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End-capped peptides modified with reactive functional groups on the N-terminus provide a route to prepare peptide–polymer conjugates for a broad range of applications. Unfortunately, current chemical methods to construct modified peptides rely largely on solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), which lacks green preparative characteristics and is costly, thus limiting its applicability to specialty applications such as regenerative medicine. This work evaluates N-terminally modified N-acryloyl-glutamic acid diethyl ester, N-acryloyl-leucine ethyl ester, and N-acryloyl-alanine ethyl ester as grafters and papain as the protease for the direct addition of amino acid ethyl ester (AA-OEt) monomers via protease-catalyzed peptide synthesis (PCPS) and the corresponding formation of N-acryloyl-functionalized oligopeptides in a one-pot aqueous reaction. It was hypothesized that by building N-acryloyl grafters from AA-OEt monomers that are known to be good substrates for papain in PCPS, the corresponding grafters would yield high grafter conversions, high ratio of grafter-oligopeptide to free NH2-oligopeptide, and high overall yield. However, this work demonstrates based on the grafter/monomers studied herein that the dominant factor in N-acryloyl-AA-OEt grafter conversion is the co-monomer used in co-oligomerizations. Computational modeling using Rosetta qualitatively recapitulates the results and provides insight into the structural and energetic bases underlying substrate selectivity. The findings herein expand our knowledge of factors that determine the efficiency of preparing N-acryloyl-terminated oligopeptides by PCPS that could provide practical routes to peptide macromers for conjugation to polymers and surfaces for a broad range of applications.

The article discusses the emerging influence of China in various areas including security, international trade, and global financial markets. China played a pivotal role in creating the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and has helped establish a $120 billion regional reserve fund for Asian nations. China is pushing to make the yuan a rival to the U.S. dollar as a trading currency.

The article discusses the emerging influence of China in various areas including security, international trade, and global financial markets. China played a pivotal role in creating the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and has helped establish a $120 billion regional reserve fund for Asian nations. China is pushing to make the yuan a rival to the U.S. dollar as a trading currency.

This article discusses the meeting on climate change and greenhouse gases that will take place in Copenhagen, Denmark in February 2010 and how it might not be as important as it has been advertised. Experts believe that there will be no agreement made in Copenhagen, but many see the efforts made at the state level as being much more successful. California's initiative with regard to greenhouse gases and deforestation is noted.

The article focuses on Communism in China and various opposing political ideologies. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, both populists, want to improve social conditions in China, implement environmentally friendly policies, and have equal economic development on China's east coast and western hinterlands. The elitists want an increase in coastal development and further emphasis on economic development and free trade.

The article focuses on Communism in China and various opposing political ideologies. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, both populists, want to improve social conditions in China, implement environmentally friendly policies, and have equal economic development on China's east coast and western hinterlands. The elitists want an increase in coastal development and further emphasis on economic development and free trade.

This article reports that China has surpassed the U.S. in sales of automobiles, with expected sales of ten million vehicles in 2009, a ten percent increase over 2008. The Chinese government has invested 733 million dollars to promote automobile sales in rural areas, and 220 million dollars on clean technology. The most popular automobiles are produced by foreign companies, but local companies such as Chery Automobile Co., Geely Automobile Holdings, and BYD Auto Co. are increasing sales.

This article reports that China has surpassed the U.S. in sales of automobiles, with expected sales of ten million vehicles in 2009, a ten percent increase over 2008. The Chinese government has invested 733 million dollars to promote automobile sales in rural areas, and 220 million dollars on clean technology. The most popular automobiles are produced by foreign companies, but local companies such as Chery Automobile Co., Geely Automobile Holdings, and BYD Auto Co. are increasing sales.

The article discusses how government intervention in the national economy is aiding China during the worldwide financial crisis. The author notes that Chinese government regulations on housing loans prevented negative effects of the housing market crisis and suggests China's economy may grow. The economic philosophy of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping and how it has influenced Chinese economic policy is noted.

This article examines the Chinese economic policy that has allowed the country to maintain its progress in spite of the financial crisis that has affected the rest of the world. China's policy goes against the advice of most economists by allowing the government to manipulate the stock market, fix prices in key industries, and appoint communists to important bank positions. The article suggests that the United States and Europe might benefit by looking at China's successful use of command capitalism.

The article discusses the case of Tang Yongming who murdered U.S. citizen Todd Bachman at Beijing's Drum Tower during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. China's economic pressures, and how they produce anxiety within the country's population, are said to be relevant to the case. The author details Tang's failures and the resultant depression that drove him to commit the murder and subsequent suicide.

The article discusses the case of Tang Yongming who murdered U.S. citizen Todd Bachman at Beijing's Drum Tower during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. China's economic pressures, and how they produce anxiety within the country's population, are said to be relevant to the case. The author details Tang's failures and the resultant depression that drove him to commit the murder and subsequent suicide.

The article reports on the popularity of the U.S. presidential election in countries such as Japan where interest in the election exceeded that in the U.S. The article states that the Voice of America broadcast election news in 45 languages to 134 million persons. The author describes how U.S. President-elect Barack Obama is viewed as a politician for reform and moral authority that the U.S. must elect in order to restore its reputation.

The article reports on the popularity of the U.S. presidential election in countries such as Japan where interest in the election exceeded that in the U.S. The article states that the Voice of America broadcast election news in 45 languages to 134 million persons. The author describes how U.S. President-elect Barack Obama is viewed as a politician for reform and moral authority that the U.S. must elect in order to restore its reputation.

The article discusses a movement among international leaders to create international legislation meant to reduce global climate change and improve the international economy. Some of the people advocating such a plan are Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of Great Britain, Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations (U.N.), and Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France.

The article discusses a movement among international leaders to create international legislation meant to reduce global climate change and improve the international economy. Some of the people advocating such a plan are Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of Great Britain, Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations (U.N.), and Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France.

This article examines the way in which Chinese citizens who have attended school in Occidental nations have not adopted a pro-Western attitude. The author argues that whereas the belief was that Chinese who studied in Europe or the U.S. would tend to be westernized, they are actually highly jingoistic. Reasons offered for this by the author include the ignorance of Westerners and feelings of home-sickness. Also discussed is the tendency of Chinese who have studied abroad to hold high political positions.

This article examines the way in which Chinese citizens who have attended school in Occidental nations have not adopted a pro-Western attitude. The author argues that whereas the belief was that Chinese who studied in Europe or the U.S. would tend to be westernized, they are actually highly jingoistic. Reasons offered for this by the author include the ignorance of Westerners and feelings of home-sickness. Also discussed is the tendency of Chinese who have studied abroad to hold high political positions.

The article reports on the challenges and opportunities faced by China following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. According to the author, despite the steep losses from the quake, the government has shown greater willingness to accept outside help, relations with former enemies like Japan and Taiwan are warming, and citizens feel greater freedom in protesting local corruption. The article also mentions that philanthropy from nonprofit groups has been growing.

The article reports on the challenges and opportunities faced by China following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. According to the author, despite the steep losses from the quake, the government has shown greater willingness to accept outside help, relations with former enemies like Japan and Taiwan are warming, and citizens feel greater freedom in protesting local corruption. The article also mentions that philanthropy from nonprofit groups has been growing.

The article reports that the Sichuan Sheng earthquake that struck China in May, 2008 might change the way China views its leaders. After the Chinese government was criticized for the way it handled rioters in Tibet, China, the government was determined to handle the earthquake better. Prime Minister Wen Jiabao went immediately to the disaster zone and thousands of army troops were sent quickly to clean up.

The article reports that the Sichuan Sheng earthquake that struck China in May, 2008 might change the way China views its leaders. After the Chinese government was criticized for the way it handled rioters in Tibet, China, the government was determined to handle the earthquake better. Prime Minister Wen Jiabao went immediately to the disaster zone and thousands of army troops were sent quickly to clean up.

This article reports on the effect Cyclone Nargis has had on the people and government of Myanmar, formerly Burma. When the storm hit on May 10, 2008, the military government was preparing a referendum that would legalize its military rule, resulting in a delayed response to the storm that will lead to the junta's eventual downfall. The article discusses the damage and loss of life caused by the cyclone, as well as the national reception to foreign aid, economic conditions, and the military regime.

The article reports on the effect Cyclone Nargis has had on the people and government of Myanmar, formerly Burma. When the storm hit on May 10, 2008, the military government was preparing a referendum that would legalize its military rule, resulting in a delayed response to the storm that will lead to the junta's eventual downfall. The article discusses the damage and loss of life caused by the cyclone, as well as the national reception to foreign aid, economic conditions, and the military regime.

The article discusses the impact on politics of widespread concern about environmental issues. An overview of governments around the world in terms of their environmental policies as of 2008 is provided. While the majority of such initiatives center on local pollution, some environmental activists hope that issues such as global warming will also be addressed.

The article discusses the impact on politics of widespread concern about environmental issues. An overview of governments around the world in terms of their environmental policies as of 2008 is provided. While the majority of such initiatives center on local pollution, some environmental activists hope that issues such as global warming will also be addressed.

The article discusses totalitarian states repressing citizens by using Internet technology. Citizens are made to think that spies are everywhere, that seeking out dangerous material results in reprisal, the article indicates. The use of Web 2.0 technologies such as social networks, Web mail, and compulsory blogging registration is detailed. Challenges of Web 2.0 surveillance technologies are presented. Countries using such techniques are discussed, including China, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, and Egypt.

The article discusses totalitarian states repressing citizens by using Internet technology. Citizens are made to think that spies are everywhere, that seeking out dangerous material results in reprisal, the article indicates. The use of Web 2.0 technologies such as social networks, Web mail, and compulsory blogging registration is detailed. Challenges of Web 2.0 surveillance technologies are presented. Countries using such techniques are discussed, including China, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, and Egypt.

The article discusses the growing unrest between Tibet and the Chinese government, noting the March 2008 demonstrations for a free Tibet and the virulent reaction of Chinese officials. The Dalai Lama's emphasis on nonviolent protest is challenged by some younger Tibetans. Tibetan demonstrators and Buddhist monks use the Internet to communicate with one another. The results of economic development in Tibet include increased commodity prices.

The article discusses the growing unrest between Tibet and the Chinese government, noting the March 2008 demonstrations for a free Tibet and the virulent reaction of Chinese officials. The Dalai Lama's emphasis on nonviolent protest is challenged by some younger Tibetans. Tibetan demonstrators and Buddhist monks use the Internet to communicate with one another. The results of economic development in Tibet include increased commodity prices.

The article explores the ramifications of the one-child policy on family values in China. The younger generation of only children is proving more self-involved, ignoring familial duties and deciding against having children for financial reasons. This is problematic because China does not have a public safety net to protect its older citizens. In response, the government is establishing a system of home care and is rolling back the one-child policy. INSET: A New Home Away From Home.

The article explores the ramifications of the one-child policy on family values in China. The younger generation of only children is proving more self-involved, ignoring familial duties and deciding against having children for financial reasons. This is problematic because China does not have a public safety net to protect its older citizens. In response, the government is establishing a system of home care and is rolling back the one-child policy. INSET: A New Home Away From Home.

An essay is presented on the changes that have taken place in China from the 1970s to 2008, with a particular focus on China and East Asia in the 1980s. The author recalls managing "Newsweek" magazine's bureau in Beijing, China, covering the 1980 trial of the Gang of Four and the situation under Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping, with a focus on his economic reforms. Also discussed is the author's account of the violence in Tiananmen Square and China's economic and cultural developments.

An essay is presented on the changes that have taken place in China from the 1970s to 2008, with a particular focus on China and East Asia in the 1980s. The author recalls managing "Newsweek" magazine's bureau in Beijing, China, covering the 1980 trial of the Gang of Four and the situation under Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping, with a focus on his economic reforms. Also discussed is the author's account of the violence in Tiananmen Square and China's economic and cultural developments.

The article reports on China's political hierarchy and how its leaders will be promoted. President Hu Jintao and prime minister Wen Jiabao will be in office until 2012, but there is speculation about who will replace them. The October 2007 Chinese Communist Party agenda will focus on upcoming politicians. Political pundits call these younger, more Western type leaders, the "Sixth Generation," for the number of generations which follow the rule of Mao Tse-tung.

The article reports on China's political hierarchy and how its leaders will be promoted. President Hu Jintao and prime minister Wen Jiabao will be in office until 2012, but there is speculation about who will replace them. The October 2007 Chinese Communist Party agenda will focus on upcoming politicians. Political pundits call these younger, more Western type leaders, the "Sixth Generation," for the number of generations which follow the rule of Mao Tse-tung.

The author reports on the transformation which Beijing, China, is going through in order to prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The new infrastructures which are being built include new stadiums, an expanded public transportation system and a new financial center. The ways in which this construction is changing China is discussed. Concerns regarding the preservation of community and historical continuity are mentioned.

The author reports on the transformation which Beijing, China, is going through in order to prepare for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The new infrastructures which are being built include new stadiums, an expanded public transportation system and a new financial center. The ways in which this construction is changing China is discussed. Concerns regarding the preservation of community and historical continuity are mentioned.

This article looks at manufacturing in China and says it is not the well-oiled machine it was once thought to be. Product recalls have rocked the country and frightened the world. Problems with poisonous pet food to toxic toothpaste have many questioning if China is truly a major export power. The author maintains that China grew too fast and resembles the U.S. a century ago when robber barons and gangsters ruled commerce.

This article looks at manufacturing in China and says it is not the well-oiled machine it was once thought to be. Product recalls have rocked the country and frightened the world. Problems with poisonous pet food to toxic toothpaste have many questioning if China is truly a major export power. The author maintains that China grew too fast and resembles the U.S. a century ago when robber barons and gangsters ruled commerce.

The article reports the U.S. military's success in forging ties with tribal sheiks around Ramadi, Iraq, and considers whether similar local alliances against insurgents could be formed in other parts of the country. The sheiks are allying with the Americans to try to quell the sectarian violence being fomented by al Qaeda and other insurgents, both Sunni and Shi'ite.

The article reports the U.S. military's success in forging ties with tribal sheiks around Ramadi, Iraq, and considers whether similar local alliances against insurgents could be formed in other parts of the country. The sheiks are allying with the Americans to try to quell the sectarian violence being fomented by al Qaeda and other insurgents, both Sunni and Shi'ite.

The article lists several cities around the world that have instituted environmentally sound practices to combat the effects of global warming. Freiberg, Germany encourages residents to be energy-independent by subsidizing the use of solar panels, Aito, Japan collects used cooking oil from residents to produce bio-diesel fuel and Curitiba, Brazil encourages its population of poor to swap bags of trash for groceries.

The article lists several cities around the world that have instituted environmentally sound practices to combat the effects of global warming. Freiberg, Germany encourages residents to be energy-independent by subsidizing the use of solar panels, Aito, Japan collects used cooking oil from residents to produce bio-diesel fuel and Curitiba, Brazil encourages its population of poor to swap bags of trash for groceries.

An article discussing poverty in rural China is presented. According to the author, the gap between rich and poor citizens in China is expanding. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Prime Minister Wen Jiabao are attempting to address the problem. A 15 percent increase in rural expenditures to give farmers a minimum living allowance and an 87 percent increase for the health care budget are discussed.

An article discussing poverty in rural China is presented. According to the author, the gap between rich and poor citizens in China is expanding. Chinese President Hu Jintao and Prime Minister Wen Jiabao are attempting to address the problem. A 15 percent increase in rural expenditures to give farmers a minimum living allowance and an 87 percent increase for the health care budget.

The article discusses efforts by countries including the United States, Russia, Japan, and China to get astronauts to the surface of the moon. Since humans have already collected data from the surface, it seems like the main motivator to return for many of the countries is pride and a desire to explore.