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Although enormous domain adaptation (DA) approaches have been proposed for cross-scene hyperspectral image (HSI) classification, the majority of DA methods strongly depend on much prior knowledge of the association among the label sets of source and target domains (encompassing closed set, partial, and open set DA), thereby significantly hindering their applications. Realistic application scenarios often require knowledge transfer between domains without restrictions on the label space, which is called universal domain adaptation (UniDA). In this article, we propose HyUniDA, which is the first attempt to address UniDA scenario from HSIs. HyUniDA contains two major parts: shared semantic pairing (SSP) and domain similarity score (DSS). We group both source and target domains to form discriminative clusters. The SSP identifies pairs of clusters that have coincident semantic features as the common classes. By examining the consistency level of samples across source and target domains, DSS can estimate the quantity of target clusters and generate distinct clusters without prior knowledge. Meanwhile, we apply the contrastive domain discrepancy to alleviate the offset of samples distribution, with a representative regularizer to assist in distinguishing target-domain clusters. We evaluate our proposed method on three transfer learning tasks for six typical HSI datasets; it turns out that our proposed method yields 3.83%–37.57% improvements compared to other state-of-the-art (SOTA) DA methods.

2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), an environmental pollutant, was reported to cause hepatotoxicity. The biochemical mechanisms of 2,4-DCP induced liver injury remain unknown. The present study showed that 2,4-DCP is chemically reactive and spontaneously reacts with GSH and bovine serum albumin to form GSH conjugates and BSA adducts. The observed conjugation/adduction apparently involved the addition of GSH and departure of chloride via the ipsosubstitution pathway. Two biliary GSH conjugates and one urinary N-acetyl cysteine conjugate were observed in rats given 2,4-DCP. The N-acetyl cysteine conjugate was chemically synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR. As expected, 2,4-DCP was found to modify hepatic protein at cysteine residues in vivo by the same chemistry. The observed protein adduction reached its peak at 15 min and revealed dose dependency. The new findings allowed us to better understand the mechanisms of the toxic action of 2,4-DCP.

The present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and antiplatelet aggregation activity of eptifibatide in healthy Chinese subjects. Eptifibatide (180 μg/kg) was administrated by 2 bolus injections 10 minutes apart, followed by a 2.0 μg/kg/min infusion for 24 hours. The eptifibatide pharmacokinetic and antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling and noncompartmental analysis. Safety assessments included adverse events, hematology, and biochemistry tests. Twelve Chinese healthy subjects were enrolled and completed the study. Steady‐state concentrations were achieved at 0.5 to 24 hours after dosing. The median time to maximum concentration was 13 minutes, and the mean terminal elimination half‐life was 148.19 minutes. The effective inhibition of platelet aggregation (<20% platelet aggregation) occurred by 3 minutes after starting dosing to 4 hours after termination of the infusion. Eptifibatide concentrations were fitted with a 3‐compartment model, and the typical value of clearance was 0.11 L/min, with no significant covariates found. Three mild adverse events were detected in the study. Eptifibatide displays high sensitivity and excellent tolerability in healthy Chinese subjects. The dosage of eptifibatide recommended on the label for whites can effectively inhibit platelet aggregation.

Tofacitinib (TFT) is an oral JAK inhibitor which has been approved for the treatment of moderately and severely active rheumatoid arthritis. TFT was found to show concentration-, time-, and NADPH-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4, and irreversibility of the inactivation was also observed. Incubation (40 min, 37 °C) of recombinant CYP3A4 with TFT at 200 μM resulted in >70% loss of CYP3A4 activity. Estimated kinactand KIwere 0.037 min–1and 93.2 μM, respectively. GSH and superoxide dismutase/catalase revealed minor or little protection against the CYP3A4 inactivation. Furthermore, ketoconazole attenuated TFT-mediated CYP3A4 inactivation. Epoxide and α-keto-aldehyde intermediates of TFT were trapped and characterized in microsomal incubations, respectively. The aldehyde intermediate is believed to be the key for the enzyme inactivation. Multiple P450 enzymes, including CYPs2C19, 3A4, 2D6, and 1A2, participated in the metabolism of TFT to the epoxide, while the formation of the aldehyde was mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4. In conclusion, TFT was proven to be a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4.

We evaluated an immunochromatographic strip for the detection of avian avulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus, NDV) based on a high-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically recognizes the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. The anti-HN mAb was labeled with colloidal gold as the detector. A chicken anti-NDV polyclonal antibody and staphylococcal protein A (SPA) were blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane for the test and control lines, respectively. The strip specifically recognized the NDV antigen with no cross-reactivity to other viruses that were examined. Furthermore, it specifically recognized a variety of NDV isolates, including virulent and attenuated strains. These results were confirmed using hemagglutination (HA) and RT-PCR assays. The NDV detection strip detected 104.9EID50viruses/0.1 mL in the NDV-infected sample, which is comparable to the classical HA test (105.2EID50/0.1 mL). Following experimental infection, NDV was detected using the detection strip in infected tissues as early as 36 h after experimental infection and prior to development of clinical signs and appearance of gross anatomic lesions. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the NDV detection strip for NDV infection were 83.3% and 100%, respectively, as confirmed by RT-PCR.

Maternal effects are often adaptive for organisms experiencing rapid environmental changes. Maternal food limitation triggered Daphnia pulex to produce fewer but larger neonates that were more tolerant to toxic Microcystis aeruginos a. Older females exhibited a similar maternal effect. Additionally, larger offspring from low-food or old D. pulex performed better in the absence of cyanobacteria. These results suggest that zooplankton maternal status shaped the tolerance of their offspring to toxic cyanobacteria.

Aqueous calcium decline is a novel and widespread threat to soft-water lakes and usually co-occurs with other stressors. A three-way full factorial design was used to investigate the combined effects of a chemical stressor (calcium decline from 20 to 5 mg L–1), a biological stressor (50% Microcystis aeruginosa in diets), and a physical stressor (temperature increase from 25 to 29 °C) on the population fitness of three common cladocerans with distinct body sizes. Both Ca deficiency and increasing cyanobacteria significantly depressed fitness in the large-bodied Daphnia pulex, while warming did not. The combined effect of Ca deficiency and increasing cyanobacteria was significantly synergistic in D. pulex with a greater fitness reduction in the presence of cyanobacteria. Ca deficiency significantly depressed Simocephalus vetulus fitness only at 29 °C. Ca deficiency and warming had a synergistic effect on S. vetulus fitness, but the combined effect of warming and cyanobacteria was antagonistic. The fitness of the small-bodied B. longirostris increased with temperature, but was not influenced by Ca deficiency, cyanobacteria, or the interactions of the three stressors. These results suggest that D. pulex was most vulnerable to ongoing Ca decline. The non-additive effects of multiple stressors should be considered when predicting zooplankton responses in soft-water lakes.

In order to enhance the seed storability and supply high-quality seeds for vegetation restoration in the arid and semiarid regions in Northwest China, the effects of ultra-drying and accelerated aging on the physiological characterstics of Melilotus suaveolensseeds were studied. Melilotus suaveolensseeds were dried in a desiccator containing silica gel to 80, 53, 42, 33, 23 and 16 g • kg−1of moisture contents (MC), respectively. The parameters of the seed quality including germination energy (GE), germination percentage (GP), relative conductivity (RC), dehydrogenase activity (DA) and α-amylase activity (AA) were determined after ultra-drying and accelerated aging. The results showed that ultra-dried seeds with 42 g · kg−1of MC showed the minimum changes of GE and GP before and after seed aging. Moreover, ultra-dry seeds with 42 g · kg−1of MC showed higher DA and AA, and lower RC than non-ultra-drying seeds. Therefore, ultra-drying to 42 g · kg−1of MC was helpful for M. suaveolensseed storage.

Accurate and rapid blood typing plays a vital role in a variety of biomedical and forensic scenarios, but recognizing weak agglutination remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrated a flipping identification with a prompt error-discrimination (FLIPPED) platform for automatic blood group readouts. Bromocresol green dye was exploited as a characteristic chromatography indicator for the differentiation of plasma from whole blood by presenting a teal color against a brown color. After integrating these color changes into a quick-response (QR) code, prompt typing of ABO and Rhesus groups was automatically achieved and data could be uploaded wirelessly within 30 s using a commercially available smartphone to facilitate blood cross-matching. We further designed a color correction model and algorithm to remove potential errors from scanning angles and ambient light intensities, by which weak agglutination could be accurately recognized. With comparable accuracy and repeatability to classical column assay in grouping 450 blood samples, the proposed approach further demonstrates to be a versatile sample-to-result platform for clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring.