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The American Heart Association recently issued a substantial update to the definition and scoring of cardiovascular health (CVH), now called "Life's Essential 8" (LE8). We aimed to assess the trends in overall and individual LE8 CVH metrics among adolescents in the United States. A total of 6,999 United States adolescents aged 12–19 years from six cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007–2008 to 2017–2018 were included in this study. The individual LE8 metrics included diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index (BMI), blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP). A higher CVH score indicates better CVH health. The mean score of overall CVH significantly increased from 72.8 (95% confidence interval: 71.2–74.3) in 2007–2008 to 77.3 (76.1–78.5) in 2017–2018 in US adolescents (p -trend <.001). From 2007–2008 to 2017–2018, the mean scores increased from 75.5 (72.0–79.1) to 90.0 (88.0–91.9) for nicotine exposure, from 65.2 (61.6–68.8) to 73.3 (69.9–76.8) for sleep health, from 69.9 (67.1–72.8) to 73.0 (69.1–76.9) for blood lipids, and from 94.4 (93.0–95.9) to 96.2 (95.2–97.3) for BP (all p -trend <.05). However, the mean scores for diet, physical activity, and blood glucose did not significantly change (all p -trend >.05), whereas the mean score decreased from 81.4 (78.9-84.0) to 78.6 (76.4–80.8) for BMI (p -trend =.023). In United States adolescents, the overall CVH and four components (nicotine exposure, sleep health, blood lipids, and BP) significantly improved over time, diet, physical activity, and blood glucose remained unchanged, whereas BMI worsened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? We explored the association between long-term trajectories of late-life loneliness and incident dementia. • What is the main finding of this study? Five distinct loneliness trajectories were found: long-term low, persistently decreasing, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high. Compared with long-term low loneliness, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high loneliness significantly increases the risk of dementia in older adults. • What is the meaning of the finding? To prevent dementia, we should pay attention to the elderly with long-term loneliness and persistently increasing loneliness, especially the elderly with long-term high loneliness. Some older adults with loneliness might have transient loneliness, followed by full remission, while others might have persistent loneliness. Such different courses might differ in predicting the risk of dementia, but most previous studies assessed short-term loneliness at a single time point, ignoring the long-term changes of loneliness. This study aimed to explore the association between 8-year trajectories of late-life loneliness and incident dementia. Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (waves 2−9). This study included 6,722 older adults measured for loneliness greater than or equal to three times from wave 2 (2004−2005) to wave 6 (2012−2013) and free from dementia in wave 6. Loneliness was assessed using the short 1980 version of the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to explore loneliness trajectories during waves 2−6. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association of loneliness trajectories with incident dementia during waves 6−9. Five distinct loneliness trajectories were identified: long-term low, persistently decreasing, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high. Compared with long-term low loneliness, the HRs (95% confidence intervals) for persistently decreasing, persistently increasing, long-term moderate, and long-term high loneliness were 1.29 (0.83−2.00), 1.55 (1.04−2.31), 1.56 (1.03−2.38), and 3.35 (1.89−5.91), respectively. The elderly show distinct patterns of loneliness over time, which cannot be captured by a single assessment of loneliness. The elderly with long-term loneliness and persistently increasing loneliness might be the high-risk group for dementia. Further studies are needed to determine whether reducing loneliness can prevent dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• For the first time found Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) exerted anti-fibrosis and anti-angiogenic effects for alleviating liver fibrosis. • HSYA reduced the release of VEGFA by inactivating PDGFRB signaling pathway, which was partly dependent on inhibiting PDGFRB overexpression. • PDGFRB was the target gene of miR-29a-3p. HSYA repressed the pro-angiogenic effect of activated HSCs through the miR-29a-3p/PDGFRB axis. • HSYA regulated the abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells induced by VEGFA, suggesting an interaction between HSCs and endothelial cells. Liver fibrosis is a prevalent pathological process in chronic liver diseases characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and abnormal angiogenesis. Notably, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary source of ECM. Activated HSCs not only secrete numerous pro-fibrotic cytokines but also are endowed with a pro-angiogenic phenotype to promote pathological angiogenesis. Therefore, targeted modulation of HSCs has emerged as a pivotal strategy for addressing liver fibrosis. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a homology of medicine and food colourant with good pharmacological activity. However, the precise mechanisms of HSYA against liver fibrosis remain unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of HSYA on liver fibrosis and pathological angiogenesis, as well as the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo studies. The efficacy and mechanisms of HSYA on TGF-β1-induced HSCs and VEGFA-induced endothelial cells were investigated by MTT assay, EdU cell proliferation assay, cell scratch assay, Elisa assay, immunofluorescence assay, molecular docking, cell transfection assay, western blot analysis and RT-qPCR analysis. In CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis mice model, H&E, Masson, and Sirius red staining were used to observe histopathology. Serum transaminase activity and liver biochemical indexes were tested by biochemical kit. Immunohistochemical, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), western blot analysis and RT-qPCR analysis were implemented to determine the mechanism of HSYA in vivo. Herein, our findings confirmed that HSYA inhibited the proliferation, migration and activation of HSCs, as evidenced by a reduction in cell viability, relative migration rate, EdU staining intensity, and pro-fibrotic mRNAs and proteins expression in vitro. Mechanistically, HSYA played an anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic role by partially silencing PDGFRB in activated HSCs, thereby disrupting PDGFRB/MEK/ERK signal transduction and inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α, VEGFA and VEGFR2 proteins. Importantly, PDGFRB was a target gene of miR-29a-3p. Treatment with HSYA reversed the down-regulation of miR-29a-3p and antagonized PDGFRB signaling pathway in TGF-β1-induced HSCs transfected with miR-29a-3p inhibitor. Consistent with our in vitro study, HSYA exhibited a good hepatoprotective effect in CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis mice by reducing serum ALT and AST levels, decreasing the contents of four fibrosis indicators (HA, PIIIP, ColIV and LN) and hydroxyproline, and inhibiting the TGF-β1/TGFBR signaling pathway. In terms of mechanisms, HSYA alleviated pathological angiogenesis in fibrotic liver by deactivating PDGFRB signaling pathway and impairing the positive expression of CD31. Subsequently, FISH results further corroborated HSYA affected the activation of HSCs and angiogenesis achieved by the concurrent upregulation of miR-29a-3p and downregulation of α-SMA and VEGFA. Additionally, treatment with HSYA also forged a link between HSCs and endothelial cells, as supported by inhibiting the aberrant proliferation of endothelial cells. Fundamentally, the current study has illustrated that HSYA ameliorates liver fibrosis by repressing HSCs-mediated pro-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic processes, which is contingent upon the regulatory effect of HSYA on the miR-29a-3p/PDGFRB axis. These findings provide compelling evidence bolstering the potential of HSYA as a therapeutic agent in liver fibrosis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the longitudinal associations of rumination with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were derived from the Depression Cohort in China study (DCC). Those who completed at least one follow-up visit during the 12 months were included in the analysis. Dimensions of rumination including brooding and reflection were each measured using five items of the Ruminative Responses Scale. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Suicide attempts were also assessed and all were analyzed with generalized estimating equations. Our final sample included 532 participants aged 18 to 59 years (mean [SD], 26.91 [6.94] years) consisting of 148 (27.8%) males and 384 (72.2%) females. After adjusting for temporal trend and potential confounders, individuals with higher levels of reflection were more likely to report suicidal ideation (AOR =1.11, 95% CI:1.01–1.22). However, no statistically significant association was found between brooding and suicidal ideation (AOR =1.06, 95% CI:0.96–1.17). Conversely, individuals with higher levels of brooding were more likely to report suicide attempts (AOR =1.13, 95% CI:1.02–1.24), while no statistically significant association was observed between reflection and suicide attempts (AOR =0.91, 95% CI:0.82–1.01). Rumination reflects a disturbance in cognitive emotional processing and manifests in different dimensions. Our findings suggest that high levels of reflection and brooding may be associated with a higher likelihood of having suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, respectively. However, it should be interpreted with caution, given that effect sizes are small. • The longitudinal study of MDD individuals supplemented the literature on rumination about suicidal ideation and attempts. • Reflection may be associated with suicidal ideation amongst MDD patients. • Brooding may be associated with suicide attempts amongst MDD patients. • Considered changes in rumination and analyzed with generalized estimating equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been claimed in the linguistic literature that numeral classifiers in some Sinitic languages are functionally equivalent to the definite article in the English language, based on the observation that bare classifiers or [Cl+N] expressions can be interpreted as definite under some circumstances. Based on our fieldwork on several Southern dialects in Mainland China, such as Wu, Xiang, Min and Yue dialect, and the evolutionary process of Chinese numeral classifiers, it has been found that (i) the alleged "definiteness" is actually not the inherent property of numeral classifiers themselves, but is expressed via the pragmatic contexts; (ii) [Cl+N] expressions or bare classifiers have nothing to do with "definiteness" out of context, and if placed in a certain context, can be stochastically understood as either definite or indefinite, (iii) it is certainly wrong to ascribe "definiteness" to a certain linguistic element such as "classifier", "nominal" or even "numeral" when a bare classifier, a bare nominal, a [Cl+N] or a [Numeral +Cl+N] expression is construed as definite in a communicative context, since they constitute an essentially pragmatic phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Previous studies have shown a relationship between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) exposure and an increased risk of neonatal disorders. Considering the huge burden of neonatal disorders, we assessed spatiotemporal trends of neonatal disorders burden caused by ambient and household PM 2.5 at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019. The number, rate, and population attributable fraction (PAF) of ambient and household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to measure the related neonatal disorders burden by age, sex, subtype, and region. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated to quantify temporal trends. In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global neonatal disorders burden was attributable to PM 2.5 exposure, with 7.54% for ambient PM 2.5 and 13.23% for household PM 2.5. Although the global neonatal disorders burden attributable to household PM 2.5 has decreased substantially in the past 30 years, that attributable to ambient PM 2.5 has increased, especially in lower sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. The highest rate and PAF of ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were in South Asia and East Asia, respectively, and the fastest increases were in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (for rate: EAPC = 2.55, 95% CI: 2.37–2.73) and South Asia (for PAF: EAPC = 3.88, 95% CI: 3.68–4.08). In addition, we found an inverted V-shaped between rates and PAFs of ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019, as well as corresponding EAPCs, and SDI, while rates and PAFs of household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders DALYs in 2019 were highly negatively correlated with SDI. In the past three decades, the global ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden largely increased, especially in lower SDI regions. Comparatively, the household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden decreased but still accounted for about two-thirds of the PM 2.5 -related neonatal disease burden. [Display omitted] • One fifth of the global neonatal disorders burden was attributed to PM 2.5. • The global ambient PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden increased, 1990–2019. • The global household PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden decreased, 1990–2019. • PM 2.5 -related neonatal disorders burden varied by region and was associated with SDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The merits of ABO 3 -type perovskite oxides as catalysts for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) combustion are that the redox capability of transition metal elements in their lattice structure can be well tailored through a facile doping strategy. In particular, La-Sr-Co-Fe-O perovskite-type oxides possess excellent tunable physicochemical properties, making them an ideal platform for promising prospects in VOCs combustion. This work synthesized a series of La 1- x Sr x Co 1- y Fe y O 3 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8; y = 0, 0.2, 0.5) perovskites and analyzed their reaction kinetics on toluene combustion. Among all the catalysts, La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3-δ (LSCF) showed a remarkable catalytic activity towards the toluene oxidation with T 90 of 270 °C at a weight hourly space velocity (WSHV) of 30000 mL · g−1 · h−1 and apparent activation energy (E a) of 44.76 kJ · mol−1 and obtained the superior stability. Based on the characterizations and analysis of in-situ DRIFTS, the outstanding catalytic activity of LSCF perovskite is mainly induced by the improvement of the redox ability, the enriched generation of oxygen vacancies, and the activation of the lattice oxygen species. The catalytic mechanism of toluene conversion over the LSCF perovskite was revealed to be consistent with Mars-van Krevelen (MVK) models. The knowledge obtained in this study provides helpful guidance for designing efficient heterogeneous catalysts of La-Sr-Co-Fe-O perovskite-type oxides toward efficient catalytic combustion for VOCs elimination. • La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 exhibits splendid catalytic activity in toluene combustion. • Co-doping with strontium and iron enhances redox properties of LSCF perovskite. • In situ DRIFTS testify possible degradation pathways of toluene combustion. • The catalytic mechanism of LSCF in toluene combustion main follows MVK models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]