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In our work, resonance behaviors in a Jerk oscillator subject to a generalized Mittag-Leffler (GML) noise and a trichotomous multiplicative noise have been studied. One of the important results is that the spectral amplification (SPA)is derived from the generalized Shapiro–Loginov formula. Particularly, it is found that generalized stochastic resonance (GSR) in a Jerk oscillator could be induced by GML noise or trichotomous noise. And behaviors of GSR have been widely investigated. Furthermore, the GSR, bona fide SR, reverse SR phenomenon, decreasing multi-resonance, and increasing multi-resonance have been found. It is found that GML noise can also induce periodic resonance phenomenon.

The rapid development of modern medicine has put forward new requirements for wound infection healing methods in clinical treatment. Despite the great achievements made in the research and development of various types of dressings in recent years, yet there is still a challenge of multifunctional dressings for effective wound treatment. Herein, a multifunctional nanofibrous membrane was prepared by encapsulating NIR-adsorbed CuS (FSC/CuS) nanoparticles, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) with electrospun fish scale collagen. During the evaluation of wound healing, four parameters, including hemostasis time, inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling, were considered. The results of H&E, Masson and immunohistochemical staining showed that the synergistic effect of composite nanofibers and near-infrared light can inhibit the inflammatory response, promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, rebuild new tissues, form well-dispersed collagen fibers, etc. It was shown that the FSC/CuS NPs combined with an NIR-driven experimental group exhibited excellent performance in accelerating wound healing in these stages. This kind of nanofibrous scaffold prepared with fish scale and NIR-absorbing agents will have broad application prospects in the healing of infected wounds.

Herein, we report the Pd(II)-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives with aryl iodides, which is enabled by bidentate pyridine–pyridine ligands. A range of aryl iodides proved to be suitable coupling partners affording the desired products in good yields with high levels of C6 selectivity. This protocol features good tolerance of reactive functional groups, mild reaction conditions, and a simple reaction system, which provides an expeditious route to an essential class of 6-arylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines frequently found in bioactive compounds, and provides a step-economical access to the second-generation EGFR inhibitor AEE-788.

Flavonoid, as a potent antioxidant, exerts many beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes, whereas the prooxidative property may be also important in vivo if copper is involved. Here, we chose an insulin receptor kinase domain fragment (KK-1, residues 1126–1165), containing the A-loop of the receptor as well as three key autophosphorylation sites (Tyr1158, Tyr1162, and Tyr1163) associated with receptor signal transduction to investigate the roles and the structure–activity relationship of three antidiabetic flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) and two others with a similar structure (diosmetin and genistein), on modulation of Cu(II)-mediated tyrosine nitration and the corresponding effect on its functional phosphorylation in the Cu2+/H2O2/NO2–system. We found that both properties of flavonoid played roles on inhibition of Cu(II)-mediated protein nitration in the H2O2/NO2–system: (1) on the one hand, flavonoid scavenged free radicals as antioxidants, inhibited tyrosine nitration, and thus inhibited the reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation caused by tyrosine nitration; and (2) on the other hand, flavonoid promoted •OH production as a prooxidant, which increased 3,3′-dityrosine formation. The formation of 3,3′-dityrosine decreased Cu2+-induced tyrosine nitration and thus interfered with its phosphorylation. This study confirms that the weight relationship between antioxidation and prooxidation of a flavonoid needs to be studied clearly before nutritional and medical applications.

Ovarian lymphoma, whether a primary or secondary condition, is very rare. Little is known about its genetic aberrations. Here, we reviewed the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of nine ovarian diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases and performed fluorescence in situhybridisation (FISH) analysis to detect MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 translocations. We also performed whole exome sequencing analysis to determine their genomic features compared with those of conventional extranodal DLBCL. The results showed that six of nine cases were bilateral and three cases were left-sided. Histologically, the tumour cells were homogeneous and a starry-sky pattern was very common in ovarian DLBCL (Burkitt-like). Immunohistochemically, most of the cases (7/9) were germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB) subtype, and dual expression of MYC and BCL2 was found in three cases of ovarian DLBCL. A double-hit (involving MYC and BCL6) phenotype was found in one case of ovarian DLBCL (GCB subtype). Sequencing analysis revealed that NOTCH4, NCOR2, BCL10and CARD11were frequently mutated both in ovarian DLBCL and conventional extranodal DLBCL. COL27A1, PRKCB, HLA-A, NOTCH3and HDAC4mutations were found only in ovarian DLBCL but not in conventional DLBCL, and NOTCH3and HDAC4mutations were only identified in the GCB subtype. Furthermore, several signalling pathways including the B-cell receptor, Epstein–Barr virus infection, HTLV-1 infection, Notch, PI3K-AKT and mTOR were found to be involved in ovarian DLBCL. Our results broaden the understanding of the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of ovarian DLBCL and compare their genetic features to those of conventional extranodal DLBCL for the first time.

In this article, (Sr + Sb) co-doped TiO2colossal dielectric ceramics succeeded in fabricating via flash sintering under an electric field of 500 V cm−1. The flash sintering parameters, phase structure, and electrical properties of all ceramic samples were systematically analyzed. Compared with conventional sintering, the sintering temperature was reduced by about 200 °C and the sintering time was reduced by 90% (18 min, 1150 °C). (Sr + Sb) co-doped TiO2ceramics had good dielectric properties (ε′ > 104). The successful preparation of co-doped rutile TiO2dielectric ceramics broadens the application range of flash sintering technology, which is of great research significance.

Crossing certain aridity thresholds in global drylands can lead to abrupt decays of ecosystem attributes such as plant productivity, potentially causing land degradation and desertification. It is largely unknown, however, whether these thresholds can be altered by other key global change drivers known to affect the water-use efficiency and productivity of vegetation, such as elevated CO2and nitrogen (N). Using >5000 empirical measurements of plant biomass, we showed that crossing an aridity (1–precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) threshold of ∼0.50, which marks the transition from dry sub-humid to semi-arid climates, led to abrupt declines in aboveground biomass (AGB) and progressive increases in root:shoot ratios, thus importantly affecting carbon stocks and their distribution. N addition significantly increased AGB and delayed the emergence of its aridity threshold from 0.49 to 0.55 (P< 0.05). By coupling remote sensing estimates of leaf area index with simulations from multiple models, we found that CO2enrichment did not alter the observed aridity threshold. By 2100, and under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we forecast a 0.3% net increase in the global land area exceeding the aridity threshold detected under a scenario that includes N deposition, in comparison to a 2.9% net increase if the N effect is not considered. Our study thus indicates that N addition could mitigate to a great extent the negative impact of increasing aridity on plant biomass in drylands. These findings are critical for improving forecasts of abrupt vegetation changes in response to ongoing global environmental change.Nitrogen addition delays the emergence of an aridity-induced threshold beyond which plant aboveground biomass abruptly decreases, thereby effectively mitigating the negative effects of projected aridification on plant biomass stocks in water-limited environments.

Cryoballoon ablation has become an effective strategy for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) without coronary artery disease (CAD). AF is usually coupled with CAD. However, the impact of CAD on the outcome of cryoablation in AF patients remains unclear. The objective of our study was to investigate the impact of stable CAD on the efficacy of cryoballoon ablation for AF.

Mitogen-activated and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), which belongs to the subfamily of MAPK-activated protein kinase, plays an important role in cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation. It has been recently reported that MSK1 overexpression was closely related to the progression of some tumors such as colorectal cancer. However, the clinical significance of MSK1 in glioma has not been addressed. To investigate the potential role of MSK1 in glioma, we first examined the expression pattern of MSK1 in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues using quantitative RT-PCR, and the results showing that MSK1 expression was significantly elevated in glioma tissues compared with normal brain tissues. The clinical relevance of MSK1 expression level was then analyzed, and we found that high expression of MSK1 was closely related to the larger tumor size and advanced WHO grade. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that glioma patients with higher expression of MSK1 had poorer overall survival, and MSK1 was identified as an independent unfavorable prognosis factor. In addition, the effects of MSK1 on glioma cells were tested through cellular experiments, and we demonstrated that MSK1 can promote proliferation and invasion capacities of tumor cells. In conclusion, patients with glioma with higher MSK1 expression were more predisposed to poorer clinical outcomes and unfavorable prognosis, indicating the potential role of MSK1 as a novel clinical biomarker and therapeutic target.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that regulates a multitude of physiological functions in the central nervous system and has been shown to be involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A change in copper homeostasis is a remarkable feature of AD, and the dysregulation may contribute to toxicity in neural cells. Moreover, it has been shown that copper could interact with many neuropeptides and result in catalyzing the production of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to peptide oxidation. Besides, copper could also catalyze protein tyrosine nitration under oxidative stress, and there are two tyrosine residues playing an important role in NPY. Therefore, it is also likely that copper has an action on NPY and potentially influences its functions through tyrosine nitration. In this paper, the studies of the interaction of copper with NPY and the copper-catalyzed NPY nitration were performed. The electrochemical techniques, UV–vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence titration, have been applied to show that copper can interact with NPY to form a Cu-NPY complex with a conditional dissociation constant of 0.021 μmol/L, and the binding promotes the generation of •OH. Dot blotting results reveal that NPY can be nitrated upon binding with copper under nitrative stress. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identify that the tyrosine residues in NPY are all nitrated during the nitration process, which will cause the inactivation of NPY shown by our previous study. This study supports the hypothesis that copper has a close correlation with NPY and implicates the peptide in AD. These data may provide a new insight into understanding the pathology and pathogenesis of AD.

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High-resolution mass spectrometry is an advanced technique for comprehensive screening of toxic chemicals. In this study, urine samples were collected from both an occupationally exposed population at a coking site and normal inhabitants to identify novel urinary biomarkers for occupational exposure to coking contaminants. A coking-site-appropriate analytical method was developed for unknown chemical screening. Through nontarget screening, 515 differential features were identified, and finally, 32 differential compounds were confirmed as candidates for the current study, including 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites. Besides monohydroxy-PAHs (such as 1-&2-naphthol, 2-&9-hydroxyfluorene, 2-&4-phenanthrol, and 1-&2-hydroxypyrene), many other PAH metabolites including dihydroxy metabolites, PAH oxide, and sulfate conjugate were detected, suggesting that the quantification based solely on monohydroxy-PAHs significantly underestimated the human exposure to PAHs. Furthermore, several novel compounds were recognized that could be considered as biomarkers for the exposure to coking contaminants, including quinolin-2-ol (1.10 ± 0.44 ng/mL), naphthylmethanols (11.4 ± 5.47 ng/mL), N-hydroxy-1-aminonaphthalene (0.78 ± 0.43 ng/mL), hydroxydibenzofurans (17.4 ± 7.85 ng/mL), hydroxyanthraquinone (0.13 ± 0.053 ng/mL), and hydroxybiphenyl (2.70 ± 1.03 ng/mL). Despite their lower levels compared with hydroxy-PAHs (95.1 ± 30.8 ng/mL), their severe toxicities should not be overlooked. The study provides a nontarget screening approach to identify chemicals in human urine, which is crucial for accurately assessing the health risks of toxic chemicals in the coking industry.

Fusariumwilt is a common fungual disease in sesame, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. sesami(FOS). To determine the toxin production profiles of the FOSisolates with different pathogenicity levels under various culture conditions, we evaluated the content variation of fusaric acid (FA) and 9, 10-dehydrofusaric acid (9, 10-DFA) produced by the four representative FOSisolates. Results indicated that the concentration of FA reached to a maximum of 2848.66 μg/mL in Czapek medium, while 9, 10-DFA was mainly produced in Richard and Low-carbon Richard medium. The concentration of 9, 10-DFA on Richard culture medium varied from 0 μg/mL to 716.89 μg/mL. Of the five culture media used in this study, Czapek culture medium was the most conductive to produce FA. FA production was significantly affected by culture medium, culture time, and their interactions. Results suggest that there is no correlation between toxin production and pathogenicity level of FOSisolates. Findings in this study provide key information for the mechanism analysis of FOS- sesame interaction and pathogen control.

Coking contamination in China is complex and poses potential health risks to humans. In this study, we collected urine samples from coking plant workers, nearby residents, and control individuals to analyze 25 coking-produced aromatic compounds (ACs), including metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, chlorophenols, and nitrophenols. The median concentration of total ACs in urine of workers was 102 μg·g–1creatinine, significantly higher than that in the other two groups. Hydroxy-PAHs and hydroxy hetero-PAHs were the dominant ACs. Workers directly exposed from coking industrial processes, i.e., coking, coal preparation, and chemical production processes, showed higher concentrations of hydroxy-PAHs and hydroxy hetero-PAHs (excluding 5-hydroxyisoquinoline), while those from indirect exposure workshops had higher levels of other ACs, indicating different sources in the coking plant. The AC mixture in workers demonstrated positive effects on DNA damage and lipid peroxidation with 5-hydroxyisoquinoline and 3-hydroxycarbazole playing a significant role using a quantile g-computation model. Monte Carlo simulation revealed that coking contamination elevated the carcinogenic risk for exposed workers by 5-fold compared to controls with pyrene, pentachlorophenol, and carbazole contributing the most, and workers from coking process are at the highest risk. This study enhances understanding of coking-produced AC levels and provides valuable insights into coking contamination control.

To analyze the change trend of life expectancy, the change trend of premature death due to 4 major chronic diseases, and its impact on the life expectancy of Wuhai residents from 2015 to 2020, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in this area. The data on population death comes from the Wuhai City Residents’ Causes of Death Network Reporting System and the total population is calculated using statistics from Wuhai City’s permanent population management, from 2015 to 2020. Premature mortality from the 4 main chronic illnesses was calculated using the abridged life table approach. The impact of premature death from chronic diseases on life expectancy was analyzed using the Arriaga method. The increasing trend of life expectancy of Wuhai citizens was not statistically significant from 2015 to 2020 (t = 2.570, P = .062). Each year, men had a lower life expectancy than women (P < .05). From 2015 to 2020, the downward trend of premature deaths caused by the 4 major non-communicable diseases in Wuhai City was statistically significant (EAPC = −7.74%, P = .041). Premature death from cancer and chronic respiratory disorders decreased, both of which were statistically significant (EAPC < 0, P < .05). The decline in premature mortality from cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, and chronic respiratory system diseases has contributed to increased life expectancy. Diabetes’s rise in premature mortality made a possible “negative contribution” to life expectancy (−0.036 years, −1.79%). From 2015 to 2020, the decreasing trend of the overall premature mortality caused by the 4 major non-communicable diseases in Wuhai was statistically significant, and the life expectancy of females was higher than that of males. We should concentrate on the prevention and control of major chronic illnesses in males, as well as the influence of changes in diabetes-related early mortality on life expectancy.

Biofuel production relies on stable supply of biomass which would be significantly influenced by climate-induced impacts. Since the actual agricultural outputs are relatively unpredictable in the face of uncertain environmental conditions and can only be realized in the harvest season, providing useful information regarding the stability of biomass supply to the downstream biofuel industry is crucial. This study firstly illustrates a theoretical framework to explore the resultant market equilibrium and optimal conditions of agricultural and bioenergy production in the face of highly uncertain environmental risks and then employs a two-stage stochastic programming model to investigate the optimal biofuel development and associated economic and environmental effects. The results show that total welfare may not always increase because the loss of other agricultural commodities induced by climate impacts may be greater than the gains received by biofuel production and emission reduction. This study provides insights into the area where artificial intelligence monitoring system can be implemented to analyze the input data associated with agricultural activities and help the biofuel industry to improve its production possibilities.

To solve a series of problems of Cu–Sn–Ti fillers, Ga is added to the fillers to promote its mechanical properties and microstructure. The metallographic structure of Cu–Sn–Ti–xGa filler metals is detected by optical microscope. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) areal, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential thermal analysis (DSC) are used to analyze the morphology and microstructure of the fillers. The results show that doped Ga can significantly decrease the melting point and increase mechanical properties of the fillers. The shear strength of the filler metals with 1% Ga content is 160% higher than without Ga. In addition, it is also observed that a small amount of Ga refine the CuSnTi filler metals matrix structure. The diffusion of elements in the filler metals is detected. Compared with Sn solid solution, Ga tends to form a solid solution with Cu. When the Ga content is 2 wt%, the shear strength of the filler metal decreases due to the appearance of coarse crystals at the bottom of the dimple. Through the study of the reaction layer between diamond and filler metal, it is found that Ga can increase the thickness of the interface reaction layer. To solve a series of problems of Cu–Sn–Ti fillers, Ga is added to the fillers to promote its mechanical properties and microstructure. Through the study of the reaction layer between diamond and fillers, it is found that Ga can increase the thickness of the interface reaction layer. The research results can promote the application of copper‐based fillers in various industries.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac disease with high prevalence in the general population. Despite a mild manifestation at the onset stage, it causes serious consequences, including sudden death, when the disease progresses to the late stage. Most available treatments of AF focus on symptom management or alleviation, due to a lack of fundamental knowledge and the fact that considerable variations of AF exist. With the popularisation of the next-generation sequencing technology, several causal genetic factors, including MYL4, have been discovered to contribute to AF, giving hope to developing its gene therapies. In this study, we attempted to treat a previously established rat AF model, which carried Myl4E11K/E11Kloss of function mutation, via overexpression of exogenous wild-type Myl4by AAV9 vectors. Our results showed that delivery of Myl4expressing AAV9 to postnatal rat models rescued the symptoms of AF, indicating the therapeutic potential that early gene therapy intervention can achieve long-term effects in treating cardiac arrhythmias caused by gene mutations

Macroporous silicon has been widely utilized in many electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, it is quite difficult to prepare macroporous silicon with large aperture on p-type low-resistivity c-Si substrate by the conventional fabrication methods, such as reactive ion etching (RIE), electrochemical etching (ECE), and metal-catalyzed electroless etching (MCEE). Such work was realized here by metal-catalyzed electrochemical etching (MCECE). Firstly, Ag nanoparticle catalyst was fabricated on the c-Si substrate by immersing the substrate into a mixed aqueous solution of HF and AgNO3. Electrochemical etching was then performed in a HF-H2O2 solution. The synergetic effect of Ag catalyst and the external applied electric field successfully facilitated the formation of large-aperture macroporous silicon. By adjusting the specific MCECE conditions, macroporous silicon with the pore aperture large up to several micrometers was successfully obtained on p-type c-Si substrate with the low resistivity of about 0.1-3 ohm*cm. Especially, the pore tip angle could be controlled flexibly from 3.5deg to 41deg. The pore tip angle enlarged with the increase of the etching current density and was independent on the etching time. Thus, MCECE can provide a potential way to controllably fabricate complex microstructures on low-resistivity p-type c-Si substrate.

In this paper, the influence of nickel silicide thin film on series resistance of silicon solar cells is investigated. The frontside two-layer electrodes are fabricated by the light induced electroless plating of nickel and light-induced plating of silver. The nickel films are deposited onto the silicon wafers surface by light induced electroless plating in the nickel-plating bath containing main nickel source. The nickel film thicknesses of 200 nm, 400 nm and 600 nm are identified by the SEM observations. The formation of nickel silicide thin films are obtained after the thermal annealing process for 1 min, 3 min and 5 min. The nickel silicide thin film reduces the series resistance mainly due to the decrease of contact resistance between metal electrode and silicon substrate. The reduction in contact resistance and series resistance are confirmed by using transmission line model analysis and dark current-voltage characteristics in experiment. The improvement of series resistance extracted from the dark current-voltage curve in the upper voltage range is observed. The minimum series resistances of silicon solar cells with different nickel film thicknesses are obtained after different thermal annealing periods, respectively. The silicon solar cell with nickel film of 400 nm thick after thermal annealing process of 3 min possesses the minimum series resistance of 0.66 Ω cm2.

A select few: Several prochiral enyne chlorides were employed as substrates in the title reaction using Grignard reagents as the alkylation reagents (see scheme; CuTC=copper(I) thiophenecarboxylate). Excellent 1,3 substitution regioselectivities and good to excellent enantioselectivities were obtained. The substrate scope is additionally extended to diene chlorides.

Klassisch elegant: Mehrere prochirale Eninchloride wurden als Substrate in der Titelreaktion mit Grignard‐Verbindungen als Alkylierungsreagentien eingesetzt (siehe Schema; CuTC=Kupfer(I)‐thiophencarboxylat). Eine ausgezeichnete 1,3‐Regioselektivität und gute bis exzellente Enantioselektivitäten wurden erhalten. Der Substratbereich konnte zudem auf Dienchloride ausgedehnt werden.

The photochemically assisted Fenton reaction (photo-Fenton) is important because it may be particularly effective for the degradation of harmful organic compounds in the environment using solar light. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of hydroxy Fe/Al-intercalated montmorillonites (Fe/Al-Mt) as photo-Fenton catalysts. In particular, different Fe/Al molar ratios were of interest as a means to vary catalytic activity. Intercalation was achieved viaan ion-exchange method and brilliant orange X-GN was the test compound for photodegradation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under visible-light irradiation (γ < 420 nm) in the presence of Fe/Al-Mt. The Fe/Al-Mt materials obtained were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption/desorption, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The decoloration performance of Fe/Al-Mt was investigated using different experimental parameters, including the synthesis method, the Fe/Al molar ratio of the intercalating solution, the catalyst dosage, the H2O2 dosage, and the pH. The results of photo-Fenton reaction showed that the photocatalytic activity of Fe/Al-Mt was enhanced significantly by the extent of hydroxy Al/Fe intercalation. For optimal reaction conditions, 99.92% degradation efficiency of X-GN was achieved after 140 min of reaction. To obtain further information on the visible-light-assisted photo-Fenton process, a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was applied to indentify the intermediate products and a degradation pathway was proposed.

The aim of the work was to study the structure and thermal property of co-polyamide (CPA)/clay nanocomposites. Two nanocomposites, based on two co-polyamides (CPA) and organic-clay, were successfully prepared by melting extrusions in a twin-screw extruder with high aspect ratio back-whorl. Their morphology and thermal properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), different scanning calorimeter (DSC). TEM results showed that the layered silicate sheets with the thickness of about 15 nm dispersed homogeneously in the polymeric matrix and formed exfoliated layered silicate nanocomposites. DSC results revealed that the crystallization rate increased due to the addition of 2.0 wt.% clay into CPA.

The dependence of the carrier-induced degradation on the temperature and irradiance is studied. The stability of samples after accelerated degradation and regeneration at different temperature and irradiance are studied also. Minority carrier lifetime and normalized defect density are used to characterize the degradation and regeneration kinetics. The mechanism of temperature and irradiance on degradation is studied and discussed.

Macroporous silicon has been widely utilized in many electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, it is quite difficult to prepare macroporous silicon with large aperture on p-type low-resistivity c-Si substrate by the conventional fabrication methods, such as reactive ion etching (RIE), electrochemical etching (ECE), and metal-catalyzed electroless etching (MCEE). Such work was realized here by metal–catalyzed electrochemical etching (MCECE). Firstly, Ag nanoparticle catalyst was fabricated on the c-Si substrate by immersing the substrate into a mixed aqueous solution of HF and AgNO3. Electrochemical etching was then performed in a HF-H2O2solution. The synergetic effect of Ag catalyst and the external applied electric field successfully facilitated the formation of large-aperture macroporous silicon. By adjusting the specific MCECE conditions, macroporous silicon with the pore aperture large up to several micrometers was successfully obtained on p-type c-Si substrate with the low resistivity of about 0.1–3 ohm·cm. Especially, the pore tip angle could be controlled flexibly from 3.5° to 41°. The pore tip angle enlarged with the increase of the etching current density and was independent on the etching time. Thus, MCECE can provide a potential way to controllably fabricate complex microstructures on low-resistivity p-type c-Si substrate.

Owing to the volatilization of isopropanol (IPA), instability in the alkaline texturization of monocrystalline silicon has been a big problem for a long time. Many additives were adapted to replace IPA, such as high boiling point alcohols. In this experiment, as a new attempt, sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS), a type of anionic surfactant, was used as the additive in NaOH solution. The etching properties of silicon in 2 wt % NaOH/15--30 mg/L SDS solution were analyzed. To improve the wettability of silicon, two types of metal salt, NaCl and Na2CO3with concentration from 2 to 15 wt %, were applied to the 2 wt % NaOH/15 mg/L SDS solution. The results showed that the effect of NaCl was better than that of Na2CO3. Finally, the role of the additive was discussed.

Prochiral (E)‐configurated 1,3‐enyne chlorides are alkylated by different alkyl magnesium bromides to give 1,4‐enynes with excellent regioselectivities and good to excellent enantioselectivities.

It is reported that different microRNA (miRNA) profiles can be detected in the blood of cancer patients. We investigated that whether the key serum miRNAs could discriminate patients with and without breast cancer. This study was divided into three parts: (1) miRNA marker discovery using SOLiD sequencing-based miRNA profiling on cancerous and adjacent noncancerous breast tissue of one breast cancer patient; (2) marker selection and validation by real-time PCR on a small set of serum; (3) gene ontology analysis of the key miRNA target genes. Of genome-wide tissue miRNA expression analysis, five miRNAs were found to be altered more than fivefold by SOLiD sequencing (i.e., miR-29a, miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-192, and miR-21). All the five miRNAs were validated on the 20 breast cancer patients and 20 controls. miR-29a and miR-21 were significantly increased in the serum of breast cancer patients (𝑃<.05). Gene ontology analysis of the target genes revealed enrichment for special biological process categories, that is, signal transduction, development, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion. SOLiD sequencing provides a promising method for cancer-related miRNA profiling. Serum miRNAs may be useful biomarkers for breast cancer detection.