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This study aimed to compare the structural features and functional properties of polysaccharides from single-clove garlic (SGPs) and multiclove garlic (MGPs) and to establish their structure–function relationships. Both SGPs and MGPs were identified as fructans consisting mainly of →1)-β-d-Fruf(2→ and →6)-β-d-Fruf(2→ residues but differed in average molecular weights (6.76 and 5.40 kDa, respectively). They shared similar thermodynamic properties, X-ray diffraction patterns, and high gastrointestinal digestive stability. These two purified fructans could dose-dependently scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidized metals, and effectively alleviate metronidazole-induced oxidative stress and CuSO4-induced inflammation in zebrafish viainhibiting the overexpression of inflammation-related proteins and cytokines. SGPs showed lower free radical scavenging activity in vitrothan MGPs but higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. Taken together, the molecular weight was the main structural difference between the two garlic fructans of different varieties, which is a potential reason for their differences in biological activities.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer; angiogenesis and immunosuppression exacerbate GBM progression. COUP-TFIIdemonstrates pro-angiogenesis activity; however, its role in glioma progression remains unclear. This study revealed that COUP-TFIIpromotes angiogenesis in gliomas by inducing transdifferentiation of glioma cells into endothelial-like cells. Mechanistic investigation suggested that COUP-TFIIas a transcription factor exerts its function via binding to the promoter of TXNIP. Interestingly, COUP-TFIIknockdown attenuated tumorigenesis and tumor progression in an immunocompetent mouse model but promoted tumor progression in an immuno-deficient mouse model. As an explanation, repression of COUP-TFIIinduces cellular senescence and activates immune surveillance in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we used heparin–polyethyleneimine (HPEI) nanoparticles to deliver COUP-TFIIshRNA, which regulated tumor angiogenesis and immunosuppression in an in situ GBM mouse model. This study provides a novel strategy and potential therapeutic targets to treat GBM.

Ovarian mesenchymal cells (oMCs) constitute a distinct microenvironment that supports folliculogenesis under physiological conditions. Supplementation of exogenous non-ovarian mesenchymal-related cells has been reported to be an efficient approach to improve ovarian functions. However, the development and cellular and molecular characteristics of endogenous oMCs remain largely unexplored. In this study, we surveyed the single-cell transcriptomic landscape to dissect the cellular and molecular changes associated with the aging of oMCs in mice. Our results showed that the oMCs were composed of five ovarian differentiated MC (odMC) populations and one ovarian mesenchymal progenitor (oMP) cell population. These cells could differentiate into various odMCs via an oMP-derived route to construct the ovarian stroma structures. Comparative analysis revealed that ovarian aging was associated with decreased quantity of oMP cells and reduced quality of odMCs. Based on the findings of bioinformatics analysis, we designed different strategies involving supplementation with young oMCs to examine their effects on female fertility and health. Our functional investigations revealed that oMCs supplementation prior to ovarian senescence was the optimal method to improve female fertility and extend the reproductive lifespan of aged females in the long-term.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the benefits and risks of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) treated with Absorb everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) by analyzing all the published studies on the clinical characteristics of patients with PAD.Materials and Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. Efficacy, safety, and basic characteristics were analyzed.Results: Four studies were included in meta-analysis, including a total number of 155 patients with PAD. The pooled overall primary patency, freedom from target lesion revascularization (TLR), symptom resolution, and wound healing were 90%, 96%, 94%, and 86%, respectively. The pooled perioperative complication and all-cause mortality were 4% and 9%, respectively. Preoperative total occlusion was detected in 43 of 192 lesions (22%). The mean lesion length was 27.26 mm. In terms of comorbidities, the pooled percentage of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease history, and smoking were 65%, 74%, 49%, 43%, 20%, and 57%, respectively.Conclusion: Among these studies, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities in patients with PAD. The Absorb everolimus-eluting BVS was safe and showed the favorable clinical outcomes in both patency and TLR, especially in infrapopliteal disease with heavy calcification. The conclusions of this meta-analysis still needed to be verified by more relevant studies with more careful design, more rigorous execution, and larger sample size.

• Three biochars (BC) produced from organic wastes were used for capacitive deionization (CDI). • Algae BC with the highest mesopores and O, n surface groups achieved the highest physical removal. • Algae and corncob BC possessed the lowest charge-transfer and mass-transfer resistances. • Algae BC is an ideal electrode candidate for Cd2+ removal by CDI. Biochars are low-cost and sustainable materials for environmental technologies. In this work, we prepared three biochars using pomelo peel (P-BC), algae (A-BC), and corncob (C-BC) to recover Cd2+ from wastewater via capacitive deionisation (CDI). A-BC possesses the highest amount of mesopores and nitrogen functionality and attains the highest removal of Cd2+ via physical adsorption. For the electro-sorption capacity, C-BC and A-BC perform better capacitive removal of Cd2+ than P-BC due to the smaller charge-transfer and mass-transfer resistances. Also, this work investigated the impacts of surface morphology, cell voltage, NaCl, initial pH, and Cd2+ concentrations on Cd2+ capacitive removal and electrode regeneration performances. The results indicated that A-BC and C-BC may be prospective materials for Cd2+ removal from wastewater by CDI. However, the presence of competing cations at high concentrations may influence the removal of Cd2+ at a low level, requiring the modification of A-BC and C-BC in future work. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault activation has been the focus of research community for years. However, the studies of fault activation remain immature, such as the fault activation mode and its major factors under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions associated with large thickness of fault surrounding rock mass. In this study, the rock friction experiments were conducted to understand the fault activation modes under the CNS conditions. Two major parameters, i.e. the initial normal stress and loading rate, were considered and calibrated in the tests. To reveal the response mechanism of fault activation, the local strains near the fault plane were recorded, and the macroscopic stresses and displacements were analyzed. The testing results show that the effect of displacement-controlled loading rate is more pronounced under the CNS conditions than that under constant normal load (CNL) conditions. Both the normal and shear stresses drop suddenly when the stick-slip occurs. The decrease and increase of the normal stress are synchronous with the shear stress in the regular stick-slip scenario, but mismatch with the shear stress during the chaotic stick-slip process. The results are helpful for understanding the fault sliding mode and the prediction and prevention of fault slip.

Ovarian follicle is the basic functional unit of female reproduction, and is composed of oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells. In mammals, folliculogenesis strictly rely on gonadotropin regulations to determine the ovulation and the quality of eggs. However, the dynamic changes of protein-expressing profiles in follicles at different developmental stages remain largely unknown. By performing mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis of mouse follicles, we provide a proteomic database (~3000 proteins) that covers three key stages of gonadotropin-dependent folliculogenesis. By combining bioinformatics analysis with in situ expression validation, we showed that our proteomic data well reflected physiological changes during folliculogenesis, which provided potential to predict unknown regulators of folliculogenesis. Additionally, by using the oocyte structural protein zona pellucida protein 2 as the internal control, we showed the possibility of our database to predict the expression dynamics of oocyte-expressing proteins during folliculogenesis. Taken together, we provide a high-coverage proteomic database to study protein-expression dynamics during gonadotropin-dependent folliculogenesis in mammals.Mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis provides a database of the protein-expression profiles during gonadotropin-dependent folliculogenesis in mice.

Traditional Chinese preserved egg products have exhibited some anti-inflammatory effects, but their mechanisms of action remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of preserved egg white (PEW) treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that treatment with PEW in mice with DSS-induced colitis for 14 days effectively improved the clinical signs, inhibited the secretion and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and oxidative stress levels. In addition, western blotting results showed that PEW significantly suppressed DSS-induced phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in colon tissues of mice with colitis. PEW also enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and modulated gut microbiota composition in mice with DSS-induced colitis, including increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Muribaculaceae, and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Proteobacteria. Taken together, our study demonstrated that preserved egg white could alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice through the reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB, MAPK and gut microbiota composition.

•A novel ginger peel polysaccharide-Cr (III) complex was synthesized based on RSM.•Their chelation and interaction mainly occurred on the O–H of the hydroxyl groups.•The complex showed superior anti-inflammatory activity in vivothan polysaccharides.•The biological mechanism mainly involved the MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK/iNOS signaling pathway.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis. Therefore, small molecules targeting components of miRNA biogenesis may provide new therapeutic means for HCC treatment. By a high-throughput screening and structural simplification, we identified a small molecule, CIB-3b, which suppresses the growth and metastasis of HCC in vitroand in vivoby modulating expression profiles of miRNAome and proteome in HCC cells. Mechanistically, CIB-3b physically binds to transactivation response (TAR) RNA-binding protein 2 (TRBP) and disrupts the TRBP–Dicer interaction, thereby altering the activity of Dicer and mature miRNA production. Structure–activity relationship study via the synthesis of 45 CIB-3b derivatives showed that some compounds exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on miRNA biogenesis to CIB-3b. These results support TRBP as a potential therapeutic target in HCC and warrant further development of CIB-3b along with its analogues as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HCC.

Combining chiral molecules and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with ordered pores can result in chiral COFs, which may be employed in the fields of chiral chemistry. In this study, we constructed a novel carboxyl-functionalized COF TpBD-3COOH first and then integrated a chiral molecule, heptakis (6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-CD (Am7CD), into TpBD-3COOH to obtain TpBD-Am7CD. Comparing TpBD-3COOH with TpBD-Am7CD, it could be observed that chiral selectivities improved significantly after decorating TpBD-3COOH with Am7CD in the adsorption experiment. Meanwhile, TpBD-Am7CD exhibited similar chiral selective abilities as the previously reported β-CD COF when it was employed to adsorb amino acid enantiomers, while the content of Am7CD was much less than that in β-CD COF. This indicated that the framework of TpBD-3COOH enhanced the chiral selective ability of Am7CD, which would be a great chiral carrier material for further application. This work provides a new insight for establishing materials for application in the chiral recognition field. Besides, TpBD-Am7CD resulted in an insoluble powder, which endowed this material with the possibility to be an adsorbent and a stationary phase in chromatography.

The fracture behavior of natural fracture in the geological reservoir subjected to filling property, affects the crack initiation and propagation under stress perturbation. Partial filling flaws were intermediate between open fractures and filled fractures, the fracture response may be worth exploring. In this work, the effect of the filling property of sandstone with partial filling flaws on the fracture behavior was systematically investigated based on three-point bending tests and the numerical approach of discrete element method (DEM). In the laboratory, semi-circular three-point bending tests were carried out with partial filling flaws of various filling strengths. Based on this, numerical simulations were used to further investigate the effect of the filling ratio and the inclination of the partial filling flaw on the mechanical and fracture responses, and the effect of the partial filling flaw under mixed-mode loading on the fracture mechanism was elucidated coupled with acoustic emission (AE) characteristics. The obtained results showed that the increase in filling strength and filling ratio of partial filling flaw led to a increase in peak strength, with a decreasing trend in peak strength with the inclination of partial filling flaw. In terms of crack propagation pattern, the increasing filling strength of the partial filling flaw induced the transformation of the fracture mechanism toward deflection, with a tortuosity path, while the filling ratio and inclination of partial filling flaw led to fracture mechanism change from deflection to penetration and attraction, accompanied with a larger AE event source in filler. Accordingly, the b-value based on the Gutenberg-Richter equation fluctuated between 5 and 4 at low filling ratio and inclination and remained around 5 at high filling ratio and inclination of partial filling flaw. Related results may provide an application prospective for reservoir stimulation using the natural fracture system.

Liver injury and progressive liver failure are severe life-threatening complications in sepsis, further worsening the disease and leading to death. Macrophages and their mediated inflammatory cytokine storm are critical regulators in the occurrence and progression of liver injury in sepsis, for which effective treatments are still lacking. l-Ascorbic acid 6-palmitate (L-AP), a food additive, can inhibit neuroinflammation by modulating the phenotype of the microglia, but its pharmacological action in septic liver damage has not been fully explored. We aimed to investigate L-AP’s antisepticemia action and the possible pharmacological mechanisms in attenuating septic liver damage by modulating macrophage function. We observed that L-AP treatment significantly increased survival in cecal ligation and puncture-induced WT mice and attenuated hepatic inflammatory injury, including the histopathology of the liver tissues, hepatocyte apoptosis, and the liver enzyme levels in plasma, which were comparable to NLRP3-deficiency in septic mice. L-AP supplementation significantly attenuated the excessive inflammatory response in hepatic tissues of septic mice in vivo and in cultured macrophages challenged by both LPS and ATP in vitro, by reducing the levels of NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18 mRNA expression, as well as the levels of proteins for p-I-κB-α, p-NF-κB-p65, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Additionally, it impaired the inflammasome ASC spot activation and reduced the inflammatory factor contents, including IL-1β and IL-18 in plasma/cultured superannuants. It also prevented the infiltration/migration of macrophages and their M1-like inflammatory polarization while improving their M2-like polarization. Overall, our findings revealed that L-AP protected against sepsis by reducing macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing their activation in NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signal pathways in septic liver.

To meet the requirement of multipurpose applications in infrared thermal camouflage and solar photothermal energy storage, we have developed a series of multifunctional composite films based on polyurethane (PU) as a flexible matrix and double-layered phase-change microcapsules as an additive. The double-layered microcapsules were first constructed by encapsulating n-docosane as a phase-change material in a titanium dioxide shell, followed by depositing a polyaniline (PANi) functional layer. Then, the microcapsules were incorporated into the PU matrix to form the composite films through in situpolycondensation. A high latent heat capacity of over 130 J g−1was achieved by the microcapsules as a result of a high n-docosane loading. This can generate an effective thermal buffer for the composite films and thus endow them with a good thermal camouflage capability. The composite films also show good solar energy-storage performance thanks to their superior sunlight absorptivity derived from the PANi coating layer of the microcapsules. The composite films present a much higher surface temperature (68.6 °C) than pure PU film (41.9 °C) under simulated sunlight irradiation for 1488 s. In addition, the composite films exhibit a self-cleaning surface and high flexibility. Integrating the double-layered microcapsules and flexible PU matrix may provide an innovative strategy for developing flexible functional films for infrared thermal camouflage and photothermal energy storage applications.

Teachers can and should play a powerful active role in promoting societal inclusion and equity for all learners. There is an emerging interest among teacher education scholars in teacher agency and its importance; however, a theoretical and empirical understanding of teacher agency remains elusive. The purposes of this systematic review are to synthesize existing theories of teacher agency and summarize factors enhancing or constraining teacher agency for inclusive education. Implications for teacher education, professional development, and future studies were discussed. The electronic databases Academic Search Premier, Education Research Complete, ERIC, and PsycINFO were systematically searched for articles published until January 2019. Nine empirical studies were identified to inform the three-dimensional (i.e., iterational, practical-evaluative, projective) and temporal-relational nature of teacher agency, with inclusive teacher identity, professional competence, inclusive professional philosophy, autonomy, and reflexivity as its five core aspects.

TiO2is the most photoactive material because of its superstrong photooxidizing ability, and TiO2photocatalysis has been widely applied in sustainable water treatment and environmental remediation. However, poor sunlight or visible-light harvesting efficiency and fast recombination rate of the photogenerated charge carriers severely limit the practical applications of TiO2. To overcome these problems, the present work demonstrates a facile in-situco-condensation method combined with hydrothermal treatment to prepare a series of graphitized carbon/TiO2composite photocatalysts, and anatase TiO2phase and π-π-conjugated polycyclic aromatic carbon structure are created simultaneously. As-prepared TiO2/C composites exhibit remarkably high visible-light photocatalytic activity in the degradation of aqueous emerging phenolic pollutants, acetaminophen (APAP) and methylparaben (MPB), and apparent rate constant of the TiO2/C composite with carbon doping level of 10.3% for APAP and MPB removal is 7.6 and 2.8 times higher than that of bare TiO2, and 6.2 and 2.6 times higher than that of Degussa P25 TiO2. Based on the results of photoelectrochemical experiments, indirect chemical probe measurements, and ESR spectroscopy, it is verified that doping TiO2with graphitized carbon is responsible for this enhanced photocatalytic activity, which renders the improved visible-light harvesting ability, the accelerated separation of the photogenerated charge carriers, and enlarged BET surface areas. Through analyzing the intermediates yielded in the photodegradation process, the pathway of visible-light photocatalytic degradation of APAP and MPB over the TiO2/C composite is proposed.

As global soil salinization increases, halophytes that can grow in saline soils are the primary choice for improving soil quality. Some halophytes can even be irrigated with seawater and used as vegetables. These so-called seawater vegetables include those that can be planted on saline and alkali soils and some edible halophytes and ordinary vegetables that are salt-tolerant. The cultivation of seawater vegetables on saline soil has become a matter of increasing interest. In this review, we focus on the salt-tolerance mechanisms and potential applications of some seawater vegetables. We also summarize their value to health, medicine, industry, and the economy as a whole. Further improvement and development to support the use of seawater vegetables will require in-depth research at the cellular and molecular levels.

ABSTRACTSoil salinization is a serious problem for plant growth worldwide. Understanding the tolerance mechanisms of salt-tolerant plants is essential for development and utilization of saline-alkali land. The salt-tolerant tree species Elaeagnus angustifoliais utilized in landscaping and ecological restoration projects such as afforestation. In this work, we examined the changes in phytohormone levels and the expression of phytohormone-related genes in E. angustifoliaseedlings under salt stress. We observed no changes in the biomass, leaf area, and the size of epidermal cells of E. angustifoliaseedlings under low levels of NaCl (50 mM); however, when the NaCl concentration was increased, these parameters were significantly reduced. Comparison of the transcriptome data of the species seedlings under 0 and 150 mM NaCl showed that many hormone pathways are involved in the salt-tolerance response. Under salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA) contents increased significantly, whereas the contents of auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) decreased significantly. We conclude that these changes could be responsible for the growth inhibition and increased salt resistance of E. angustifoliaseedlings.

Neddylation of the Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) regulates the homeostasis of approximately 20% of cellular proteins. Defective in cullin neddylation 1 (DCN1), as a co-E3 ligase, interacts with UBE2M to enhance the activation of CRLs, and this interaction is emerging as a therapeutic target for human diseases. Here, we present a series of pyrimidin-based small molecular inhibitors targeting DCN1–UBE2M interaction. After finding a novel inhibitor DC-1with IC50= 1.2 μM, we performed a series of chemical optimizations, which finally led to the discovery of a potent thiazole containing 5-cyano-6-phenylpyrimidin-based inhibitor DC-2(IC50= 15 nM). Next, using protein and cellular thermal shift assays, coimmunoprecipitation, molecular docking, and site-specific mutation experiments, we further proved that DC-2specifically inhibited the interaction of UBE2M and DCN1 at molecule and cellular levels, resulting in the decrease of cullin3 neddylation and accumulation of its substrate, NRF2. Our findings indicate that DC-2may serve as a novel lead compound for specific derivatives targeting DCN1–UBE2M interaction.

Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1), an ETS transcription factor family member, acts as an oncogenic driver in hematological malignancies and promotes tumor growth in solid tumors. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the activation of this proto-oncogene in tumors. Immunohistochemical staining showed that FLI1 is aberrantly overexpressed in advanced stage and metastatic breast cancers. Using a CRISPR Cas9-guided immunoprecipitation assay, we identify a circular RNA in the FLI1 promoter chromatin complex, consisting of FLI1 exons 4-2-3, referred to as FECR1.Overexpression of FECR1 enhances invasiveness of MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Notably, FECR1 utilizes a positive feedback mechanism to activate FLI1 by inducing DNA hypomethylation in CpG islands of the promoter. FECR1 binds to the FLI1 promoter in cis and recruits TET1, a demethylase that is actively involved in DNA demethylation. FECR1 also binds to and downregulates in trans DNMT1, a methyltransferase that is essential for the maintenance of DNA methylation. These data suggest that FECR1 circular RNA acts as an upstream regulator to control breast cancer tumor growth by coordinating the regulation of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes. Thus, FLI1 drives tumor metastasis not only through the canonical oncoprotein pathway, but also by using epigenetic mechanisms mediated by its exonic circular RNA.

•A novel Arctium lappaL. polysaccharide (ALP)-zinc complex was prepared.•ALP-Zn has good stabilities in simulated gastrointestinal digestion.•ALP and ALP-Zn exhibited excellent immune activity on dendritic cells.

Background: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/nodal signaling is involved in early embryonic patterning in vertebrates. Nodal modulator (Nomo, also called pM5) is a negative regulator of nodal signaling. Currently, the role of nomo gene in cartilage development in vertebrates remains unknown. Methods: Nomo mutants were generated in a knockout model of zebrafish by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) targeting of the fibronectin type III domain. The expression of related genes, which are critical for chondrogenesis, was analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR. Whole-mount alcian staining was performed to analyze the cartilage structure. Results: nomo is highly expressed in various tissues including the cartilage. We successfully constructed a zebrafish nomo knockout model. nomo homozygous mutants exhibited varying degrees of hypoplasia and dysmorphism on 4 and 5 dpf, which is similar to chondrodysplasia in humans. The key genes of cartilage and skeletal development, including sox9a, sox9b, dlx1a, dlx2a, osx, col10a1, and col11a2 were all downregulated in nomo mutants compared with the wildtype. Conclusion: The nomo gene positively regulates the expression of the master regulator and other key development genes involved in bone formation and cartilage development and it is essential for cartilage development in zebrafish.

River ecosystems contribute significantly to CO2emissions. However, estimates of global riverine CO2emissions remain greatly uncertain owing to the absence of a comprehensive and spatially resolved CO2emission measurement. Based on intensive field measurements using floating chambers, riverine CO2evasion in the Wuding River catchment on the Loess Plateau was investigated. Lateral carbon derived from soil respiration and chemical weathering played a central role in controlling the variability of riverine CO2partial pressure (pCO2). In addition, in‐stream processing of allochthonous organic carbon was an also important source of CO2excess, modulating the influence of lateral carbon inputs. All the surveyed streams were net CO2sources, exhibiting pronounced spatial and seasonal variabilities. The mean CO2efflux was 172, 116, and 218 mmol m−2d−1in spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Unlike the commonly observed strongest CO2emissions in headwater streams, the increasing CO2efflux with stream order in the Wuding River catchment reflects its unique geomorphologic landscape in controlling CO2emissions. While in reservoirs, the pCO2was more controlled by primary production with aquatic photosynthetic assimilation constraining it to a lower level. Both the magnitude and direction of CO2evasion from reservoirs have been greatly altered. Contrast to streams with large CO2effluxes, reservoirs were small carbon sources and even carbon sinks, due primarily to greatly reduced turbulence and enhanced photosynthesis. In view of the large number of reservoirs on the Loess Plateau, assessing the resulting changes to CO2emissions and their implications for regional carbon budgets warrants further research. Riverine pCO2was collectively affected by heterotrophic respiration of organic carbon and lateral carbon inflow via groundwaterAll streams were CO2sources for the atmosphere, and the CO2effluxes exhibited pronounced spatial and seasonal variabilitiesDam impoundment has significantly altered the magnitude and direction of riverine CO2evasion from reservoir waters

Pavement surface–tire friction is a critical safety element associated with roadway design, construction, and maintenance practices. The skid resistance of pavements generally declines over time and increases the risk of skidding-related crashes. On horizontal curves, lateral friction may be associated with lane-departure incidents, particularly as the pavement ages and drivers demand more lateral friction than the pavement surface–tire interaction can supply. On tangent roadway sections, longitudinal friction affects braking distances. As the skid-resistance properties of a pavement surface decline over time, braking distances increase, and may increase risks to driver safety. A comprehensive understanding of the process of pavement friction degradation could help highway agencies identify roadway segments that need maintenance to reduce the probability of skid-related incidents. This paper presents a survival analysis of friction degradation for asphalt pavement surfaces. Duration models were estimated with data collected annually along an Interstate highway in Pennsylvania to investigate the degradation of friction over time. These models consider traffic volume and roadway features to determine the probability that friction levels will remain above various friction thresholds. The resulting statistical models can help transportation agencies make better decisions about pavement maintenance to reduce safety risk.

Directly pyrolyzing biowastes has attracted intensive interest, probably because this economical and facile method provides an efficient and versatile platform for synthesizing functional carbons. This study describes the synthesis of different functional carbons from poplar catkins via different processes for multi-purpose applications. Nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped carbon (NODC-800) derived from catkins delivers superior electrochemical characteristics as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst in alkaline fuel cell to that of commercial Pt/C in terms of catalytic activity, stability, resistance to methanol cross-over and CO poisoning. In addition, NODC-800 exhibits a high capacity (~251Fg−1at 0.5Ag−1) with nearly 100% retention rate after 1000 cycles as supercapacitors electrodes. An oleophylic carbon aerogel derived from catkins is proven to be superoleophilic and porous enough to “wet” with oils and organic liquids and repel water completely to achieve oil/water separation. This work is a successful case to take full advantage of raw materials from nature via multiple technologies to achieve energy sustainable development and protect environmental from oils and organic solvents spill.

Pavement surface–tire friction is a critical safety element associated with roadway design, construction, and maintenance practices. The skid resistance of pavements generally declines over time and increases the risk of skidding-related crashes. On horizontal curves, lateral friction may be associated with lane-departure incidents, particularly as the pavement ages and drivers demand more lateral friction than the pavement surface–tire interaction can supply. On tangent roadway sections, longitudinal friction affects braking distances. As the skid-resistance properties of a pavement surface decline over time, braking distances increase, and may increase risks to driver safety. A comprehensive understanding of the process of pavement friction degradation could help highway agencies identify roadway segments that need maintenance to reduce the probability of skid-related incidents. This paper presents a survival analysis of friction degradation for asphalt pavement surfaces. Duration models were estimated with data collected annually along an Interstate highway in Pennsylvania to investigate the degradation of friction over time. These models consider traffic volume and roadway features to determine the probability that friction levels will remain above various friction thresholds. The resulting statistical models can help transportation agencies make better decisions about pavement maintenance to reduce safety risk.

Chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) benefit from superior stability, abundant chiral environment, and homogeneous pore configuration. In its constructive tactics, only the post-modification method allows for the integration of supramolecular chiral selectors into achiral COFs. Here, the finding utilizes 6-deoxy-6-mercapto-β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD) as chiral subunits and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (DVA) as the platform molecule to synthesize chiral functional monomers through thiol-ene click reactions and directly establish ternary “pendant-type” SH-β-CD COFs. The chiral site density on SH-β-CD COFs was regulated by changing the proportion of chiral monomers to obtain an optimal construction strategy and remarkably improve the ability of chiral separation. SH-β-CD COFs were coated on the inner wall of the capillary in a covalently bound manner. The prepared open tubular capillary was achieved for the separation of six chiral drugs. By combining the outcomes of selective adsorption and chromatographic separation, we observed the higher density of chiral sites in the CCOFs, and poorer results were achieved. From the perspective of spatial conformational distribution, we interpret the variation in the performance of these chirality-controlled CCOFs for selective adsorption and chiral separation.

Three eudesmanolide sesquiterpene-phenol hybrids, atramacronoids A−C (1−3), featuring an unusual 6/6/5/5/6 skeleton furnished by forming an unexpected C-8−C-16 linkage, were obtained from the rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, chemical calculations, combined with X-ray diffractions. The plausible biosynthetic pathways for compounds 1−3are proposed. Surprisingly, compound 1exhibited cytotoxicity against SGC-7901 cells by inducing cells apoptosis, which might relate to the promotion of synthesis of neutrophil elastase.

Diverse indicators have been used to represent adipose tissue, while the relationship between body adipose mass and the prognosis of patients with cancer remains controversial.

A novel alkaloid featuring a unique tetracyclic ring system was isolated from a marine actinobacterium.

In this paper, the wing body fusion method is used to complete the design of underwater glider. On this basis, the traditional optimization algorithm of underwater gliding wing shape is improved. Based on the improved Hicks Henne algorithm and genetic algorithm, the shape optimization of underwater glider is completed. Through the further optimization of the overall performance, the overall shape of the glider is improved and the maximum lift drag ratio is increased. Finally, the physical experiment of the optimized shape is carried out according to the experimental water area of the circulating water tank. Through the comparative analysis of the data, the accuracy of the numerical calculation is verified.