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Electro-induced two-way shape memory polymer is a kind of smart material which can realize bidirectional reversible actuation under current stimulation. However, due to the limitation of materials, there are few studies on the electro-induced two-way shape memory effect. Herein, the two-way shape memory effect of a new type of semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyamide elastomer (TPAE, T12) was systematically studied. The response strain (εact) of two-way shape memory effect for T12 under constant stress and stress-free condition could reach 16.4 % and 9.7 %, respectively. The introduction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) endowed the T12 material with good conductivity, and CNTs did not significantly influence the two-way shape memory performance of T12/CNTs composite. Moreover, when the content of CNTs was 5 wt%, the surface temperature of T12/CNTs composite could reach 36 °C–90 °C at a voltage of 90 V–150 V. Then, we realized the electro-induced two-way shape memory behavior of T12/CNTs composite through the construction of bilayer SEBS/T12/CNTs actuator. Therefore, T12 material, as a new two-way shape memory TPAE, has great application potential in aerospace, soft robotics, medical and other fields.

The retinal impulse signal is the basic carrier of visual information. It records the distribution of light on the retina. However, its direct conversion to a scene image is difficult due to the nonlinear characteristics of its distribution. Therefore, the use of artificial neural network to reconstruct the scene from retinal spikes has become an important research area. This paper proposes the architecture of a neural network based on vector quantization, where the feature vectors of spike trains are extracted, compressed, and stored using a feature extraction and compression network. During the decoding process, the nearest neighbour search method is used to find the nearest feature vector corresponding to each feature vector in the feature map. Finally, a reconstruction network is used to decode a new feature map composed of matching feature vectors to obtain a visual scene. This paper also verifies the impact of vector quantization on the characteristics of pulse signals by comparing experiments and visualizing the characteristics before and after vector quantization. The network delivers promising performance when evaluated on different datasets, demonstrating that this research is of great significance for improving relevant applications in the fields of retinal image processing and artificial intelligence.

Thermoplastic polyamide elastomer (TPAE) films were prepared by selective laser sintering technology and their organic vapor sensing behaviors were investigated. The stable responsive electrical signal was attributed to the conductive pathways evolution formed by polyetheramine soft segments. And the response behaviors of the TPAE films were evaluated using organic vapors of different polarities. Unlike conventional materials that only respond to some specific organic vapors, TPAE showed a high negative vapor coefficient (NVC) effect for all tested vapors. Rapid response, high responsivity and good repeatability were observed in continuous immersion drying run (IDR) experiments at 20 °C. The sensing behaviors during the breathing tests showed a good discrimination for different ethanol vapor concentrations. This study not only provides a guidance for the preparation of organic vapor sensors with fast response, high responsivity and stable repeatability, but also provides a strategy to broaden the application of TPAE into 4D printing field.

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Activating the resolution of inflammation through ω-3 fatty acid supplementation may prove to be a successful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MDD. Patients with MDD, body mass index >25 kg/m2, and plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥3 μg/mL (n= 61) were enrolled in a 12-week randomized trial consisting of 4 parallel arms: EPA 1, 2, and 4 g/d, and placebo. The supplement contained EPA and DHA in a 3.9:1 ratio. Depression symptoms were assessed using the IDS-C30 scale. Plasma fatty acids and pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) were measured in 42 study completers at baseline and at the end of treatment by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The response rate (≥50% reduction in IDS-30 score) was higher in the 4 g/d EPA arm than placebo (Cohen d= 0.53). In the 4 g/d EPA arm, responders had significantly greater increases in 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) and 13-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (13-HDHA) than non-responders (p< 0.05). Within the 4 g/d EPA arm, the increase in 18-HEPE was significantly associated with reductions in plasma hs-CRP concentrations (p< 0.05) and IDS-C30 scores (p< 0.01). In summary, response rates were greater among patients with MDD randomized to EPA 4 g/d supplementation and in those who showed a greater ability to activate the synthesis of 18-HEPE. The inverse association of 18-HEPE with both systemic inflammation and symptoms of depression highlights the activation of the resolution of inflammation as a likely mechanism in the treatment of MDD with ω-3 fatty acid supplementation.

4D printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing technology for smart devices, offers a wide range of promising applications in aerospace, automobile, biomedical and soft robotics. However, there are only a limited number of commercialized elastomer materials for 3D printing which needs further development, especially smart elastomers. In this work, polyamide 1212 (PA1212) based thermoplastic polyamide elastomer (TPAE) was synthesized by one-pot melt polycondensation of 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (DA), 1,12-dodecanedioic amine (DN) and polyetheramine in a stainless steel reactor and then the TPAE powder for selective laser sintering (SLS) was obtained after freeze-crushing and sieving. Subsequently, the effects of sintering temperature, laser power, layer thickness, and scan spacing during SLS processing on the properties of the sintered parts were fully investigated. The tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at break of the sintered parts could reach 13.7 MPa, 124 MPa and 200 %, respectively, when the sintering temperature, laser power, layer thickness and scan spacing were set as 156 °C, 21 W, 0.10 mm and 0.10 mm, respectively. Moreover, PA1212-based TPAEs fabricated by SLS showed excellent and stable shape memory behavior. This work not only provides a designing strategy of 4D printable materials and referential SLS-processing parameters, but also broadens the application of polyamide-based elastomer materials into 4D printing fields.

Near-infrared (NIR) light-mediated polymerization has been of particular interest owing to the deep penetration into opaque materials, giving rise to great potential for biomedical applications and solar photochemistry. Photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization presented unprecedented spatiotemporal control over the controlled radical polymerization process. Herein, we greatly extended the NIR region up to 980 nm by introducing rationally designed upconversion nanocrystals with low toxicity and resistance to photobleaching into PET-RAFT polymerization. Well-defined polymers with predictable molecular weight and narrow dispersity were prepared within a few hours by 980 nm NIR light-regulated PET-RAFT polymerization via the energy transfer upconversion mechanism. The livingness feature of this photopolymerization was confirmed by polymerization kinetics, chain extension experiments, and multiple controlled “on–off” light switching cycles. Furthermore, the polymerizations could be successfully performed using different monomers, in the presence of several visible light-proof barriers (i.e., pork/chicken skin) and even under aerobic conditions, demonstrating the multifold advantages of our approach.

Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been proved to be a versatile technique for polymer network formation. However, the slow polymerization rates of typical ATRP limited its application in the field of additive manufacturing (3D printing). In this work, we introduced carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for the first time to the ATRP in aqueous media and developed an ultrafast visible-light-induced polymerization system. After optimization, the polymerization could achieve a high monomer conversion (>90%) within 1 min, and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the polymer was lower than 1.25. This system was then applied as the first example of ATRP for the 3D printing of hydrogel through digital light processing (DLP), and the printed object exhibited good dimensional accuracy. Additionally, the excellent and stable optical properties of CQDs also provided interesting photoluminescence capabilities to the printed objects. We deduce this ATRP mediated 3D printing process would provide a new platform for the preparation of functional and stimuli-responsive hydrogel materials.

High temperature resistant polymer-based composite with high thermal conductivity and great mechanical properties are highly demanded in the field of electronic devices for simultaneously meeting surface mounting process and high-power operation. The key to achieving this goal is to balance the contradiction between the high melt viscosity of high-temperature resistant polymers and the dispersibility of fillers. In this work, the high-performance polyamide 6T/66/hexagonal boron nitride (PA6T/66/BN) composites were fabricated successfully via the method combining prepolymerization and reactive extrusion. Results demonstrated that this method not only significantly improves the preparation efficiency of high temperature resistant polyamide and its composites, but also enables the prepared composites to reach 3.6 W/(m⋅K), over 299 °C and 67.8 MPa in thermal conductivity, melting point and tensile strength respectively. Furthermore, the prepared composite exhibits excellent thermal management effects on LED and CPU. Therefore, the results of this work are of great significance for the efficient preparation and wide application of high-temperature resistant polymer based thermally conductive composites.

Silver nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of interest due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, it is still challenging to balance the high antibacterial efficiency with low damage to biological cells of silver nanostructures, especially when the diameter decreases to less than 10 nm. Here, we developed a new type of Ag nanohybrid material via a unimolecular micelle template method, which presents amazing antibacterial activities and almost noncytotoxicity. First, water-soluble multiarm star-shaped brushlike copolymer α-CD-g-[(PEO40-g-PAA50)-b-PEO5]18was precisely synthesized and its micelle behavior in different solvents was revealed. Then, nanocrystal clusters assembled by Ag grains (Ag@Template NCs) were prepared through an in situ redox route using the unimolecular micelle of α-CD-g-[(PEO40-g-PAA50)-b-PEO5]18as the soft template, AgNO3as a precursor, and tetrabutylammonium borohydride (TBAB) as the reducing agent. The overall size of the achieved Ag@Template NCs is controlled by the template structure at around 40 nm (Dhin DMF), and the size of the Ag grain can be easily regulated from ∼1 to ∼5 nm by adjusting the feeding ratio of AgNO3/acrylic acid (AA) units in the template from 1:10 to 1:1. Benefitting from the structural design of the template, all Ag@Template NCs prepared here exhibit excellent dispersibility and chemical stability in different aqueous environments (neutral, pH = 5.5, and 0.9% NaCl physiological saline solution), which play a crucial role in the long-term storage and potential application in a complex physiological environment. The antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests indicate that Ag@Template NCs display much better performance than Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs), which have a comparable overall size of ∼25 nm. The inhibitory capability of Ag@Template NCs to bacteria strongly depends on the grain size. Specifically, the Ag@Template-1 NC assembled by the smallest grains (1.6 ± 0.3 nm) presents the best antibacterial activity. For E. coli(−), the MIC value is as low as 5 μg/mL (0.36 μg/mL of Ag), while for S. aureus(+), the value is around 10 μg/mL (0.72 μg/mL of Ag). The survival rate of L02 cells and lactate dehydrogenase assay together illustrate the low cytotoxicity possessed by the prepared Ag@Template NCs. Therefore, the proposed Ag@Template NC structure successfully resolves the high reactivity, instability, and fast oxidation issues of the ultrasmall Ag nanoparticles, and integrates high antibacterial efficiency and nontoxicity to biological cells into one platform, which implies its broad potential application in biomedicine.

Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are explored for the first time as an efficient photocatalyst for visible-light-regulated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The fluorescence quenching confirmed the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between SiQDs and RAFT reagents. Besides all features of controlled radical polymerization, the SiQDs catalyzed PET-RAFT polymerization also exhibit good temporal control, high chain-end fidelity, and versatility with diverse monomers. Moreover, amino-functionalized SiQDs can be easily coated on the surface of substrates (silicon wafer) owing to the electrostatic interaction, and play a dual role of polymer–substrate connector and photocatalyst for the surface-initiated PET-RAFT polymerization. The SiQD-coated wafer was also proved to be an efficient recycle photocatalyst for PET-RAFT polymerization.

We reported the synthesis of a well-defined hollow polymer nanoparticle derived from star-shaped unimolecular micelles. β-Cyclodextrin was first applied as an efficient macroinitiator to prepare a star-shaped PCL viaring-opening polymerization (ROP). Then, the star-shaped PCL was modified to be a macro-RAFT agent for photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization of S-Cl monomers. The prepared unimolecular micelles can be photocross-linked under UV irradiation after a simple nucleophilic substitution reaction, which made −Cl groups to be −N3groups. After the selective removal of the PCL core, hollow polymer nanoparticles were achieved and exhibited to be a general nanoreactor strategy for the fabrication of nanocrystals with well-controlled architectures. Compared with unimolecular micelle templates, the nanocrystals prepared by hollow templates are absolutely pure as no polymer chains are embedded in the inorganic nanocrystals. In addition, by changing the concentration of the precursor, the structure of the nanocrystal can be changed from a normal spherical structure to a hollow structure.

An unconventional but robust route to synthesize anatase TiO2colloidal nanocrystals with tunable surface chemistry and dimensions was developed via liquid crystalline polyamides (LCPAs) with pyridine rings as a functional matrix. Titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide (TTIP), as the precursor of TiO2nanocrystals, was selectively incorporated into the compartment containing pyridine ring units via a coordination interaction between the pyridine rings and precursors, followed by an in situ direct polycondensation reaction of two monomers with TTIP into amorphous TiO2nanoparticles encapsulated into the LCPA matrix. The functional polyamide chains capped on the surface of the TiO2nanoparticles can be readily carbonized at 500 °C in inert atmosphere (argon), subsequently with the carbon forming a protecting coating on the surface of TiO2nanocrystals to prevent the nanocrystals from aggregating. In addition, the amorphous TiO2was simultaneously transformed into anatase TiO2after 500 °C calcination. The carbon shell on the surface of anatase TiO2nanocrystals can be readily removed by calcination at a relatively low temperature (400 °C) in air. At last, the carboxyl-terminated polymers, such as PMMA–COOH or PEG–COOH, were chosen as functional ligands for the surface modification of anatase TiO2nanocrystals to fabricate core@shell anatase TiO2@polymer colloidal nanocrystals. The sizes of anatase TiO2nanocrystals can be also tuned by adjusting the molar ratio of TTIP precursors to pyridine units.

Chemical inertness of BNNS seriously restricts its application for fabricating thermally conductive polymer-based composites with uniform dispersion and low interfacial thermal resistance. In this work, by using self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization (SIPGP) method, over 40 wt% polyacrylic acid (PAA) macromolecular chains can be grafted onto BNNS in only 2 h for improving polarity and water dispersibility of BNNS, and the content of grafted PAA can be easily tuned by the reaction time. Furthermore, based on the coordination effect between carboxyl groups of PAA and Au3+/AuNPs, large amount of AuNPs can be immobilized onto BNNS to form hetero-structured AuNPs@BNNS hybrid filler, and such filler is beneficial for decreasing interfacial thermal resistance between fillers, constructing thermally conductive network in relatively lower filler content and improving comprehensive thermal conductivity. Finally, AuNPs@BNNS/NFC composite with only 30 wt% filler can reach in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities of 19 and 1.22 W/(m·K) simultaneously. Therefore, this study provides a simple and effective method to fabricate water-dispersible and hetero-structured AuNPs@BNNS hybrid filler, which can be used for preparation of high-efficiency thermal management materials for electronic devices effectively.

An effective process for the fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) colloidal superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystal clusters was developed by combining magnetic assembly and photoinduced cross-linking under an external magnetic field. First, a series of water-soluble multiarm star brush copolymers with different molecular weights using α-cyclodextrin as a multifunctional initiator, star brush copolymer PEO-g-PAA, which consisted of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the main chain and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as functional side chains, were prepared by combining anionic ring-opening copolymerization with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Sequentially, star brush copolymer PEO-g-PAA as a spherical unimolecuclar template was utilized to structure-direct the in situ formation of spherical superparamagnetic Fe3O4colloidal nanocrystal clusters by loading precursors of Fe3O4(FeCl3and FeCl2) into the PAA compartment. Surface-tethered PAA grafting chains of spherical Fe3O4colloidal nanocrystal clusters, produced by ATRP, retain terminal bromine atoms that were subsequently converted into photo-cross-linkable azide groups (-N3) through nucleophilic substitution. The spherical Fe3O4colloidal nanocrystal clusters coated with photo-cross-linkable azide groups were assembled into temporary 1D secondary nanostructures by being exposed to external magnetic fields. The resulting temporary 1D nanoclusters were efficiently cross-linked by exposure to UV light to stabilize the 1D secondary nanostructures of Fe3O4nanocrystals. The dimension of the resulting stable and cross-linked 1D clusters can be tuned by adjusting the strength of the external magnetic field.

A novel mixed powders made up of laboratory-made thermoplastic polyether-block-amide (TPAE) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing have been prepared through an environment-friendly approach and the carbon nanotube conductive network structure is established in the SLS-processed nanocomposite devices. The electrical properties, strain sensing property and electro-induced shape memory effect of flexible TPAE/MWCNTs nanocomposites are fully investigated. The conductivity of TPAE/MWCNTs nanocomposites increases as the MWCNTs content increases owing to the interconnected MWCNTs conductive network. During compressing test with different deformation strain and speed, the SLS-processed flexible sensor exhibits a regular, fast, sensitive and stable cyclic response which shows its great potential for artificial electronic skin, human-machine interface and health monitoring. The TPAE-5.0C nanocomposite also possessed an excellent shape recovery ability during electro-induced shape memory cycle which was triggered by Joule heat under DC voltage. The MWCNTs-TPAE powder prepared here provides a novel material for SLS 3D-printing and the SLS-processed devices with outstanding performance and multiple functions will be very useful for developing flexible and lightweight wearables in the future.

Excellent thermal management property and high-temperature dimensional stability are very important for the materials applied in the electronic devices. In this study, high temperature resistant PA12T was applied as the matrix, and PA12T/BN composites with oriented structure were fabricated by the injection molding method. Morphology, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion property and mechanical properties of the composite were systematically investigated. Results demonstrate that when the content of BN is 40 wt%, the in-plane thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the composites are 6.5 W/(m·K) and 36 ppm/°C, respectively, which are 4 times higher and 80% lower than those along the through-plane direction. Meanwhile, the thermal expansion behavior and mechanism of the composite with oriented filler structure are well revealed by finite element analysis, and the simulated results will provide important guidance for the design and application of the composite. Furthermore, by using the PA12T/BN composite with oriented structure as the substrate of printed circuit board, temperature gradient as well as thermal stress inside the device can be well controlled. Therefore, the PA12T/BN composite has great potential in the application as the substrate or packaging materials of electronic devices.

In this study, a novel nylon with long alkane segments (also called nylon 1313), which was synthesized using 1,13‐tridecanedioic acid in our laboratory, has been characterized. Different rheological behaviors of nylon 1313 have been presented using steady shear, creep recovery, and dynamic tests. The time‐temperature effects have also been investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1643–1651, 2005

Polystyrene/nylon 1212 blends were prepared with supercritical CO2 as the substrate swelling agent and monomer/initiator carrier. Original nylon 1212 and blends were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A novel phenomenon, CO2-induced epitaxy, was discovered, and its mechanism was deduced. Thermal analysis performed with DSC indicated that the polystyrene/nylon 1212 blends had thermal stability superior to that of virgin nylon 1212. The DSC and SEM measurements indicated that incorporated polystyrene could notably improve the mechanical performance of nylon 1212. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2023–2029, 2004

A grafted nylon-6 membrane that can be used in alkaline storage batteries was prepared by grafting acrylic acid onto nylon-6 film using (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6/H2SO4 as initiator. The nylon-6 films to be grafted were pre-swelled in 20% formic acid solution, activated with an aqueous solution containing ceric ammonium nitrate and sulfuric acid. The grafting efficiency was greatly affected by the reaction temperature, the concentration of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6/H2SO4, and the swelling time in formic acid. The degree of grafting that could be achieved under optimized conditions was up to 312%. Through infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was realized that graft reaction took place on the nitrogen atom of the amide group and the density of grafting point increased with an increase in the degree of grafting in a certain range. The highest density of grafting point was found to be 51.3% in a given set of reaction conditions. X-ray diffraction illustrated that the crystallinity of the grafted membranes decreases with the increase of the degree of grafting. A membrane with 173% degree of grafting showed electric resistance of 0.11 Ω/cm², and ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 8.7 mmol/g, which can meet the requirement for the electric discharge of storage batteries with strong power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A grafted nylon‐6 membrane that can be used in alkaline storage batteries was prepared by grafting acrylic acid onto nylon‐6 film using (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6/H2SO4as initiator. The nylon‐6 films to be grafted were pre‐swelled in 20% formic acid solution, activated with an aqueous solution containing ceric ammonium nitrate and sulfuric acid. The grafting efficiency was greatly affected by the reaction temperature, the concentration of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6/H2SO4, and the swelling time in formic acid. The degree of grafting that could be achieved under optimized conditions was up to 312%. Through infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was realized that graft reaction took place on the nitrogen atom of the amide group and the density of grafting point increased with an increase in the degree of grafting in a certain range. The highest density of grafting point was found to be 51.3% in a given set of reaction conditions. X‐ray diffraction illustrated that the crystallinity of the grafted membranes decreases with the increase of the degree of grafting. A membrane with 173% degree of grafting showed electric resistance of 0.11 Ω/cm2, and ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 8.7 mmol/g, which can meet the requirement for the electric discharge of storage batteries with strong power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PAA/nylon1212 blend was prepared using supercritical CO2 as substrate-swelling agent and monomer/initiator carrier. Both supercritical CO2/nylon1212 binary system and SC CO2/monomer/nylon1212 ternary system have been studied. Virgin nylon1212 and blends were characterized through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2040–2044, 2003

Rheological properties of nylon-1212 have been studied by means of Haake Rheometer. The effect of shear rate and temperature on the apparent vicosity of nylon-1212 was discussed. A correlation of non-Newtonian index with the temperature was obtained. The results showed that the apparent viscosity decreases with the increase of the temperature. With increasing shear rate, shear thinning of nylon-1212 was observed clearly. From the relation of the temperature dependence of the polymer, we obtained the viscous flow activation energy. We conclude that the apparent viscosity is sensitive to temperature at lower shear stress because of higher viscous flow activation energy, and the temperature affect on the apparent viscosity becomes weaker at higher shear stress because of lower viscous flow activation energy. We have investigated the creep and elastic recovery of nylon-1212. A creep test was carried out to define the linear viscoelastic range as 1.0 and 5.0 Pa for 195 and 190°C nylon-1212 melts, respectively. A time-dependent response was found for the creep and recovery phases at a lower applied shear stress. However, at higher shear stress, the creep and recovery phases were time-independent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 379–385, 2003

A colloidal nanocrystal cluster (CNC) is a hierarchical nanostructure formed by clustering several nanocrystals into one nano-ensemble, which may exhibit unique optical or catalytic properties different from individual nanocrystals owing to the mutual interactions among neighboring component nanocrystals. However, there is still no universal synthetic route that could be applicable to diverse material compositions with precisely controlled hierarchical structures (i.e., nanocrystal number density, component nanocrystal size, and overall diameter of the CNC) up to now. Herein, a general and novel synthetic strategy was reported for crafting a wide range of inorganic CNCs (i.e., noble metal, semiconductor, and metal oxide) via utilizing amphiphilic star-like poly(4-vinylpyridine)-block-polystyrene diblock copolymers as nanoreactors prepared by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization. The hierarchical structure of rationally designed CNCs could be readily tailored by varying the P4VP molecular weight of star-like nanoreactors and the parameter optimization during the CNC preparation process, which was inaccessible by conventional synthetic methods.