Search

Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) have attracted much more attentions by virtue of the high capacity from the two electrons chemistry. However, the reversible Mg2+ diffusion in cathode materials is restricted by the strong interactions between the high-polarized bivalent Mg2+ ions and anionic lattice. Herein, we design and propose a hetero-structural VO 2 (R)-VS 4 cathode, in which the re-delocalized d -electrons can effectively shield the polarity of Mg2+ ions. Theoretically, the electrons should spontaneously transfer from VS 4 to VO 2 (R) through the interfaces of hetero-structure due to the lower work function value of VS 4. Furthermore, the internal electrons transfer lead to the electronic injection into VO 2 (R) from VS 4 and the partially broken V-V dimers, indicating the presence of lone pair electrons and charge re-delocalization. Benefiting from the shield effect of re-delocalized electrons, and the weakened attraction between cations and O/S anions enables more S2−-S 2 2− redox groups to participate the electrochemical reactions and compensate the double charge of Mg2+ ions. Accordingly, VO 2 (R)-VS 4 hetero-structure exhibits a high specific capacity of 554 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1. It is believed that the charge re-delocalization of cathode extremely boost the Mg2+ ions migration for the high-capacity of MIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium hydride (MgH 2) is the most feasible and effective solid-state hydrogen storage material, which has excellent reversibility but initiates decomposing at high temperatures and has slow kinetics performance. Here, zinc titanate (Zn 2 TiO 4) synthesised by the solid-state method was used as an additive to lower the initial temperature for dehydrogenation and enhance the re/dehydrogenation behaviour of MgH 2. With the presence of Zn 2 TiO 4 , the starting temperature for the dehydrogenation of MgH 2 was remarkably lowered to around 290 °C–305 °C. In addition, within 300 s, the MgH 2 –Zn 2 TiO 4 sample absorbed 5.0 wt.% of H 2 and 2.2–3.6 wt.% H 2 was liberated from the composite sample in 30 min, which is faster by 22–36 times than as-milled MgH 2. The activation energy of the MgH 2 for the dehydrogenation process was also downshifted to 105.5 kJ/mol with the addition of Zn 2 TiO 4 indicating a decrease of 22% than as-milled MgH 2. The superior behaviour of MgH 2 was due to the formation of MgZn 2 , MgO and MgTiO 3 , which are responsible for ameliorating the re/dehydrogenation behaviour of MgH 2. These findings provide a new understanding of the hydrogen storage behaviour of the catalysed-MgH 2 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloroplasts sense a variety of stimuli triggering several acclimation responses. One prominent response is the mechanism of state transitions, which enables rapid adaption to changes in illumination. Here, we investigated the link between divalent cations (calcium, magnesium, and manganese) and protein kinase activity in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Our results show that manganese ions are the strongest activator of kinase activity in chloroplasts followed by magnesium ions, whereas calcium ions are not able to induce kinase activity. Additionally, the phosphorylation of specific protein bands is strongly reduced in chloroplasts of a cmt1 mutant, which is impaired in manganese import into chloroplasts, as compared to the wild‐type. These findings provide insights for the future characterization of chloroplast protein kinase activity and potential target proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs), as one of the most promising candidates for efficient energy storage devices with high energy, power density and high safety, have attracted increasing attention. However, searching for suitable cathode materials with fast diffusion kinetics and exploring their magnesium storage mechanisms remains a great challenge. CuS submicron spheres, made by a facile low-temperature synthesis strategy, were applied as the high-performance cathode for RMBs in this work, which can deliver a high specific capacity of 396 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and a remarkable rate capacity of 250 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1. The excellent rate performance can be assigned to the nano needle-like particles on the surface of CuS submicron spheres, which can facilitate the diffusion kinetics of Mg2+. Further storage mechanism investigations illustrate that the CuS cathodes experience a two-step conversion reaction controlled by diffusion during the electrochemical reaction process. This work could make a contribution to the study of the enhancement of diffusion kinetics of Mg2+ and the reaction mechanism of RMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recovery rate of Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO 4 2– reached 90 %, 99 % and 50.2 %, respectively. • TOC and UV 254 can be effectively decreased with 36.6 % and 59.6 % removal rates. • The AEM electrolysis was optimized to 10 mA/cm2, whereas the CEM was to 15 mA/cm2. • The AEM fouling was more serious than the CEM due to the distinct fouling types. In this study, a hybrid ion exchange membrane (IEM) electrolysis process incorporating AEM/CEM electrolysis was implemented to investigate the removal efficiency and the underlying mechanism of IEM fouling in removing organic matter and ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO 4 2–) from nanofiltration concentrate (NFC). The results reveal that Ca2+ and Mg2+ were removed through the formation of CaCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 precipitates in the cathode chamber of AEM electrolysis (ACC), whereas SO 4 2– was enriched in the anode chamber (AAC). The addition of Ca(OH) 2 and NaAlO 2 led to ettringite precipitation in the cathode chamber of the CEM electrolysis (CCC), along with CaCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 precipitates. Meanwhile, the oxidation and the precipitation adsorption led to effective removal of organic matter. A comparison of the current density demonstrated that the optimum conditions for removal were 10 mA/cm2 in AEM electrolysis and 15 mA/cm2 in CEM electrolysis. Notably, in IEM fouling, the Zeta potential, XDLVO and other results showed the AEM fouling was more aggravated than CEM. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimagnesium phosphate (TMP) bioceramic scaffolds are deemed as promising bone grafts, but their mechanical and biological properties are yet to be improved. In the study, strontium orthosilicate (SrOS) was used to modify the TMP scaffolds, whose macroporous structure was constructed by the filament deposition-type 3D printing method. The new phases of SrMg 2 (PO 4) 2 and Sr 2 MgSi 2 O 7 , which showed nanocrystalline topography, were produced in the 3D-printed TMP/SrOS bioceramic composite scaffolds. The compressive strength (1.8–64.1 MPa) and porosity (39.7%–71.4%) of the TMP/SrOS scaffolds could be readily tailored by changing the amounts of SrOS additives and the sintering temperature. The TMP/SrOS scaffolds gradually degraded in the aqueous solution, consequently releasing ions of magnesium, strontium and silicon. In contrast with the TMP scaffolds, the TMP/SrOS bioceramic scaffolds had profoundly higher compressive strength, and enhanced cell proliferative and osteogenic activities. The TMP/SrOS scaffolds incorporated with 5 wt% SrOS had the highest mechanical strength and beneficial cellular function, which made them promising for treating different sites of bone defects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn-based anodes for magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) arouse considerable interests, but are restrained by severe failure associated with poor electrochemical reactivity and massive volume changes during cycling. Herein, a multiphase alloying strategy is proposed to improve the electrochemical performance of Sn-based anodes through introducing an active Bi phase and an inactive Al phase to trigger the alloying reaction of Sn with Mg and accommodate large volume variations. A series of triphase Sn-Al-Bi alloys with different compositions were fabricated via a melting-solidification method. The significant performance improvement of the triphase Sn-Al-Bi electrodes stems from the interdigitated phase distribution accelerating Mg2+ ions transport and the multiphase buffering matrix alleviating the structural damage during cycling. Specially, the Sn55Al40Bi5 electrode exhibits attractive deformation capability, moderate areal specific capacity and long-term cycling stability up to 1000 cycles. Additionally, operando X-ray diffraction was performed to unveil the magnesiation/demagnesiation mechanisms of the Sn-Al-Bi electrodes. Noticeably, the Sn-Al-Bi electrodes show good compatibility with simple Mg salt electrolytes such as Mg(TFSI)2 in a full cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to investigate the hydrogen dissociation and diffusion on Mg (0001) surface with Ni incorporating at various locations. The results show that Ni atom is preferentially located inside Mg matrix rather than in/over the topmost surface. Further calculations reveal that Ni atom locating in/over the topmost Mg (0001) surface exhibits excellent catalytic effect on hydrogen dissociation with an energy barrier of less than 0.05 eV. In these cases, the rate-limiting step has been converted from hydrogen dissociation to surface diffusion. In contrast, Ni doping inside Mg bulk not only does little help to hydrogen dissociation but also exhibits detrimental effect on hydrogen diffusion. Therefore, it is crucial to stabilize the Ni atom on the surface or in the topmost layer of Mg (0001) surface to maintain its catalytic effect. For all the case of Ni-incorporated Mg (0001) surfaces, the hydrogen atom prefers firstly immigrate along the surface and then penetrate into the bulk. It is expected that the theoretical findings in the present study could offer fundamental guidance to future designing on efficient Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid degradation of Mg alloy was reduced by incorporating titanate on a fluorine-based anodized layer. The coating shows (i) excellent biomineralization ability, (ii) improved local and periodical corrosion behavior and (iii) enhanced expression of osteogenic factors (Runx2, Col 1, OCN and OPN) along with (iv) the antibacterial property. The fluoride and magnesium ions dissolution from the anodized layer is responsible for the better expression of osteogenic factors and antibacterial behavior. The preparation of the titanate incorporated anodized Mg alloy (Ti-AMg) is a facile solution to overcome the implant-associated bacterial infections with required biological functions including progression of bone ingrowth and biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous magnesium ion batteries (AMIBs) have attracted great interest due to the low manufacture cost and eco-friendliness, but the lack of suitable cathodes with good electrochemical performance obstructs their development. Here, a composite of spinel magnesium manganese oxide (MgMn2O4) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a porous structure is synthesized by electrochemical conversion method and used as the cathode for the AMIB, which improves the inherent low conductivity for MgMn2O4 and enhanced its specific capacity. The electrochemical conversion method helps preserve the surface integrity and structure stability of the electrode, and the MWCNTs network provides the pathway of Mg ion migration among the MgMn2O4 particles. The obtained MgMn2O4/MWCNTs displays a discharge capacity of 322.3 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, and the capacity retention is 81.8% after 2000 iterations at 1000 mA g−1 . Further, the MgMn2O4/MWCNTs//VO2 system is assembled, which displays a capacity retention rate of near 100%. The electrochemical mechanism of Mg ion insertion/extraction is investigated though the ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. This paper extends synthesis method of the high performance cathode material for AIMB system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine lactoferrin (BLF) reportedly lowers blood pressure and induces vasorelaxation, but its effect on nitric oxide (NO) production has not been established. Accordingly, we aimed to determine whether BLF induces NO production in bovine aortic endothelial cells, and the effects of extracellular free magnesium (Mg) ion concentrations on this NO production. BLF induced NO production time-dependently. NO production was markedly inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, in an effect abolished by L-arginine, but not D-arginine. NO production was suppressed at low concentrations, and enhanced at high concentrations, of Mg ions in culture medium. These results suggest that BLF has an important role in hypotensive effects. Mg ions may affect BLF-induced NO production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel lithium-titanate Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising anode material for magnesium batteries due to its non-toxicity, low-cost, zero-strain characteristics and long-term stability. Nevertheless, the application of LTO in a magnesium full cell has been rarely investigated. Herein, we give a proof of concept for the feasibility of LTO as anode in full magnesium ion batteries, which might prevent the passivation of metallic Mg anodes. Mg2+ was electrochemically inserted into LTO prior to cycling against a sulfurbased cathode material, i.e. sulfurated poly(acrylonitrile), SPAN, resulting in stable cycle performance with 800 mAh gS-1 at 0.3C and high-rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Nanosized synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp), closely resembling biological apatite found in human bones and teeth, is extensively studied for its potential in hard tissue repair. Ion-doping of HAp with therapeutic ions is emerging as a promising strategy to mimic biological apatite, promoting specific biological responses such as osteogenesis, angiogenesis, increased cell proliferation, and antimicrobial activity. The aim of our study was to explore and compare the effects of Sr,Cu co-doped α tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) with/without Mg doped HAP on healing of critical size rat calvaria defects in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nanosized HAp powders, both single-ion doped with 5 mol.% Mg and co-doped with 3 mol.% Sr and 0.4 mol.% Cu ions, were synthesized using a modified hydrothermal method and α-TCP powder was obtained by calcination of the doped HAp at 1500°C for 2 h. Six male Wistar Albino rats, 8 weeks old, were used to surgically induce two 5 mm bone defects on calvaria. The defects were augmented with either Sr,Cu αTCP with/without Mg HAp material or with “gold standard” material, Bio-OSS (Geistlich Pharma, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after augmentation. Collected tissues were further analyzed using CBCT, histology and qRT-PCR. Collected data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results of CBCT analysis presented high defect closure using Bio-OSS and Sr,Cu αTCP, and median level of closure when using Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp (p<0.05). This difference could be due to high levels of endothelial cell stimulation by magnesium ions contributing to higher closure by fibrous tissue as presented in our histological analysis. However, using both Sr,Cu αTCP or Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp resulted in stimulating mineralized tissue deposition. In our qRT-PCR analysis, Sr,Cu αTCP and Bio-OSS similarly (p>0.05) increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, unlike using Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp which showed lower levels (p<0.05). This could again be appointed to the aforementioned effect of magnesium ions. Interestingly, both Sr,Cu αTCP and Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp presented higher expression of TGFβ, a growth factor connected with better bone regeneration, compared to BioOSS. Additionally, all tested materials presented similarly high expression of ALP, known marker of osteogenic differentiation. However, Bio-OSS presented significantly higher RANKL/OPG ratio, a marker indicating osteoclastic activity, compared to Sr,Cu αTCP, while Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp showed the lowest values. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Sr,Cu αTCP and Sr,Cu αTCP/Mg HAp exhibit promising bone healing outcomes of critical size calvaria defects, comparable to that of Bio-OSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injectable hydrogels are currently a topic of great interest in bone tissue engineering, which could fill irregular bone defects in a short time and avoid traditional major surgery. Herein, we developed an injectable gellan gum (GG)-based hydrogel for bone defect repair by blending nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4). In order to acquire an injectable GG-based hydrogel with superior osteogenesis, nHA were blended into GG solution with an optimized proportion. For the aim of endowing this hydrogel capable of angiogenesis, MgSO 4 was also incorporated. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that GG-based hydrogel containing 5% nHA (w/v) and 2.5 mM MgSO 4 (GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4) had appropriate sol-gel transition time, showed a porosity-like structure, and could release magnesium ions for at least 14 days. Rheological studies showed that the GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4 hydrogel had a stable structure and repeatable self-healing properties. In-vitro results determined that GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4 hydrogel presented superior ability on stimulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into osteogenic linage and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to generate vascularization. In-vivo, GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4 hydrogel was evaluated via a rat cranial defect model, as shown by better new bone formation and more neovascularization invasion. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the new injectable hydrogel, is a favorable bioactive GG-based hydrogel, and provides potential strategies for robust therapeutic interventions to improve the repair of bone defect. • We developed an injectable GG-based hydrogel for bone defect repair by blending nHA and MgSO 4. • In vitro and in vivo evaluation, GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4 hydrogel presented superior ability on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. • GG/5%nHA/MgSO 4 hydrogel provides potential strategies for therapeutic interventions to improve the bone defect repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the Ni content of a Ni-rich layered positive electrode material is one common way to improve energy density of Li-ion cells but normally leads to shorter cell lifetimes. Single crystalline materials have been shown to improve the cell lifetime by reducing the degree of material degradation. This first study in a two part series investigates the synthesis of Co-free single crystalline LiNi0.95Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.975Mg0.025O2 via a two-step lithiation method. This method consists of a first step heating of the precursors at high temperatures but with deficient Li to grow crystalline particles and then a second step at lower temperature to fully lithiate the material. The synthesized materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to understand the impact of synthesis conditions. Single crystal materials were successfully synthesized, and Mg-containing single crystal materials achieved micron-sized particles with as low as 2% Ni in the Li layer. Al-containing single crystal materials could not avoid the formation of Li5AlO4 impurity for all conditions tested. The presence of Li or Mg and high temperatures were identified as factors that promote crystallite growth. Selected samples were characterized electrochemically and compared to their polycrystalline counterparts. Mg-containing single crystal materials are not yet competitive with their polycrystalline counterparts yet, and further understanding and development is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypermagnesemia occurs in elderly people or patients with renal insufficiency after excessive ingestion of magnesium-containing laxatives. In addition to typical electrocardiogram (ECG) findings caused by conduction defects, changes in the ST segments and T waves are also observed in patients with severe hypermagnesemia. This suggested the involvement of similar pathophysiology to acute myocardial infarction, as we previously demonstrated using burninduced subepicardial injury model in frog hearts. In the present study, by exposing the bullfrog heart to high-magnesium solution, we reproduced prominent ST segment changes in ECG as actually observed in patients with severe hypermagnesemia. In addition to the great increase in the T waves, the ECG showed a marked elevation of the ST segments and the cardiac action potential demonstrated a marked shift of the resting membrane potential to the depolarized side. High-magnesium exposure did not affect the abundance of Na+/K+-ATPase proteins. However, the pharmacological stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by insulin quickly retrieved the elevated ST segments in ECG. From these results, the functional blockade of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by magnesium ions was thought to be responsible for generating the potassium concentration gradient and the subsequent ST segment changes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) has been widely used as anode electrode for long-life lithium ion batteries (LIBs), however, it suffers from inherent poor electronic and ionic conductivity which limits its further development. Here, a composite macroporous conductive network is constructed by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and few-layer titanium carbide (Ti3C2s) and used for the modification of Li4Ti5O12-TiO2. Owing to the excellent mechanical properties of CNTs and Ti3C2s, the prepared Ti3C2s-CNTs-Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 (T-C-L) material can be directly used as binder-free electrode. Specifically, CNTs serve as a connection skeleton to stabilize the electrode structure and provide a conductive network to improve electron transport capabilities; the addition of Ti3C2s is beneficial to the formation of macropores which can further improve ion diffusion; the existence of TiO2 phase can improve its capacity as well as rate capability. Reasonable design and the synergistic effect of each component endow T-C-L outstanding Li-storage performance and Mg-storage performance. When combined with lithium belt to form a pouch battery, the T-C-L also exhibits satisfactory bending performance, which further expand its practicality. These results show great promise of the prepared T-C-L for LIBs and magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) and provide a modification method for other electrode materials that suffer from poor ion/electron diffusion capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rechargeable Mg-S batteries are attractive because of their resource abundances of Mg and S, high volumetric energy density, and less dendrite property of Mg anodes. However, the development is barred by the intrinsic low electronic conductivity of S and the discharge products as well as the lack of understanding the hidden electrochemical kinetics. Here, a Co 3 S 4 @MXene heterostructure is proposed as effective sulfur host for reversible Mg-S batteries. XPS results and density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirm that the chemical interaction between the decorated Co 3 S 4 nanocrystals host and polysulfide intermediates could well absorb and catalyze the polysulfides conversion, thus improve the electrochemical redox kinetics. Meanwhile, the MXene matrix could promote Mg ion diffusion dynamics greatly. As a result, the developed Mg-S batteries using the Co 3 S 4 @MXene-S as the cathode material could demonstrate high sulfur utilization with specific capacity of 1220 mAh g−1 and retain a capacity of 528 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, together with a satisfactory rate performance even at 2 C. This work shed light on the advanced cathode design for reversible high energy Mg-S batteries. A Co 3 S 4 @MXene heterostructure sulfur host was successfully designed to promote the electrochemical conversion kinetics, via the synergetic mechanism of chemically adsorbing, catalyzing the polysulfides conversion and supplying fast Mg ion diffusion path way. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) have received tremendous research attention owing to their low cost, dendrite free electroplating, and high theoretical capacities compared with lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Despite these advantages, the launching of MIBs is hindered by sluggish kinetics of the magnesium ions inside the host cathodes. Recently, several magnesium–selenium batteries have been developed to achieve the fast kinetics of magnesium ions inside the selenium-based cathodes. Herein, we have critically reviewed the five-year advancements made in the field of selenium cathode design, selenium loadings, compatible organic and inorganic electrolytes, their resultant reversible capacities, working voltages, cycle life, and specific energies. Selected selenium-based cathodes were critically debated in terms of their electrochemical performance and challenges. At the end of this review article, several innovative directions are proposed to shed light on future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, four representative Mg-3Al-1Zn (AZ31) anodes with different texture characteristics, i.e., ET0°, ET30°, ET60°, and ET90°, are assembled as the anodes for Mg-air batteries. The correlation between texture and discharge products and the influences of texture and discharge products on the discharge performance are studied. The results show that the discharge performance of the four anodes follows the order: ET90° > ET60° > ET30° > ET0°. The improved discharge performance is related to the two aspects: (i) the discharge activities of the (11-20)/(10-10) orientated grains are higher than those of the (0002) orientated grains, (ii) the discharge products formed on the (11-20)/(10-10) surface are more easily to fall off than those formed on the (0002) surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PEO coatings were synthesized from phosphate-based (bP-PEO) and glycerol added phosphate-based (gP-PEO) electrolytes with different processing times. For both bP-PEO and gP-PEO coatings treated with different processing time its morphology, elemental and phase composition, and electrochemical behaviour has been comparatively investigated. For this, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were employed. The gP-PEO coatings were observed to have higher pore density with reduced pores size, surface porosity, and average coating thickness compared to bP-PEO for all the PEO processing time. XRD studies revealed that glycerol addition resulted in the fostering of crystalline MgO (periclase) phase and promoting Mg 3 (PO 4) 2 (farringtonite) phase amorphization. In general, electrochemical behaviour showed improved corrosion behaviour for gP-PEO compared to bP-PEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of Mg-todorokite with mixed nanosheet & nanowire (referred to as nanosheets for the sake of simplicity) and pure nanowire morphology were prepared to probe the morphological impact on battery relevant electrochemistry. The samples had similar physicochemical properties where the Mg-todorokite nanosheets had a composition of Mg0.20MnO2 with a crystallite size of 9 nm and water content of 0.29 moles of H2O per formula unit, while the nanowires had a composition of Mg0.19MnO2 with a crystallite size of 14 nm and water content of 0.28. The electrochemistry of the Mg-todorokite materials was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and rate capability testing. The Mg-todorokite nanosheets showed higher discharge capacity than the nanowires in lithium, sodium and magnesium-based electrolytes. Notably, the nanowire materials exhibited excellent cycling stability compared to the nanosheets in lithium and sodium-based batteries. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of lithiated samples suggests that Mn in the nanosheet containing material was more highly reduced to Mn3+ after the 1st full discharge explaining the higher initial capacities observed. However, a MnO-like structural distortion was observed after extended cycling in the nanosheet material consistent with its poorer capacity retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been some discrepancy about whether crystalline or amorphous V2O5 is the superior cathode material for magnesium-ion batteries, with many publications suggesting that amorphous V2O5more readily stores magnesium ions. In this work, we report the systematic investigation of magnesium ion storage in crystalline and amorphous V2O5electrodeposited thin films. Our results indicate that the electrochemical performance of V2O5thin films is primarily impacted by the presence of adsorbed water. This study finds that the adsorbed water left over from aqueous electrodeposition is mostly responsible for the observed improved performance of amorphous V2O5thin films, thereby indicating that the drying conditions, rather than the crystal structure, play a direct role in enhancing the electrochemical performance. We propose an explanation for this observation in that the amorphous thin film has much larger water content, leading to increased interlayer spacing within the disordered structure and possible charge shielding for magnesium-ion storage. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the importance of considering the effect of adsorbed water, especially when comparing the electrochemical performance of amorphous and crystalline V2O5synthesized from wet electrodeposition techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both electrochemically and chemically delithiated layered rock-salt LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2 were successfully synthesized to investigate their crystal structures and cathode properties in the Mg rechargeable batteries. While the electrochemically delithiated LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2 (x = 0.1 or 0.5) showed reversible behavior only two cycles in a Mg cell with subphase after initial discharge, the chemically delithiated Li0.45Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 delivered a discharge capacity of 175 mAh g-1 with an average potential of 2.4 V vs Mg/Mg2+ during several cycles. The chemically delithiated structure with x = 0.45 was found to be able to intercalate Mg ions according to the Rietveld analysis for synchrotron XRD patterns and XANES spectra for discharged electrode. It was concluded that the chemically delithiated Li0.45Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 provided the favored structure for Mg intercalation due to the appropriate interlayer distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding safety, cost and volumetric capacity, magnesium batteries could be an alternative to lithium ones. However, it is needed to find more suitable electrode materials and electrolyte solutions for developing rechargeable magnesium batteries. In this work, nanobelts of sodium vanadate (NVO) have been prepared and evaluated as electrode material in magnesium battery. Intercalation of magnesium and sodium into NVO has been explored using first-principles calculations. The experimental intercalation of magnesium was studied using both wet and dry electrolyte solutions based on different organic solvents. It is found that the electrochemical behavior strongly depends on the electrolyte solution, and the maximum reversible capacity is around 200-270 mAh g-1 using wet electrolyte. The mechanism of the electrochemical reaction has been studied by using XRD and chemical microanalysis. During the discharge/charge process, magnesium ions are reversibly intercalated/deintercalated, while sodium ions remain in the framework of NVO. The results make sodium vanadate an attractive candidate for an electrode in magnesium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored modification of an alkaline heat treated titanium surface, using magnesium ions, to improve bone compatibility through the sustained release of magnesium ions. Pure titanium surface was first subjected to alkaline treatment using 5 M NaOH then modified with magnesium through immersion in magnesium chloride solution before heating in a furnace at 600°C for 1 h. Use of at least 0.01 M magnesium chloride solution for at least 0.5 min, leads to introduction of 1.7 to 2.3 at% magnesium at a distribution close to saturation on the titanium surface. The modified titanium surface sustained long term release of magnesium ions in acidic solution for more than 168 h. It was further demonstrated that the process of sustained release of magnesium ions is influenced by pH and can be triggered by lowering it from neutral to 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-rich ternary material LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 is the promising cathode for lithium ion battery, but it has the disadvantage of structural instability. The common method for modifying its electrochemical performance is element doping, such as sodium, aluminum, magnesium and other elements, because the elements with different types and valences have varied ionic radii and binding energies to oxygen. They are incorporated into the layered nickel-rich ternary material to play the distinct roles. In this work, we investigate the effect of Na and Mg co-doping on Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2. Our results suggest that the mixed doping has no effect on the crystal structure and morphology of the material. The Rietveld refinement results demonstrated that cation mixing reduced. The electrochemical test results show that the proper amount of Na and Mg mixed doping improves the cyclic reversibility and reduces the resistance of the material. Na and Mg elements can promote each other to improve the electrochemical performance of the material. At the same time we note that high doping concentrations might mitigate the Li diffusion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the effect of Mg doping in LiMO2 (M = Ni, Ni+Al, Ni+Co+Al, Ni content >0.8) at a dopant level of less than 5%. Synthesized materials were all single phase and contained no appreciable amount of surface or bulk impurities. Structural and electrochemical characterization of the materials was carried out to understand how Mg affects thematerials and whether the presence of Al or Co influences the dopant effects of Mg. All synthesized materials, even those without Co, were found to contain a small amount of Ni in the Li layer. Increases in the Mg content of the material reduced the initial capacity of the materials but improved the capacity retention. The capacity reduction was related to the amount of Li trapped by electrochemically inactive Al and Mg. The capacity retention was related either to the number of Ni ions substituted by electrochemically inactive dopants or to the amount of Li trapped by those dopants. Mg helped improve capacity retention by reducing the growth of polarization during cycling. No synergistic effects were found to exist from co-doping materials containing Co and/or Al with Mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• How to turn many tailings that occupy land resources and pose environmental threats into usable treasures is a key issue. • The application effect of ASF is about two times better than that of cement from a strength perspective. • The main product is highly cross-linked C-A-S-H, and ASF can activate tailings' pozzolanic activity to form Mg-products. • The recycling of tailings with low environmental risks can move us to a circular economy and increase public acceptance. • Tailings solidified by new binder can uptake CO2, and future research should determine the storage capacity. Superfine iron tailings (5–75 μm) are difficult to be reused with traditional binders. The reaction behavior of newly developed high-calcium geopolymer (ASF), the activation effect of the ASF on the pozzolanic potential of tailings, and the application effectiveness of the ASF-stabilized mixtures have been discussed. The results show that highly cross-linked calcium aluminosilicate hydrates were the main hydration products, and there were some crystal products, e.g., stratlingite, ettringite, and crystalline calcium silicate hydrate. The ASF can activate and release magnesium ions in superfine tailings to form magnesium-based products. Second, the cumulative pore volume of stabilized tailings was reduced by 24.4% with the dosage increase of ASF binder from 3% to 8%. Finally, the strength of 8% ASF-stabilized tailings increased from 1.83 MPa to 3.44 MPa (7 d to 28 d). The alkalinity of ASF-stabilized tailings was weaker than that of the cement-based counterpart (∼0.6), reducing environmental pressure during application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volume stable barrier membranes made of magnesium are very promising in Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) to treat periodontal bone defects in dentistry due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. During the degradation process the cells are exposed to the alteration of various parameters, so called physical cues, involving surface alterations due to the formed corrosion layer and medium alterations arising from the dissolved corrosion products. Cell migration of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), as a crucial parameter for optimal healing process in GBR, has been investigated on magnesium membranes and revealed that medium alterations by dissolved corrosion products have a higher impact on cell migration than surface alterations. However, the effect of each altered medium parameter on cell migration has not been adequately studied, but their roles are crucial to explain the slower migration rate on magnesium surfaces compared to titanium and tissue culture plastic surfaces. Our study investigates the single effect of Mg2+, Ca2+, H 2 and increased osmolality as well as the effect of magnesium extracts, which contain a dynamic mixture of previous parameters on cell migration, proliferation and viability of HGF. We showed that at 75 mM Mg2+ concentration and at 0 mM Ca2+, respectively, the cell migration rate is greatly reduced. In complex magnesium extract media, we found that a temporarily increased ratio of Mg2+ to Ca2+ conditioned a slow HGF migration rate. Based on these findings and the characterization of supernatants from HGF migration assays on Mg membranes, we propose, that the slower migration rate of HGF can be explained by the altered ratio of Mg2+ to Ca2+, caused by increasing concentrations of Mg2+ and decreasing concentrations of Ca2+ in the vicinity of the corroding Mg implant, combined with a constantly increased molecular hydrogen concentration in the supernatant. These results are cell type specific and should be checked carefully, if necessary, for Mg implant performance. The study is providing a systematic approach to explain the main effects of extract medium parameters (physical cues) such as magnesium or calcium ion concentration, osmolality and dissolved molecular hydrogen and CO 2 in cell culture media modified by co-incubating with corroding magnesium implants on the migration rate of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). This study uncovers for the first time the combinatory effect of slightly increased molecular hydrogen and the change in Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio on HGF cell migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) metal is of great interest in biomedical applications, especially in tissue engineering. Mg exhibits excellent in vivo biocompatibility, biodegradability and, during degradation, releases Mg ions (Mg2+) with the potential to improve tissue repair. We used electrospinning technology to incorporate Mg particles into nanofibers. Various ratios of Mg metal microparticles (<44 µm diameter) were incorporated into nanofiber polycaprolactone (PCL) meshes. Physicochemical properties of the meshes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical tensile testing, X-ray diffractometry and UV–VIS spectrophotometry. Biological properties of meshes were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Under mammalian cell culture conditions, Mg-containing meshes released hydrogen gas and relative amounts of free Mg2+ that reflected the Mg/PCL ratios. All meshes were non-cytotoxic for 3T3 fibroblasts and PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. In vivo implantation under the skin of mice for 3, 8 and 28 days showed that Mg-containing meshes were well vascularized, with improved measures of inflammation and healing compared to meshes without Mg. Evidence included an earlier appearance and infiltration of tissue repairing macrophages and, after 28 days, evidence of more mature tissue remodeling. Thus, these new composite nanofiber meshes have promising material properties that mitigated inflammatory tissue responses to PCL alone and improved tissue healing, thus providing a suitable matrix for use in clinically relevant tissue engineering applications. The biodegradable metal, magnesium, safely biodegrades in the body, releasing beneficial byproducts. To improve tissue delivery, magnesium metal particles were incorporated into electrospun nanofiber meshes composed of a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer, polycaprolactone (PCL). Magnesium addition, at several concentrations, did not alter PCL chemistry, but did alter physical properties. Under cell culture conditions, meshes released magnesium ions and hydrogen gas and were not cytotoxic for two cell types. After implantation in mice, the mesh with magnesium resulted in earlier appearance of M2-like, reparative macrophages and improved tissue healing versus mesh alone. This is in agreement with other studies showing beneficial effects of magnesium metal and provides a new type of scaffold material that will be useful in clinically relevant tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the use of the electro-catalytic behavior of magnesium-doped zinc oxide nano-flakes for oxidation of anti-Inflammatory drug, along with information on the impacts of the chemical and biological sensors on the field of medical diagnosis.

Energy storage concepts based on multivalent ion chemistries, such as Mg2+, promise very high volumetric energy density, however require improvements in electrolyte (Mg salt and solvent) electrochemical window to reach their full potential. Hypothetically the window of Mg salt could be widened by disfavoring the cathodic decomposition pathway of a thermodynamically and anodically stable anion, rendering it kinetically inert toward Mg+-mediated reduction. Computational and electrochemical analyses on Mg[TPFA]2 ([TPFA]- = [Al{OC(CF3)3}4]-) support this hypothesis, and showcase a widened electrochemical window as a result of mitigated cathodic decomposition as well as enhanced anodic stability from electron-withdrawing CF3 groups. Detailed NMR and IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy further support that the weak coordination to Mg2+ in solution is important for maintaining the wide electrochemical window of Mg salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Copper, a common heavy metal, may be beneficial for or poisonous to microbial activity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different copper ion concentrations on the nitrogen removal performance of Arthrobacter arilaitensis strain Y-10 and Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain J488. The non-competitive inhibition model was employed to evaluate the 50% inhibition concentrations (IC 50 values) of copper ions toward the pure strains. In the absence of magnesium ions, a low concentration of copper (0.1 mg/L) significantly enhanced the ammonium removal ability of strain Y-10 and its removal efficiency increased by 10.88% compared with the control treatment. Copper ranging from 0 to 0.1 mg/L had no significant effect on the ammonium removal capacity of strain J488. After adding 9.90 mg/L of magnesium to the basal medium, the effects of copper on nitrification of ammonium or denitrification of nitrate or nitrite were also assessed. In these conditions, 0.25 mg/L copper ions could strongly inhibit the ammonium, nitrate and nitrite removal activities for strain Y-10. For strain J488, no clear deterioration in ammonium removal efficiency was observed at copper ion concentrations below 0.5 mg/L, but 0.25 mg/L copper ions significantly inhibited nitrate and nitrite removal efficiencies, which were only 45.88% and 6.35%, respectively. The IC 50 values of copper ions for nitrate and nitrite removal by strain Y-10 were 0.195 and 0.090 mg/L respectively; for strain J488, the IC 50 values were 0.175 and 0.196 mg/L. The magnesium ions could improve the cell growth, nitrogen removal efficiency and copper ion resistance of bacteria. Highlights • Firstly evaluated the effects of copper ions on A. arilaitensis and P. taiwanensis. • 0.1 mg/L of Cu2+ signally enhanced the ammonium removal ability of A. arilaitensis. • The Mg2+ enhanced the nitrogen removal and Cu2+ resistance abilities of the strains. • P. taiwanensis was not sensitive to copper ions by using ammonium as sole nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Graphical abstract Abstract The development of bioactive soft materials that can guide cell behavior and have biomimetic mechanical properties is an active and challenging topic in regenerative medicine. A common strategy to create a bioactive soft material is the integration of biomacromolecules with polymers. However, limited by their complex structures and sensitivity to temperature and chemicals, it is relatively difficult to maintain the bioactivity of biomacromolecules during their preparation, storage, and application. Here, a new kind of bioactive soft material based on the molecular integration of metal ions and polymers is designed and exemplified by a hybrid of magnesium ion (Mg2+) and poly(glycerol-sebacate-maleate) (PGSM-Mg). Mg2+ was firmly incorporated into PGSM molecules through a complexation interaction as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The PGSM matrix provided the soft nature and facile processing of the hybrid, which could serve as an injectable material and be fabricated into elastic porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. The Mg2+ immobilized in the PGSM chain conferred neuroactivity to the resultant hybrid. PGSM-Mg exhibited adequate biodegradability and a sustained release of Mg2+. PGSM-Mg 3D scaffolds promoted the adhesion and proliferation of Schwann cells (SCs) more effectively than poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. Furthermore, SCs on PGSM-Mg scaffolds expressed significantly more neural specific genes than those on PLGA, PGS, and PGSM, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophic factor-3 (NTF3). All these results indicated that Mg2+ immobilized through molecular integration could efficiently regulate the bioactivity of polymers. In view of the wide availability, diverse bioactivity, and high stability of metal ions, the strategy of molecular coupling of metal ions and polymers is expected to be a new general approach to construct bioactive soft materials. Statement of Significance Bioactive soft materials are designed on the basis of the molecular integration of metal ions and polymers. Immobilized metal ions offer a new way to endow bioactivity to polymers. Different from biomolecules such as proteins and genes, metal ions are quite stable and can resist harsh processing conditions. Further, the polymeric matrix provides the soft nature and facile processing of the hybrid. Different from stiff metal-containing inorganic materials, the hybrid is a biomimetic soft material and can be readily processed just like its polymer precursor under mild conditions. In view of the diversity of metal ions and polymers, this strategy is expected to be a new powerful and general approach to construct bioactive soft materials for a wide range of biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are bioactive and proven to promote bone tissue regeneration, in which the enhancement efficiency is closely related to Mg2+ concentrations. Currently, there are no well-established bone tissue engineering scaffolds that can precisely control Mg2+ release, although this capability could have a marked impact in bone regeneration. Leveraging the power of biodegradable microspheres to control the release of bioactive factors, we developed lactone-based biodegradable microspheres that served as both injectable scaffolds and Mg2+ release system for bone regeneration. The biodegradable microsphere (PMg) was prepared from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres co-embedded with MgO and MgCO 3 at a fixed total loading amount (20 wt%) with different weight ratios (1:0; 3:1; 1:1; 1:3; 0:1). The PMg microspheres demonstrated controlled release of Mg2+ by tuning the MgO/MgCO 3 ratios. Specifically, faster release with higher initial concentrations of Mg2+ were detected at higher MgO fractions, while long-term sustained release with lower concentrations of Mg2+ was obtained at higher MgCO 3 fractions. All prepared PMg microspheres were non-cytotoxic. Furthermore, they promoted attachment, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, especially, cell migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Among these microspheres, PMg-III microspheres (MgO/MgCO 3 in 1:1) exhibited the strongest promotion of mineral depositions and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. PMg-III microspheres were injected into the critical-sized calvarial defect of a rat model, resulting in significant bone regeneration when compared to the control group filled with PLGA microspheres. In the PMg-III group, the new bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and bone mineral density (BMD) reached 32.9 ± 5.6% and 325.7 ± 20.2 mg/cm3, respectively, which were much higher than the values 8.1 ± 2.5% (BV/TV) and 124 ± 35.8 mg/cm3 (BMD) in the PLGA group. These findings indicated that bioresorbable microspheres possessing controlled Mg2+ release features were efficient in treating bone defects and promising for future in vivo applications. Statement of Significance Magnesium plays pivotal roles in regulating osteogenesis, which exhibits concentration-dependent behaviors. However, no generally accepted controlled-release system is reported to correlate Mg2+ concentration with efficient bone regeneration. Biodegradable microspheres with injectability are excellent cell carriers for tissue engineering, moreover, good delivery systems for bioactive factors. By co-embedding magnesium compounds (MgO, MgCO 3) with different dissolution rates in various ratios, tunable release of Mg2+ from the microspheres was readily achieved. Accordingly, significant promotion in bone defect regeneration is achieved with microspheres displaying proper sustained release of Mg2+. The developed strategy may serve as valuable guidelines for bone tissue engineering scaffold design, which allows precise control on the release of bioactive metal ions like Mg2+ toward potential clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Calcium and magnesium ions are major constituent species in produced brines associated with oil and gas production. Existing literature is often contradictory and unclear as to whether the presence of such ions accelerates or retards general corrosion. Furthermore, their influence on initiation and propagation of localized corrosion remains ambiguous. This review presents state-of-the-art knowledge concerning how Ca2+ and Mg2+ influence the CO 2 corrosion mechanism. In addition, a best way forward is proposed in order to bridge the existing literature gaps in studying the influence of these alkaline earth cations on CO 2 corrosion. Highlights • Review of the state-of-the-art knowledge about the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on CO 2 corrosion mechanisms. • Physiochemical properties of the corrosion product layers can be different in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. • Reveal of inconsistencies relating to the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on CO 2 corrosion of mild steel. • Proposed experimental pathways to bridge gaps in the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal injection rate for wormhole propagation and face dissolution at low injection rates during carbonate matrix acidizing is wellestablished. However, little research is documented on the subject of how the presence of oil affects this process. This study demonstrates the impact of oil saturation on wormhole characteristics while acidizing reservoir and outcrop cores under reservoir conditions (200oF). Coreflood experiments at flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 20 cm3/min were performed to determine the optimal acid-injection rate for wormhole propagation when acidizing homogeneous limestone reservoir cores, low-permeability Indiana limestone cores, and homogeneous dolomite cores with dimensions of a 3-and 6-in. length and a 1.5-in. diameter. The experimental work involved acidizing cores saturated with water, oil, and waterflood residual oil by use of 15-wt% regular hydrochloric acid (HCl). The viscosity of the crude oil used was 3.8 cp at 200oF. Computed-chromatography (CT) scans enabled the characterization of wormholes through the cores. The concentrations of the calcium and magnesium ions in core effluent samples were measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and the effluent samples were titrated to determine the concentration of the acid. At injection rates of 0.5 to 20 cm3/min, 15-wt% HCl was effective in creating wormholes with minimal branches for cores with residual oil saturation (ROS). Compared with brine-and oil-saturated cores, those at ROS took less acid volume to breakthrough. In addition, the efficiency of regular acid improved with increased acid-injection rates in the presence of residual oil. A decrease in the acid pore volume (PV) to breakthrough for oil-saturated cores was observed at high acid-injection rates, which could be attributed to viscous fingering of acid through oil. Unlike brine-saturated and oil-saturated cores, cores at ROS showed no face dissolution at low acid-injection rates. The conclusions of this work highlight the impact of oil saturation on matrix characteristics while acidizing carbonate rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium ions are directly involved in numerous biological mechanisms; for example, they play an important part in the regulation of ion channels, DNA stabilization, enzyme activation and stimulation of cell growth and proliferation. This alkaline earth metal has gained great popularity in orthopedic applications in recent years. Magnesium-based bioceramics include a large group of magnesium containing compounds such as oxides, phosphates and silicates, that are involved in orthopedic applications like bone cements, bone scaffolds or implant coatings. This article aims to give a comprehensive review on different magnesium-based bioceramics, e.g. magnesium phosphates (MgO-P 2 O 5 ), calcium magnesium phosphates (CaO-MgO-P 2 O 5 ), and magnesium glasses (SiO 2 -MgO) with a strong focus on the chemistry and properties of magnesium phosphate containing cements as the main application form. In addition, the processing of magnesium phosphate minerals into macroporous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications by either using traditional porogens or by additive manufacturing approaches are reflected. Finally, the biological in vitro and in vivo properties of magnesium phosphates for bone regeneration are summarized, which show promising results regarding the application as bone replacement material, but still lack in terms of testing in large animal models, load-bearing application sites and clinical data. Statement of Significance Though bone substitutes from calcium phosphates have been investigated for a long time, a new trend is visible in the biomaterials sector: magnesium based bioceramics from magnesium phosphates and silicates due to the special biological significance of magnesium ions in enzymatic activation, cell growth and proliferation, etc. In contrast to pure magnesium implants, such formulations do not release hydrogen during degradation. As with calcium based bioceramics, magnesium based bioceramics are used for the development of diverse applications such as cements, macroporous scaffolds and coatings. From this perspective, we present a systematic overview on diverse kinds of magnesium based bioceramics, their processing regimes for different clinical purposes and their behavior both in vitro and in vivo . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]