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Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O efeito profilático do ondansetron sobre prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea é controverso, enquanto evidências sugerem que o droperidol previne o prurido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar o efeito do droperidol com o do ondansetron sobre o prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea. Métodos 180 pacientes ASA I ou II programadas para serem submetidas a cesarianas sob anestesia subaracnoidea à qual foram acrescentados 0,2 mg de morfina foram divididas aleatoriamente para receber, logo após o nascimento da criança, 10 mg de metoclopramida (grupo I – controle), 2,5 mg de droperidol (grupo II ),ou 8 mg de ondansetron (grupo III ). No período pós‐operatório as pacientes foram avaliadas quanto ao prurido (ausente, leve, moderado ou intenso) ou outros efeitos colaterais por observadores que não sabiam a alocação das pacientes. As pacientes também não sabiam da sua alocação. Os grupos foram comparados pela sua tendência a apresentar formas mais severas de prurido. Também determinamos o NNT. Resultados As pacientes alocadas para receber droperidol [ Odds Ratio Proporcional: 0,45 (Intervalo de Confiança de 95% 0,23 – 0,88)] relataram menos prurido do que as que receberam metoclopramida. O efeito do ondansetron foi semelhante ao da metoclopramida [ Odds Ratio Proporcional: 0,95 (Intervalo de Confiança de 95% 0,49 – 1,83)]. O NNT do droperidol foi 4,0 e o do ondansetron foi 14,7. Conclusões O ondansetron não inibiu o prurido provocado pela morfina subaracnoidea. Background and objectives The prophylactic effect of ondansetron on subarachnoid morphine‐induced pruritus is controversial, while evidence suggests that droperidol prevents pruritus. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of droperidol and ondansetron on subarachnoid morphine‐induced pruritus. Methods 180 ASA I or II patients scheduled to undergo cesarean sections under subarachnoid anesthesia combined with morphine 0.2 mg were randomized to receive, after the child's birth, metoclopramide 10 mg (Group I – control), droperidol 2.5 mg (Group II ) or ondansetron 8 mg (Group III ). Postoperatively, the patients were assessed for pruritus (absent, mild, moderate or severe) or other side effects by blinded investigators. Patients were also blinded to their group allocation. The tendency to present more severe forms of pruritus was compared between groups. NNT was also determined. Results Patients assigned to receive droperidol [Proportional odds ratio: 0.45 (95% confidence interval 0.23‐0.88)] reported less pruritus than those who received metoclopramide. Ondansetron effect was similar to metoclopramide [Proportional odds ratio: 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.49‐1.83)]. The NNT for droperidol and ondansetron was 4.0 and 14.7, respectively. Conclusions Ondansetron does not inhibit subarachnoid morphine‐induced pruritus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Introduction: The incorporation of light-curable resins has been proposed for mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to improve its properties and reduce its setting time. The aim of the present study was to assess the pH and calcium ion release of an experimental bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate/MTA-based root-end filling material (E-MTA) in comparison with white MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) (W-MTA) and to evaluate the influence of the addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on these properties. Methods: Polyethylene tubes filled with the materials were immersed in deionized water for the measurement of pH (digital pH meter) and calcium release (atomic absorption spectrophotometry). The evaluations were performed at 3 and 24 hours and 7, 15, and 30 days. Data were measured using 2-way repeated measures of variance followed by the Holm-Sidak method (P < .05). Results: All materials presented a reduction in the pH and released calcium ions during the 30 days of the study. E-MTA showed a significantly lower calcium ion release capacity when compared with W-MTA (P < .05). The calcium release of E-MTA + 5% CaCl2 was similar to W-MTA (P > .05). Conclusions: The monomer bisphenol A ethoxylate dimethacrylate added to MTA formed a material with a lower capacity of calcium release than W-MTA despite maintaining a similar pH. However, the addition of CaCl2 improved the calcium release of this material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The world's declining plant biodiversity depends on the efficacy of many policy tools, including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). While scholars have long been trying to understand how biodiversity information affects EIA decision-making, very few studies have addressed the specific challenges associated with threatened plant species. Based on content analysis of 83 EIA processes that proposed vegetation removals in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, this study evaluated the extent to which threatened plant species were considered in decision-making. The study found that the developers of 31 projects (37% of the 83 analyzed EIA projects) disclosed the occurrence of threatened plant species in the potentially affected areas. The detailed content analysis of their respective Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review reports revealed that the majority of the identified impacts and respective compensation programs targeted tree habits, and under a variety of rationales. Developers' proposed compensation rates of impacted tree species varied from 1:1 to 50:1. The reviewing process reported issues related mostly to the baseline conditions. Overall, the study found that EIA, in Minas Gerais state, has been functioning mainly as a diagnostic and compensation tool for the removal of tree species. The study calls for improvements in existing legislation and the development of technical guidance and capacity-building programs for EIA stakeholders. • The extent to which threatened plant species are considered in EIA is unclear. • In the sample, developers tended to communicate impacts in connection with tree habits. • Identified compensation rates of removed tree species varied from 1:1 to 50:1. • EIA, in the study area, was essentially helping to identify and compensate impacts on tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]