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Despite several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of adjuvant treatment with corticosteroids in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the effect of this intervention on mortality remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) of adjuvant treatment with corticosteroids on 30-day mortality in patients with CAP.

Amidst a concerning surge in urban losses attributed to disasters, this research paper explores the intricate relationship between urban development, disaster mitigation, and resilience emphasizing the significance of addressing disaster vulnerability in urban settings, where a substantial portion of the population faces risks stemming from high population density, limited resilience, and inadequate coping capabilities. The study advocates for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the Smart Cities Mission of India, placing particular emphasis on the necessity of developing infrastructure, establishing early warning systems, and fostering community engagement to bolster urban resilience. Furthermore, the paper draws comparisons and parallels between the components of smart cities, mitigation strategies, and disaster resilience, illuminating their interconnectedness and potential synergies. In conclusion, the study recommends the incorporation of essential network elements to establish a Smart Cities Mission that is resilient to disasters, ultimately aiming to safeguard urban communities from the adverse impacts of future calamities.

Purpose Aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of dexamethasone (DEX) 0.7 mg intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and serous retinal detachment (SRD), and to study the prognostic factors on a follow up of 12 months.Methods Forty eyes of twenty- six patients with centre involving DME and SRD, who underwent DEX implant, were enrolled. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Swept source OCT imaging and intraocular pressure were evaluated. Central macular thickness (CMT), vitreomacular adhesion (VMA), disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRILs), hyperreflective dots (HRD), SRD and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption were included in the analysis at baseline and 12 months after implant.Results According to our parametric analysis, at 12 months, BVCA improvement from 48.6 ± 23.4 letters to 53.3 ± 24.5 letters was statistically significant (p= 0.04), CMT decreased from 460 ± 99.52 μm to 322.9 ± 117 μm. The presence at baseline of VMA (p= 0.01), EZ disruption (p= 0.03) and DRILs (p= 0.04), were associated with poor BCVA improvement at the end of follow-up.Conclusion In conclusion, OCT biomarkers can be considered significant prognostic factors for treatment outcome in patients with DME undergoing DEX intravitreal implant.

•An inflammatory BMM with elevated levels of PGE2 accelerates the progression of PGE2-sensitive AML.•A specific subset of patients with AML may benefit from combination treatment with COX2 inhibition and standard chemotherapy.

Purpose: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT) allow the in-vivo evaluation of brain dopaminergic pathways’ integrity and functionality. A systematic review of published literature was performed to determine the usefulness of PET and SPECT for the assessment of dopaminergic pathways in patients with Huntington’s Disease (HD). Methods: PubMed/Medline databases were searched to identify studies responding to our aim. Included articles were appraised using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies criteria. Evaluation and discussion of data was then designed to assist clinicians identifying when (during patients’ course of the disease), how (through PET or SPECT) and why (depending on the findings) it would be useful to perform a functional assessment of dopaminergic pathways in patients with manifest and pre-manifest HD. Results: Of 572 articles found, 33 were included in this systematic review, 6 among which evaluated the application of SPECT, and 27 the application of PET. Overall, there was an agreement in reporting dopaminergic system degeneration at both striatal and extra-striatal levels, often correlated with clinical and neuropsychological parameters. The non-linear progressive reduction of presynaptic dopamine transporter, vesicular monoamine transporter-2, or of post-synaptic dopamine receptors D1 and D2 was constantly described having a high potential of offering sensitive biomarkers of disease progression and response to disease-modifying interventions. Conclusions: Despite limited literature data, this systematic review revealed that SPECT and PET are useful to monitor different aspects of striatal and extra-striatal dopaminergic pathways degeneration during all stages of HD and may serve for response to disease-modifying interventions assessment.

Most approaches to the creation of an interatrial shunt require placement of a permanent implant to maintain patency.

Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the need of the hour for green synthesis and sustainability. Herein, we designed hierarchical carbon quantum dots (CQDs)-supported β-indium sulfide (β-In2S3) nanoflakes as an efficient catalyst for H2O2generation via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction. The composite material exhibited a high H2O2production rate of 634 μM h–1, a solar-to-chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 0.16%, a high forward rate constant of ∼19 μM min–1, and a low H2O2dissociation constant of ∼0.004 min–1, all of which are significantly higher than those of pure β-In2S3. Moreover, this material also manifested good water remediation photocatalytic performance by way of removal of 93% chromium(VI), 58% nickel(II), and 94% rhodamine B in 2 h. The apparent rate constant for chromium(VI) reduction of the composite was 0.023 min–1, which is 10-fold higher than that of the pure material. β-In2S3-CQDs exhibited superior results, which can be attributed to their large electrochemical surface area, good light harnessing ability, upconverted photoluminescence, and the ability to act as an electron reservoir preventing recombination.

Objectives: To evaluate the macular vascular flow in eyes with idiopathic macular pucker (EyeiMP), pre and post pars plana vitrectomy with epiretinal and limiting membranes peeling, and to compare it with the vascular flow in the healthy fellow eyes (Eyefellow), taken as physiological reference value. Methods: 40 eyes of 40 patients were recruited. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was evaluated. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and OCT-angiography parameters were central foveal thickness (CFT), choroidal thickness (CT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vessel area density (VAD), vessel length fraction (VLF), vessel density index (VDI) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep vascular complex (DVC), choriocapillaris (CC) flow. Absolute and relative difference calculation was applied to evaluate macular vascular flow in EyeiMPadjusted for physiological changes detected in Eyefellow. Follow-up: 6 months. Results: BCVA improved (p= 0.003) in all cases following surgery. CFT reduced postoperatively (p= 0.0138). FAZ area was smaller in EyeiMPthan Eyefellow(p= 0.0071) preoperatively and postoperatively it shrank further (p= 0.0027). After surgery, inverse correlation between FAZ area and BCVA was detected (r-0.683). VAD of SCP was pre- and post-operatively higher in EyeiMPthan Eyefellow(baseline p= 0.0344, 6th month p= 0.0466). Relative difference of VDI of SCP (p= 0.0096) and CC flow (p= 0.0013) at 6 months reduced. DVC flow changed significantly only in Eyefellow. CT increased post-operatively in both EyeiMP(p= 0.0345) and Eyefellow(p= 0.00423), but relative difference did not change. Conclusions: Vascular flow indices monitoring demonstrated significant changes in both eyes: EyeiMPand Eyefellow. Relative difference of vascular flow provided objective estimate of changes due to iMP surgery taking into account physiological changes in Eyefellow.

Kagome materials provide fruitful grounds for exploring the intersection of topology and magnetism. In this article, the single crystal growth of Yb0.5(Co1–xFex)3Ge3(x= 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) is reported. As Fe is substituted into the Co-containing kagome net, the structure transforms from the disordered Y0.5Co3Ge3/CoSn-type hybrid structure to the ordered HfFe6Ge6-type structure. Diffusive scattering is observed in all doped concentrations that eventually converge to a single reflection in the Fe end member, ultimately doubling the unit cell along the c-axis. Anisotropic magnetic measurements were performed to evaluate how the magnetism of the kagome lattice is influenced by Fe substitution. Magnetic interactions are primarily observed along the c-axis. Additionally, a reorientation of the magnetic easy axis is observed with increasing Fe incorporation, highlighting how the magnetism of this material can be chemically tuned. Resistivity with unusual behavior observed in the doped compositions is also reported. The rationale behind the structural evolution from disordered to ordered is discussed.

•A prosurvival transcriptional feedback loop via p300 enables acute tolerance to BET inhibition.•BET followed by p300 inhibition improves cytotoxicity in AML and is optimally deployed during early stages of resistance to BET inhibitors.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of combined Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) and Low-Level Light Therapy (LLLT) in treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD).Methods and Analysis In this prospective study,70 patients with refractory MGD were enrolled; group 1 received 3 consecutive sessions of IPL + LLLT treatment using Eye-light® on day 1, day 15 and day 45; group 2 received hyaluronate sodium 2 mg/ml drops 3 times a day for 6 months. Patients underwent at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE), tear-film breakup time (TBUT), fluorescein ocular surface staining, meibum expressibility and quality evaluations. Keratograph 5M (Oculus, Germany) was used to assess NIBUT, tear meniscus height (TMH), meibography, and bulbar redness score.Results At 6 months a significant improvement of OSDI (p= 0.03), SANDE (p= 0.02), NIBUT (p= p< 0.0001), TMH (p= 0.04), TBUT (p= 0.02), corneal-conjunctival staining score (p= 0.02), lid margin score (p< 0.0001), and bulbar redness score (p= 0.001) were recorded in group 1. Comparing the two groups, statistically significant differences were observed at 6 months in TBUT (p= 0.03), lid margin score (p< 0.001), Meibum expressibility (p= 0.03) and NIBUT (p< 0.001). No adverse events were recorded throughout the follow-up period.Conclusion This study confirmed the efficacy and safety of combined IPL and LLLT demonstrating its superiority compared to topical treatment.

Online planning of whole-body motions for legged robots is challenging due to the inherent nonlinearity in the robot dynamics. In this work, we propose a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) framework, the BiConMP which can generate whole body trajectories online by efficiently exploiting the structure of the robot dynamics. BiConMP is used to generate various cyclic gaits on a real quadruped robot and its performance is evaluated on different terrain, countering unforeseen pushes, and transitioning online between different gaits. Furthermore, the ability of BiConMP to generate nontrivial acyclic whole-body dynamic motions on the robot is presented. The same approach is also used to generate various dynamic motions in MPC on a humanoid robot (Talos) and another quadruped robot (AnYmal) in simulation. Finally, an extensive empirical analysis on the effects of planning horizon and frequency on the nonlinear MPC framework is reported and discussed.

Aortic blood flow patterns are closely linked to the morphology and function of the left ventricle, aortic valve and aorta. These flow patterns demonstrate the exceptional adaptability of the cardiovascular system to maintain blood circulation under a broad range of haemodynamic workloads and can be altered in various pathophysiological states. For instance, normal ascending aortic systolic flow is predominantly laminar, whereas abnormal aortic systolic flow is associated with increased eccentricity, vorticity and flow reversal. These flow abnormalities result in reduced aortic conduit function and increased energy loss in the cardiovascular system. Emerging evidence details the association of these flow patterns with loss of aortic compliance, which leads to adverse left ventricular remodelling, poor tissue perfusion, and an increased risk of morbidity and death. In this Perspective article, we review the evidence for the link between aortic flow-related abnormalities and cardiovascular disease and how these changes in aortic flow patterns are emerging as a therapeutic target for aortic valve intervention in first-in-human studies.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women and represents the leading cause of cancer death. Radiation therapy plays a key-role in the treatment of all breast cancer stages. Therefore, the adoption of evidence-based treatments is warranted, to ensure equity of access and standardization of care in clinical practice.Method: This national document on the highest evidence-based available data was developed and endorsed by the Italian Association of Radiation and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) Breast Cancer Group. We analyzed literature data regarding breast radiation therapy, using the SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) methodology (www.sign.ac.uk). Updated findings from the literature were examined, including the highest levels of evidence (meta-analyses, randomized trials, and international guidelines) with a significant impact on clinical practice. The document deals with the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of primary breast cancer, local relapse, and metastatic disease, with focus on diagnosis, staging, local and systemic therapies, and follow up. Information is given on indications, techniques, total doses, and fractionations.Results: An extensive literature review from 2013 to 2021 was performed. The work was organized according to a general index of different topics and most chapters included individual questions and, when possible, synoptic and summary tables. Indications for radiation therapy in breast cancer were examined and integrated with other oncological treatments. A total of 50 questions were analyzed and answered. Four large areas of interest were investigated: (1) general strategy (multidisciplinary approach, contraindications, preliminary assessments, staging and management of patients with electronic devices); (2) systemic therapy (primary, adjuvant, in metastatic setting); (3) clinical aspects (invasive, non-invasive and micro-invasive carcinoma; particular situations such as young and elderly patients, breast cancer in males and cancer during pregnancy; follow up with possible acute and late toxicities; loco-regional relapse and metastatic disease); (4) technical aspects (radiation after conservative surgery or mastectomy, indications for boost, lymph node radiotherapy and partial breast irradiation). Appendixes about tumor bed boost and breast and lymph nodes contouring were implemented, including a dedicated web application. The scientific work was reviewed and validated by an expert group of breast cancer key-opinion leaders.Conclusions: Optimal breast cancer management requires a multidisciplinary approach sharing therapeutic strategies with the other involved specialists and the patient, within a coordinated and dedicated clinical path. In recent years, the high-level quality radiation therapy has shown a significant impact on local control and survival of breast cancer patients. Therefore, it is necessary to offer and guarantee accurate treatments according to the best standards of evidence-based medicine.

Purpose the aim of this study is to find a safer surgical approach in cataract surgery on eyes previously treated with radial keratotomy using clear corneal incisions.Setting Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.Design Prospective study.Methods A prospective study was conducted on a group of 20 patients, 21 eyes with 16 RK incisions were evaluated for cataract phacoemulsification. Samples were divided into two groups: Group 1 underwent surgery with pre-operative one corneal stitch along radial keratotomy incisions near the main access site whereas Group 2 underwent modified surgery with two corneal stitches.Results After surgery, visual acuity, corneal hysteresis and corneal strength was evaluated. In all cases, an increased visual acuity was observed. Group 1 showed an UCVA of logMAR 0.22 ± 0.14, while group 2 presented a logMAR of 0.1 ± 0.07. Data did not show a statistically significant difference in UCVA after surgery between the two groups (P= 0.133). Instead, a significant difference in corneal hysteresis (CH), respectively with values of 8.65 ± 1.6 mmHg in group 1 and 9.2 ± 1.8 in group 2 (P= 0.031), and a corneal resistance factor (CRF) with values of 7.87 ± 1.4 mmHg in the first group and 8.65 ± 1.6 mmHg in the second one (P= 0.039) was observed.Conclusions Double safe suture technique offers better stabilization of corneal structure during surgery in patients preventively treated with 16 incisions RK.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess whether the intraoperative use of the cold eye irrigation balanced salt solution (BSS) could have a protective effect in preventing the anterior chamber flare and conjunctival hyperemia and, thus, in reducing patients discomfort after phacoemulsification.Materials and methods: About 214 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into: patients whose eye were irrigated with BSS at ~ 20°C (Group 1) and patients whose eye were irrigated with BSS at 2.7°C (Group 2). Anterior chamber flare, visual analogue score and conjunctival hyperemia were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, and 30 days after surgery.Results: In patients of Group 2 the anterior chamber flare, the visual analogue score and the conjunctival hyperemia, used as parameters to evaluated clinical inflammation, at 1 day after surgery were significantly lower than those in Group 1 who received BSS solution at operating room temperature (p < 0.001), while at day 3, 5, and 30 there were not any significant differences.Conclusion: Our study provided evidence supporting the efficacy of the treatment with cold irrigation solution on reduction of anterior chamber flare, pain and conjunctival hyperemia already at 1 day after phacoemulsification, suggesting that cooling procedure was fully effective at controlling early post-operative inflammation.

An increased emphasis on alternative energy technologies paves the way for the design and development of highly active, cost-effective electrocatalysts for application in water splitting and fuel cells. In lieu of this, we evaluated heterostructured copper selenide and zinc selenide enwrapped in carbon nanofibers (CZSe@C-450) as bifunctional electrocatalysts synthesized by electrospinning and selenization. CZSe@C-450 demonstrated superior electrochemical performance with a low overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2, high stability (1.2% loss in 12 hours and 9.9% loss in 50 hours) for oxygen evolution reaction, a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.88 V, and high stability (14.35% loss in 50 hours) for oxygen reduction reaction. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of a heterogeneous phase boundary between copper selenide and zinc selenide, which increases both the built-in potential and local atomic disorder. The lattice mismatch/disorder reduces the surface energy and leads to the creation of an ample number of active sites that participate in both oxygen evolution and reduction reactions.

By querying metabolic pathways associated with leukemic stemness and survival in multiple AML datasets, we nominated SLC7A11encoding the xCT cystine importer as a putative AML dependency. Genetic and chemical inhibition of SLC7A11impaired the viability and clonogenic capacity of AML cell lines in a cysteine-dependent manner. Sulfasalazine, a broadly available drug with xCT inhibitory activity, had anti-leukemic activity against primary AML samples in ex vivo cultures. Multiple metabolic pathways were impacted upon xCT inhibition, resulting in depletion of glutathione pools in leukemic cells and oxidative stress-dependent cell death, only in part through ferroptosis. Higher expression of cysteine metabolism genes and greater cystine dependency was noted in NPM1-mutated AMLs. Among eight anti-leukemic drugs, the anthracycline daunorubicin was identified as the top synergistic agent in combination with sulfasalazine in vitro. Addition of sulfasalazine at a clinically relevant concentration significantly augmented the anti-leukemic activity of a daunorubicin-cytarabine combination in a panel of 45 primary samples enriched in NPM1-mutated AML. These results were confirmed in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft model. Collectively, our results nominate cystine import as a druggable target in AML and raise the possibility to repurpose sulfasalazine for the treatment of AML, notably in combination with chemotherapy.

Background/objectives: To compare the number of eye surgical procedures performed in Italy in the 2 months following the beginning of lockdown (study period) because of COVID-19 epidemic with those performed in the two earlier months of the same year (intra-year control) and in the period of 2019 corresponding to the lockdown (inter-year control).Methods: Retrospective analysis of surgical procedures carried out at 39 Academic hospitals. A distinction was made between elective and urgent procedures. Intravitreal injections were also considered. Percentages for all surgical procedures and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) events were calculated. A pvalue <0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 20,886 versus 55,259 and 56,640 patients underwent surgery during the lockdown versus intra-and inter-year control periods, respectively. During the lockdown, only 70% of patients for whom an operation/intravitreal injection was recommended, finally underwent surgery; the remaining patients did not attend because afraid of getting infected at the hospital (23%), taking public transportation (6.5%), or unavailable swabs (0.5%). Elective surgeries were reduced by 96.2% and 96.4%, urgent surgeries by 49.7% and 50.2%, and intravitreal injections by 48.5% and 48.6% in the lockdown period in comparison to intra-year and inter-year control periods, respectively. IRRs for RRDs during lockdown dropped significantly in comparison with intra- and inter-year control periods (CI: 0.65–0.80 and 0.61–0.75, respectively, p< 0.001 for both).Conclusion: This study provides a quantitative analysis of the reduction of eye surgical procedures performed in Italy because of the COVID-19 epidemic.

ABSTRACTDefects of autophagy-lysosomal protein degradation are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, and the accumulation of aggregation prone proteins such as MAPT/Tau in Alzheimer disease (AD). We previously showed the localization of the immunophilin FKBP4/FKBP52 in the lysosomal system of healthy human neurons suggesting its possible role in lysosome function. We also showed that decreased FKBP4 levels in AD brain neurons correlate with abnormal MAPT accumulation and aggregation. In this study, we demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease in a human neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) and in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from human MAPTP301Stransgenic mice affected the function of the autophagy-lysosomal system under MAPT induced proteotoxic stress conditions. We show that acute MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells induced perinuclear clustering of lysosomes, triggered FKBP4 localization around the clusters and its colocalization with MAPT and MAP1LC3/LC3-positive autophagic vesicles; a similar FKBP4 localization was detected in some AD brain neurons. We demonstrate that FKBP4 decrease altered lysosomal clustering along with MAPT and MAP1LC3 secretion increase. Although ectopic FKBP4 expression could not induce autophagy under our experimental conditions, it prevented MAPT secretion after MAPT accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells implying a regulatory role of FKBP4 on MAPT secretion. Finally, we observe that FKBP4 deficiency decreased MAP1LC3-II expression and provoked MAPT accumulation during long-term stress in mouse DRG neurons. We hypothesize that the abnormal FKBP4 decrease observed in AD brain neurons might hinder autophagy efficiency and contribute to the progression of the tauopathy by modulating MAPT secretion and accumulation during MAPT pathogenesis.Abbreviations:AD: Alzheimer disease; AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ALP: Autophagy-lysosomal pathway; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DIV: days in vitro; DRG: dorsal root ganglion neurons; Dox: doxycycline; DNAJC5: DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C5; EL: empty lentiviral vectors; ENO2/NSE: enolase 2, gamma neuronal; FKBP4/FKBP52: FKBP prolyl isomerase 4; FTLD-Tau: frontotemporal lobar degeneration with Tau pathology; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPT/Tau: microtubule associated protein tau; MTT: tetrazolium salt; NFTs: neurofibrillary tangles; RPE-1: retinal pigment epithelial cells; shRNA: small-hairpin ribonucleic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error of the mean; SH-SY5Y: human neuroblastoma cells; Sh1 or Sh2: Lentiviral shRNA vectors inducing FKBP4 decrease; SH-52GFP: MAPT/Tau-inducible SH-SY5Y cell line constitutively expressing FKBP4-GFP; TUBB3/βIII tubulin: tubulin beta 3 class III; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system

While an E3 ubiquitin ligase, RNF8, was initially reported to be required for histone-to-protamine exchange in spermiogenesis, we subsequently demonstrated that RNF8 is not involved in this process. Nevertheless, reflecting a lingering misunderstanding in the field, a growing number of studies have continued to postulate a requirement for RNF8 in the histone-to-protamine exchange. For example, a recent study claimed that a mouse PIWI protein, MIWI, controls RNF8-mediated histone-to-protamine exchange. Here, confirming our earlier conclusions, we show that RNF8 is required neither for the establishment of histone H4K16 acetylation, which is an initial step in histone removal during spermiogenesis, nor for the incorporation of two protamine proteins, PRM1 and PRM2. Thus, whereas RNF8 mediates ubiquitination of H2A on the sex chromosomes in meiosis, during the prior stage of spermatogenesis, our genetic evidence underscores that RNF8 is not involved in histone-to-protamine exchange.Given controversy in the field, we rigorously re-examined the function of RNF8 and conclude that RNF8 is required for ubiquitination of the sex chromosomes during meiosis but not for histone-to-protamine exchange during spermiogenesis.

Altered transcription is a cardinal feature of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, exactly how mutations synergize to remodel the epigenetic landscape and rewire three-dimensional DNA topology is unknown. Here, we apply an integrated genomic approach to a murine allelic series that models the two most common mutations in AML: Flt3-ITDand Npm1c. We then deconvolute the contribution of each mutation to alterations of the epigenetic landscape and genome organization, and infer how mutations synergize in the induction of AML. Our studies demonstrate that Flt3-ITDsignals to chromatin to alter the epigenetic environment and synergizes with mutations in Npm1cto alter gene expression and drive leukemia induction. These analyses also allow the identification of long-range cis-regulatory circuits, including a previously unknown superenhancer of Hoxalocus, as well as larger and more detailed gene-regulatory networks, driven by transcription factors including PU.1 and IRF8, whose importance we demonstrate through perturbation of network members.

There are collective data about the scope of various corrosion inhibitors viz., polymers, plant extracts, inorganic compounds, ionic liquids, organic molecules with hetero atoms, and π-electron clouds have been reported so far on the corrosion prevention of various metals in various corrosive media. Many reviews of literature related to organic inhibitors have been accounted for their classification, application, and mechanism of their inhibition on metals. A mini-review with specific reference to quinoxaline derivatives is summarized in this manuscript.