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The prevailing view of the origin of the idea of republican liberty holds that it emerged as a polemical tool to wield against political opponents in the Roman republic. But viewing republican liberty as partisan rhetorical device has obscured the important philosophical innovations that were necessary to render it theoretically viable and coherent. Turning to Cicero, the earliest extant theorist of republican liberty, I seek to explore the depth of the conceptual revolution that made it possible to articulate that ideal. Cicero transforms the practice of republican libertas into a coherent ideal through a re-thinking of some of the central claims of Greek political philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Cicero's treatment of libertas and its constitutional underpinnings in Pro Rabirio perduellionis reo. In Pro Rabirio , Cicero offers a concentrated discussion of libertas in which he downplays its relationship with popular institutions and procedures and emphasizes instead its strong correlation with social and political consensus. Indeed, for Cicero, libertas is more closely associated with the qualitative characteristics of peaceable association than any particular constitutional order. By characterizing libertas as an experience of calm security that goods citizens enjoy when they are consistently and effectively protected against by injury at the hands of moral degenerates, Cicero makes it possible to distance libertas from provocatio and auxilium , the two major legal and institutional mechanisms associated with libertas in the Roman context, and forge a much stronger connection with the self-regulating activity of the Roman ruling elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil society is central to studies of resource control politics in the Niger Delta region. However, the diversity of these organisations prevents them from fitting into a single category. This diversity, which manifests in the development of 'hybrid civil society structures'—organisations that represent local interests while using violence to advance criminal motives—complicates local oil politics. This paper discusses the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) as an exemplar of this model, focusing on its use of local agitations to justify violent attacks and illicit economic activities. The paper uses a political economy perspective and qualitative methodology to present causal evidence supporting this argument. Ultimately, it contends that MEND’s operations have hampered economic and social development in the Niger Delta while recommending further research to fill gaps in understanding the operations of groups such as MEND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the emancipation history of Keti Koti and its role in breaking the silence around the Dutch history of slavery. Topics include the growing acknowledgment of slavery's legacy through official apologies and memorials, the impact of grassroots activism in promoting remembrance, and the evolving political and cultural significance of Keti Koti as part of a broader emancipation movement.

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gender neutrality is the idea that demands that language, and social system shouldn't marginalize human beings according to their sex and gender. Consequently, gender neutrality is an important concept in the translation sphere too. Because most translators knowingly or unknowingly ignore the prominence of gender issues during the translation, and they provide gender-accurate translation styles without acknowledging cultural and gender issues. This study tries to analyse the gender neutrality concept in Bible Translation since the Bible is generally written from the patriarchal perspective. The study is based upon the The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible (NRSV). NRSV Bible, to some extent, incorporates the concept of gender neutrality in the translation. The methodology used here is, Gender liberation theories because from the linguistic perspective these theories analyzed through the lens of how language reflects, constructs, and potentially liberates/removes gender identities. The article aims to find out the positives and negatives of gender neutrality concept in Bible translation. This study will present the usage of gender neutrality concept in Bible translation and will provide an inclusive approach towards translation irrespective of gender hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a dynamic representative-citizens model that endogenizes the accumulation of both constitutional democracy capital and physical capital. Drawing from Douglass North's seminal works, our model integrates interactions between institutional capital and economic performance, focusing on how changes in institutional frameworks impact economic dynamics. By exploring the reciprocal relationships between democratic institutions and economic variables over time, the model elucidates how democratic structures facilitate economic growth and how economic conditions affect the vitality of democratic governance. It demonstrates that exogenous economic variables significantly inuence both democracy and physical capital, while political institutional factors critically shape economic outcomes. This approach highlights the importance of a supportive democratic environment in enhancing capital accumulation and shows how threats to democracy can hinder both democratic integrity and economic development, providing a comprehensive framework to understand the interplay between political systems and economic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred, Lord Tennyson's narrative poem The Lady of Shalott explores profound themes of isolation, artistry, and the quest for freedom against the backdrop of Victorian societal norms. Tennyson, renowned for his lyrical language and introspective style, crafts a haunting tale of a cursed woman confined to a tower on the island of Shalott. Forbidden to directly observe the outside world, the Lady weaves scenes reflected in a mirror, navigating between artistic expression and the stifling constraints of her existence. This article delves into Tennyson's portrayal of the Lady's isolation, emphasizing how her imprisonment symbolizes not only physical confinement but also psychological and emotional barriers. Through meticulous analysis of Tennyson's imagery, narrative techniques, and thematic exploration, the article examines the Lady's tragic journey towards self-discovery and transcendence, ultimately revealing broader insights into Victorian notions of femininity, the power of art, and the perennial human desire for autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT-P13 subcutaneous (SC), an SC formulation of the intravenous (IV) infliximab biosimilar CT-P13 IV, creates a unique exposure profile. The LIBERTY studies aimed to demonstrate superiority of CT-P13 SC vs placebo as maintenance therapy in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies were conducted in patients with moderately to severely active CD or UC and inadequate response or intolerance to corticosteroids and immunomodulators. All patients received open-label CT-P13 IV 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6. At week 10, clinical responders were randomized (2:1) to CT-P13 SC 120 mg or placebo every 2 weeks until week 54 (maintenance phase) using prefilled syringes. (Co-) primary end points were clinical remission and endoscopic response (CD) and clinical remission (UC) at week 54 (all-randomized population). Overall, 396 patients with CD and 548 patients with UC received induction treatment. At week 54 in the CD study, statistically significant higher proportions of CT-P13 SC–treated patients vs placebo-treated patients achieved clinical remission (62.3% vs 32.1%; P <.0001) and endoscopic response (51.1% vs 17.9%; P <.0001). In the UC study, clinical remission rates at week 54 were statistically significantly higher with CT-P13 SC vs placebo (43.2% vs 20.8%; P <.0001). Achievement of key secondary end points was significantly higher with CT-P13 SC vs placebo across both studies. CT-P13 SC was well tolerated, with no new safety signals identified. CT-P13 SC was more effective than placebo as maintenance therapy and was well tolerated in patients with moderately to severely active CD or UC who responded to CT-P13 IV induction. ClinicalTrials.gov , Numbers: NCT03945019 (CD) and NCT04205643 (UC). CT-P13 (infliximab, an anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy) is a biologic drug injected under the skin (ie, subcutaneously). Subcutaneous CT-P13 was more effective than a placebo and well tolerated in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Bella DePaulo's book "Single at Heart: The Power, Freedom, and Heart-Filling Joy of Single Life," which challenges societal norms and stereotypes about single people. DePaulo, a social psychologist, argues that living happily alone is a valid choice and should be accepted without judgment. The book explores the benefits of being single and the importance of self-discovery and authenticity, highlighting the societal pressures faced by unmarried individuals, especially women. DePaulo's work aims to revolutionize perceptions of singlehood and encourage self-acceptance. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents perspectives on the characterisation of the American Revolution as a civil war. Topics discussed include the neo-imperial turn interpretation of the revolutionary era, community perspective of the revolution, revolution as acts of violence and terror in the campaign for independence according to historian Holder Hoock and terror, violence and civil disorder in Brendan McConville's "The Brethren," an account of a plot to assassinate North Carolina's revolutionary leadership.

Copyright of Dinbilimleri Journal is the property of Dinbilimleri Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In January 1945, the Red Army began its Vistula-Oder offensive forcing the German army to abandon many territories that it occupied west of the Vistula River. The offensive also resulted in the westward evacuation of thousands of ethnic Germans, including Mennonites, seeking refuge in the shrinking Third Reich. This paper examines the evacuation strategies and experiences of Mennonites from Deutsch Wymyschle and Gąbin, Poland during this chaotic time. It also investigates the Red Army's brutal treatment of Mennonites following their capture and during the journey back to their villages in Poland. Finally, the paper discusses the way in which Nazi authorities exploited this mass evacuation not only for their own administrative and military purposes, but also to slow down the advancing Red Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ode is usually an explicitly public utterance, but one which revises public expectations of its subject-matter, thus drawing attention to the individual originality of its author. It is simultaneously a highly formalised genre and one fundamentally aspirational in its ambitions. Pindaric, Horatian and Anacreontic models help shape many odes written in the Romantic period, but the aspirational idiom tends to predominate, making the poems frequently about their own license, typically Romantic exercises in poetic reflexivity. My discussion looks at poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Moore, Hölderlin and Leopardi to compare rhetorical tactics by which Romantic odes visibly take on the conflicted task of formally exploring a response to their subject exceeding received expectations. Their pursuit of the exorbitant is here argued to be another example of post-Kantian exploitation of the philosophic legitimacy Kant granted the aesthetic to express what we might feel about things beyond our power to conceptualise them. Poets considered here use odes to envisage freedoms they desire - national, political and personal. In Romantic poetry, though, the realization of these visions becomes conspicuously literary, involving a shift from the subject described to the medium claiming to treat it with such originality. While the ode's all-encompassing writing furnishes political encouragement, it can also, as in Hölderlin's case, worryingly produce aesthetic excellence at the expense of personal coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wordsworth attended revolutionary debates in Paris in 1791. As a young republican he felt unskilled in public speaking. When he later sympathized with Tory principles he extolled Burke's oratorical genius. However, he never disowned his early use of ideologically loaded words like "liberty." Wordsworth's poetic ethos is related to collaboration with the reader. Classical argumentation is a feature of his work, but his verse rhetoric favours the performative power of words. The notion of verbal effectiveness percolates through the sensualist reflection on language from Burke to Condillac and the Idéologues. It was also sustained by the reassessment of style in eighteenth century belletrism and rhetoric of communication. Romantic appraisal of ethos undercuts Aristotle's ideal of the orator's control over speech, which depends on a measure of balance between ethos, logos and pathos. Unlike Burke's Ciceronian rhetoric and neoclassical poetics in Reflections on the Revolution in France, Wordsworth's periodic syntax in Books 9-11 of The Prelude is energized by words geared to deliberative-cumpoetic persuasion. Verbal echoes disseminate memorializing effects through such heterodox spots of time as the "hunger-bitten girl" episode. Ethos permeates the poetic persona and his practice of language indiscriminately, infusing words with an unprecedented combination of ethical and ideological ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Importance: Outdoor play in homes, schools, and communities provides children with unique opportunities to explore their worlds, develop fundamental life skills, and experience belonging. However, few studies have explored outdoor free play among autistic preschoolers in natural settings from a neurodivergent-informed perspective. Objective: To explore the play preferences, opportunities, and challenges in outdoor play for autistic preschoolers. Design: In this qualitative study, the authors used a multimethod approach to data collection using visual, verbal, and projective techniques and thematic analysis to identify and describe outdoor play occupation as expressed by autistic preschoolers. Setting: Home, community, and preschool environments in a city in Ireland. Participants: Seven autistic children and their parents, from seven diverse preschool settings in Ireland. Results: Two overarching themes were identified: (1) outdoor play preferences and meaning and (2) the physical and social environments of outdoor play. The findings suggest that autistic preschoolers demonstrate distinctive play styles and preferences when playing freely outdoors, with physical and social barriers to outdoor play existing in community and educational contexts. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings suggest that autistic preschoolers' outdoor play styles and preferences require support from adult advocates. Although the importance of relationships and social play cannot be overlooked, infrastructural accommodations for parents and schools are required if we are to create supportive and inclusive outdoor play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression for autistic children. Plain-Language Summary: This study explored the distinctive outdoor play preferences, opportunities, and challenges for autistic preschoolers. The findings show that autistic preschoolers face physical and social barriers to outdoor play and that they need parents, schools, and communities to create supportive and inclusive play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression. This study found that autistic preschoolers face physical and social barriers to outdoor play and that they need parents, schools, and communities to create supportive and inclusive play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I shall explore how self-fashioning, as conceived by Friedrich Nietzsche, is possible. My goal is to show that self-fashioning is not jeopardized by Nietzsche's determinism and his rejection of traditional ideas of selfhood, agency, and freedom. First, I shall clarify why the abandonment of this traditional conception of human beings is seen by some as deleterious to the project of self-fashioning. Afterwards, I shall argue that Nietzsche is a determinist: he maintains that one could not have acted otherwise. If thought of in this way, freedom is impossible. However, Nietzsche also has a more positive conception of freedom. Following John Richardson's reading of Nietzsche, I shall examine the three main stages through which freedom evolves. I shall expand Richardson's account with a corresponding analysis of Nietzsche's notion of responsibility. Finally, we shall see how a discussion of such issues allows us to understand how self-fashioning is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the aftermath of the First World War, many countries in Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe experienced authoritarian rule due to the political and economic turmoil of the era. The similarities and differences among various European authoritarian regimes have been extensively studied in both Polish and international scholarly literature. The case of authoritarian rule in Poland, particularly following the May Coup of 1926, is notable for its unique origins. Rooted in a period when Poland lacked statehood and fuelled by the armed independence irredentist movements of the First World War and the preceding years, Polish authoritarianism evolved from initial ideals of freedom and democracy. Central to this phenomenon was Marshal Józef Piłsudski, the ideological leader of Poland's ruling camp after the May Coup of 1926. This article presents an analysis of the current state of research on authoritarian rule in the Second Polish Republic, examining its origins, mechanisms, and distinctive features. It also outlines the key research postulates according to the author. The article seeks to answer why the liberationist and seemingly democratic movement of the former Polish independence irredentist camp became disillusioned with democracy and parliamentarism in the newly reborn independent Poland, eventually adopting authoritarian rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithms are often tainted with bias that could negatively affect subjects' lives in many aspects. But while policymakers and scholars tend to focus their attention on methods to Jix the bias within the algorithm or its output, they neglect a crucial piece of the puzzle: when companies discover bias and fix it in the algorithmic output, they do so behind the scenes. While such a move might debias the output, society remains in the dark about its existence or how it might have affected the outcome. Sociely thus misses a unique opportunity to study social and cognitive biases that shape our civil rights and liberties today-and might become more important in the future with the rise of automation. We thus propose a new mechanism to aid in the study of bias and its elimination, not only in algorithms but also in society. We call it Bias Notification Duty (BND). This article lays the groundwork for this new social-legal responsibility by offering a dilfevent viewpoint on bias, algorithms, and society. We propose that the state imposes a duty (BND) on companies and their employees to, when bias is found, provide a notice to a selected governing body that will further study it and, upon evaluation of its source and impact, will notify those who are both directly and indirectly affected by it accordingly. Affected parties may include other companies that could be subjected to similar bias, individuals that were potentially harmed by it, researchers in relevant fields, and society as a whole. Upon setting the proposal, we examine the rationales behind it and discuss its hurdles. With such acknowledgment, we argue that BNDs are an important legal tool that should be used to aid in de-biasing our society, especially if the world will eventually be algorithmically driven and bias will be even more obscured by technological companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Being and Time it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of release (Freisein) and freedom (Freiheit). The term "release" refers to the facticity of Dasein, that is, the provision of a field of orientation for Dasein in being-in-the-world, and "freedom" refers to its existentiality, that is, the authentic grasping of this field in the form of one's own projection (Entwurf). There seems to be no place for the traditional notion of freedom. In spite of this impression, the author of Being and Time leaves us in no doubt that the notion of freedom in the sense of liberum arbitrium is inseparable from existential analytics. After the turn in Heidegger's thought, Being (Sein) is no longer thought from the position of a modern subjectivism transformed into Dasein. It is not we who think Be-ing (Seyn), but Be-ing itself thinks us. It is not we who are free, but Be-ing itself realizes its freedom through us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Teocomunicação is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the connection between intelligence and the artificial by considering how intelligence is attached to the ideas of autonomy and emancipation. It opposes the prevalent assumption of a bifurcation of intelligence in a pole of agents on one side and a pole of (technical) slaves on the other to a different image of intelligence where heteronomy and affectability take center stage. It draws on the work of Denise Ferreira da Silva to criticize the ideas of autonomy, interiority and transparency from the perspective of the colonial total violence associated with slavery and its after-life. The paper proposes to contrast the account of intelligence in terms of a pair involving future free spirits and technical slaves with an attention to children. Childhood is then understood first in terms of our personal devices preparing to replace agents and slaves, constituting a cosmopolitical reproduction of (some of) the species, and later as a repository of experience of affectability. While the devices around us can be regarded as the offspring of (the so-called) humanity, real childhood brings to the fore a life of vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Critics of Roe v. Wade and its progeny repeatedly contended that, in recognizing a fundamental right to choose an abortion, the Supreme Court ignored or significantly undervalued the states' interests in regulating abortions. This Article's examination of the Court's abortion jurisprudence during the Roe era, however, shows how it called for a meaningful balancing of the interests of both sides in ways that led the justices to uphold roughly as many abortion laws as they struck down between 1973 and 2020. In exploring the crucial role that the balancing of the interests of both the state and pregnant individuals played in the Roe constitutional regime, the Article contends that the Court deserves more credit than it received for attempting, for decades, to accommodate the claimed interests of both sides while trying to find compromises on abortion-related questions that are deeply contested and controversial. The Article also examines why neither the antiabortion nor the prochoice movement believed it advanced its political and legal priorities to emphasize and praise the fundamental role that the balancing of interests of both sides played in Roe and its progeny. A well-informed understanding of this crucial aspect of the Roe constitutional regime is essential because it provides a stark contrast to the one-sided and uncompromising weighing-of-interests approach followed by the five-justice majority in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. In overturning Roe, the Dobbs Court deemed the state's claimed interests in regulating abortions to be constitutionally dispositive and the pregnant individual's liberty and equality interests in choosing an abortion to be constitutionally irrelevant. In doing so, the Court did not avoid, as it apparently hoped, the need to balance interests; instead, Dobbs engaged in ex-ante or categorical balancing by reasoning that the state's claimed interest in protecting fetal life is so important and so impacted by the decision to have an abortion that it requires that all future courts give the liberty and equality interests of pregnant individuals in not being forced to carry pregnancies to term against their will a constitutional value of precisely zero. Although the Dobbs Court may have believed that it was, in the name of judicial restraint, dispensing with the need to balance the interests of both sides, the Article explains why it is not possible to decide the constitutionality of abortion bans, such as the one at issue in Dobbs, without pitting the claimed interests of the state against those of pregnant individuals after assigning constitutional weight (even if it is only zero) to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]