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There is a high demand for natural gas in the Asia-Pacific region. Most of this gas is exported from the Middle East, Australia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. There is interest in the Asia-Pacific to diversify its import portfolio. From a Canadian perspective, there are abundant resources of natural gas in Western Canada, and countries in the Asia-Pacific are potential customers. This paper develops the cost of shipping a unit of natural gas (in liquefied form) from proposed liquefaction facilities in Western Canada to liquefied natural gas (LNG) re-gasification terminals in Asia-Pacific countries (Japan, China, and India). Fundamental engineering principles-based models were developed to estimate costs. A comparative analysis of delivery costs to Japan, China, and India is presented. To account for various propulsion systems available for LNG carriers, five scenarios were developed. Calm water resistance for the two different categories of LNG carriers was estimated. These estimates were used to determine the required propulsion power needed for an LNG carrier at a given speed and to select the appropriate main engine. The results of this study show that shipping costs to Japan range from 51–95 U.S. cents/GJ depending on the type of propulsion system selected and for an average transport distance of 7793 km. The shipping costs to China and India range from 59–113 U.S. cents/GJ and 98–197 U.S. cents/GJ for an average transport distance of 9475 km and 17,035 km, respectively. The results show that a propulsion system burning only natural gas as primary fuel is the most economical scenario, while a propulsion system based on pure marine diesel oil is the least economical. In addition to a sensitivity analysis, a risk analysis was conducted to identify the range of shipping costs in each scenario with their occurrence probability measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this manuscript, a model for the estimation of the life-cycle GHG emission factors of final energy and an empirical study of China is presented. A linear programming method is utilized to solve the problem that several forms of final energy are utilized in the life-cycle of one certain type of final energy. Nine types of final energy are considered, including raw coal, crude oil, raw natural gas, treated coal, diesel, gasoline, fuel oil, treated natural gas, and electricity. The results indicate that the life-cycle GHG emission factors of final energy in China slightly decreased in recent years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. China had an installed power generation capacity of a little over 700GWe in 2007, which is projected to nearly double within the next 20 years. NZEC (Near Zero Emission Coal) is a major Sino-British initiative on carbon capture and storage. One of its key aims is to complete the work required to construct a coal-fired power generation plant in China with CCS. The first phase of NZEC is a feasibility study, due to complete in late 2009, in which options for CCS in China are being explored. As part of the feasibility study, an energy systems analysis using the China MARKAL model is being undertaken to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to meet its energy needs. The energy situation in China is being analysed, with a detailed investigation undertaken of the various technologies and fuels employed at present. Based on growth forecasts and national plans for China, predictions will be made of the technologies and fuels that may be deployed to meet its future needs. The role of coal and the various technology options for utilising that coal will be identified. An estimate of the CO2 emissions arising from the utilisation of coal and the potential impact of their release to the atmosphere will be made. The potential for CCS to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and the cost and impact of deploying CCS will be examined. In this paper, the authors will provide a progress review of this analysis and present provisional results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Environmental pollution has become a bottleneck for the sustainable economic development of China. A “business-as-usual” energy system in China is not suitable for meeting sustainability needs. It is well known that China has to use coal as the main primary energy source over the long term. Under such special conditions, to plan and construct an integrated sustainable energy system with optimal benefits in resource and energy utilization and environmental emissions is urgent. By introducing international studies and new developments in sustainable energy systems, this paper puts forward the concept that a polygeneration strategy based on coal gasification is the trend for future development of China''s domestic energy industry. The framework of a polygeneration system based on oxygen-blown gasification is described and its benefits are analyzed. Finally, the starting procedure, government role, and policies for implementing polygeneration strategies in China are proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]