurrent with facile electron transfer between these two layers.

Abstract: In this work, visible light-induced photocurable low molecular weight chitosan derivatives (F-LMC: furfuryl-low molecular weight chitosan) were prepared by nitrous acid decomposition followed by modification with furfuryl glycidyl ether. The structure of the decomposition products (LMC: low molecular weight chitosan) was characterized by FT-IR analysis. The structure and molecular weight of F-LMC, prepared from the decomposition products by modification with furfuryl glycidyl ether, were characterized by 1H NMR and GPC analysis, respectively. F-LMC was initially water-soluble, but after the exposure to visible light, it became water-insoluble, indicating that F-LMC undergoes visible light-induced inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking. The cross-linking was determined by concentration of F-LMC and time of exposure to visible light. The cytotoxicity test using fibroblast 3T3 showed no toxicity of F-LMC. Cross-linked F-LMC surface inhibited cell adherence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Primary hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is a rare tumour that is similar to hepatocellular carcinoma histologically. Here, a patient with primary hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium with a high alphafetoprotein (AFP) level (90,508 ng/mL) is presented in a 75-year-old woman. The pelvic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested a submucosal leiomyoma with degeneration or endometrial hyperplasia. However, the endometrial biopsy revealed a primary hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium. The patient underwent a staging laparotomy including a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and lymph node sampling with pelvic cytology. The AFP level can be highly elevated in hepatoid carcinoma of the endometrium.

Stream restoration is an important process affecting the ecological health of stream ecosystems. There have been numerous cases of restoration, dealing with either structural or biological changes. In Korea, most restoration projects have merely dealt with improving hydrological characteristics or water quality; however, in recent years the improvement of ecological characteristics has been an increasing focus for restoration projects. In this study, we utilized data collected from 5675 stream sites in May 2007 to discover general patterns of anthropogenic modification in Korean streams. The survey results after application of the stream modification index (SMI; presence or absence type; high scores indicate more disturbed) provided a general distribution of disturbed/undisturbed streams or rivers in the watershed. We then compared the level of modification with the socio-geographical patterns (population, land coverage, elevation, and slope) for the watershed. The results show that streams in highly populated areas suffered from human modification compared with other well-preserved stream sites. In metropolitan cities, urbanized areas had positive relationship as identified by a high SMI. On the other hand, agricultural land cover identified an SMI increase for lowland river area. In general, mountainous streams possessed a better status in stream morphology due to different land-cover patterns (i.e., mainly forested area); however, some mountainous areas were impacted by concentrated summer rainfall. We could distinguish the forcing variables (i.e., land use pattern) for the disturbed streams through a comparison between the SMI and geographical information; the SMI application was able to identify areas of high necessity for restoration.

This paper provides an overview of the development and application of the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program (NAEMP) in Korea, which uses biological and habitat–riparian criteria for river/stream and watershed management. Development of NAEMP began in 2003, with recognition by the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the limitations of applying chemical parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) as the principal targets of water environment management. Ecosystem health criteria under NAEMP were developed from 2003 to 2006. Candidate sites for monitoring were also screened and established across the country. NAEMP was implemented in 2007, and since then a standard protocol of nationwide monitoring based on multi-criteria has been implemented to assess the ecological condition of rivers and streams. The monitoring results indicate that many Korean rivers and streams are severely degraded, with biological conditions that are much worse than their water chemistry suggests. In 2009, 24% of rivers and streams were in classes C (Fair) and D (Poor) for BOD, but more than 71, 53, and 27% were categorized as Fair to Poor according to fish, diatom, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, respectively. NAEMP is promising in that the results have already had great impacts on policy making and scientific research relevant to lotic water environment and watershed management in Korea. In the future, NAEMP results will be used to develop more aggressive regulations for the preservation and restoration of rivers/streams, riparian buffer areas and watersheds. Another future aim of the NAEMP is to develop aquatic ecological modeling based on the monitoring results.

The aim of this study was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD) of women with cervical cancer treated with chemoradiation and to compare the outcomes with those of women with myomas treated by hysterectomy.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is now considered to originate from appendiceal mucinous neoplasms in almost all cases. However, a mucinous neoplasm arising in a mature cystic teratoma is rarely responsible for PMP. We herein report 2 cases of PMP associated with borderline mucinous tumors arising in mature cystic teratoma. Both ovarian borderline mucinous tumors were morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to the secondary tumors from appendiceal origin, and PMP was histologically similar to peritoneal adenomucinosis.

Used pipes in various mechanisms and structures are produced from raw material by extruding and drawing. The properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of a pipe produced by these methods are different from the properties of their raw material. But designers use the properties of the raw material because the actual properties of the pipes are difficult to obtain from testing. Also, the pipe is used after it has been bent in a complex manner and cut to fit it to mechanisms and structures. The bending process, especially, induces deformation of the pipe’s section and residual stress, which are involved in the plastic deformation of the bended pipes. This residual stress affects the pipe’s properties, including its fatigue life. Therefore, it is very important to understand the residual stress of a material. But, the distribution of residual stress of a U-shaped pipe, which is examined in this study, is very complicated and cannot be measured exactly.