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Tail tip injuries occur in some feedlot cattle housed in slatted-floor facilities typically found in the midwestern United States. The practice of tail docking cattle on entry into these feedlot facilities was initiated to prevent tail injuries. Tail docking is a welfare concern from the standpoint that an important method of fly avoidance is removed and the tail docking procedure is painful and often excludes local anesthesia or extended analgesia. The primary objective of this study was to describe the behavioral responses of feedlot cattle following tail docking. Thirty-six heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: docked (DK) or control (CN). All calves received an epidural following surgical preparation of the sacrococcygeal area and postoperative intravenous flunixin meglumine. A portion of the tail of DK calves was removed using pruning shears. An elastrator band was placed near the tail tip for hemostasis and tail tips were sprayed with fly spray. IceQube accelerometers collected step counts, motion index, lying time, lying bouts, and lying bout duration during d –4 through 13. Direct observations of cattle behavior were performed on d 0, 1, and 2. Step counts of DK calves were increased (P< 0.05) on d 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13, and motion index of DK calves was also increased (P< 0.05) on d 0, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, and 13. Docked cattle performed rear foot stomp behavior more (P< 0.001) than CN on d 0, 1, and 2. Forty-eight hours after tail docking, DK calves had increased lying bouts per hour (1.7 vs. 0.9 on d 0; P< 0.001; 1.1 vs. 0.8 on d 1; P< 0.01) but reduced lying bout durations (12.6 vs. 47.1 min on d 0; P< 0.001; 22.6 vs. 44.7 min on d 1; P< 0.001). On d 0, DK calves twitched tails more (P< 0.05) and ruminated less (P< 0.001). Despite provision of perioperative and postoperative analgesia, we identified altered behavior in DK cattle that may reflect a compromised welfare state for tail-docked feedlot cattle. We recommend that alternative strategies to reduce tail tip injury be explored.

Tail docking of feedlot cattle is a management practice used in some confined, slatted-floor feedlots of the midwestern United States. Justification for tail docking in these management systems is to reduce tail injuries and their sequelae and improve performance, but limited evidence exists to support these claims. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of tail docking on performance, carcass traits, and health parameters after tail docking in feedlot cattle raised in slatted-floor feedlots. Three separate trials were performed. Trial 1 consisted of 140 Angus-cross (370-kg) yearling steers that spent 144 to 160 days on feed (DOF). Trial 2 consisted of 137 Angus-cross (255-kg) weaned steers that spent 232 DOF. Trial 3 consisted of 102 Holstein steers (370 kg) that spent 185 to 232 DOF. Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: docked (DK) or control (CN). All steers received an epidural following surgical preparation of the sacrococcygeal area and postoperative intravenous flunixin meglumine. Approximately two-thirds of the tail of DK calves was removed and an elastrator band was placed near the tail tip for hemostasis. Performance parameters collected included daily gain, final weight, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Carcass data included HCW, subcutaneous fat thickness, LM area, KPH percent, marbling, USDA yield grade, and USDA quality grade. Morbidity, mortality, incidence of lameness, and incidence of tail lesions were recorded. Across all 3 trials, there was no significant effect (P< 0.05) of treatment on performance parameters, carcass traits, or health parameters. In all 3 trials, tail tip injuries occurred in 60 to 76% of undocked (CN) calves, developed while living in the slatted-floor environment, compared to 100% of DK calves, whose injuries were a result of the tail docking procedure. We were unable to identify a performance or significant health advantage to tail docking. However, tail tip injuries still occur in cattle raised in slatted-floor facilities. Because of the animal welfare issues associated with tail docking and tail injuries, we recommend pursuing alternative solutions to reducing the incidence of tail tip injury in feedlot cattle housed in confined slatted-floor facilities.

In the present paper, three centrifugal stages of high volume flow coefficient are compared to each-other regarding their aerodynamic performance in design point and off-design point conditions at different speed and inlet guide vane (IGV)-setting angle: two stages with full-blade design (no splitter blades) have been numerically designed with different design geometry methodology. One geometry is based on a classical ruling surface design with a linear leading edge, the second geometry based on a fully-three-dimensional surface including a blade bow at the trailing edge and a barreled sweep at the leading edge. According to impeller test rig measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation, the classical ruling surface designed impeller outperforms the more sophisticated centrifugal stage with fully 3D-blade at fully axially guided IGV-flow. In the contrary, at closing IGV-off-design setting angles, toward surge operation, the fully 3D-blade impeller performs with higher efficiency and steeper negative pressure slope. On the search of the geometrical causes for the different aerodynamic performance (especially at IGV-off-design conditions), focus is set on the analysis of IGV-flow-interaction with the inducer flow and impeller diffusion. The one-dimensional analysis of the spanwise flow at the impeller leading edge reveals that, compared with the ruling surface impeller, the fully 3D-blade performs with lower flow incidence losses in favor to IGV-off-design operation than at IGV-neutral position. The streamwise flow analysis confirms the improved flow incidence characteristics of the 3D-blade impeller due to reduction of aerodynamic blockage and entropy production in the vicinity of the impeller leading edge. Based on CFD calculations, a new correlation of secondary flow and flow incidence is proposed, to be used for one-dimensional modeling.

Abstract: Haemangiopericytomas (HPC) are rare vascular tumours originating from a pericytes, a term coined by Zimmermann to refer to the main location of this cell line in the pericapillary connective tissue. HPC may arise in any part of the body. We report a 29-year-old man with a histologically proven nasal haemangiopericytoma-like tumour. The lesion was embolised through the ophthalmic artery before it was removed surgically. The main symptoms of nasal HPC are epistaxis and obstruction of the nose. Malignant and benign clinical courses have been described. Local recurrence and metastases may be observed years after initial diagnosis.

Zusammenfassung.: Es wird ber die erfolgreiche endoskopische Exstirpation von insgesamt 6 extraadrenalen Phochromocytomen bei 3 Patienten berichtet. Ein Tumor lag retrocaval, zwei interaortocaval, zwei paraaortal und einer parailiacal. Die Entfernung erfolgte einmal ber den posterioren retroperitoneoskopischen Zugang, ansonsten laparoskopisch. Der intra- und postoperative Verlauf war jeweils komplikationslos.

Linewidths and line shapes are key criteria determining the utility of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum, and considerable effort is usually devoted to shimming the magnetic field (B0) to ensure optimum resolution. However, even if the external field is almost perfectly homogeneous, the sample itself can induce gradients owing to susceptibility effects from its overall shape or internal heterogeneity. Thus, magnetic field gradients nearly always contribute significantly to the linewidths and shapes in an NMR spectrum. Reference deconvolution is a technique which uses the shape of a single resonance line to measure the actual frequency distribution produced by the local B0 inhomogeneity and then deconvolves that distribution from the whole spectrum. It is a simple linear process which requires no prior knowledge of the number of lines, their intensities, or their relaxation characteristics. No fitting procedures are used. This article reviews the reference deconvolution method, demonstrates its application to one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and discusses the tradeoffs between resolution and signal/noise. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 12: 21–42, 2000

Zusammenfassung Ein Plasmozytomfall zeigte histologisch eine monotone, gleichmäßige Proliferation reifer Myelomzellen und eine IgG-Kappa-Paraproteinämie. Im Gegensatz zu histologischen Färbungen erbrachten die Immunperoxidase-Reaktionen für Kappa und Gamma ein inhomogenes Ergebnis. Leichte und schwere Ketten wurden von verschiedenen Subpopulationen der Plasmozytomzellen gebildet. Serienschnitte zeigten, daß Kappa-positive Areale Gamma-negativ waren und umgekehrt. So erwies sich dies morphologisch homogene Plasmozytom als immunhistochemisch heterogen. Wir nehmen an, daß sich zwei Subpopulationen entwickelt haben, die getrennt Kappa- und Gamma-Ketten bilden. Es ist möglich, daß diese Ketten auch getrennt zirkulierten und nicht als vollständige IgG-Kappa-Moleküle. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse werden entsprechende Resultate anderer Untersucher diskutiert. Theoretische Überlegungen zum immunhistochemischen Nachweis einer Tumorzellmonoclonalität zeigen die fragwürdige Relevanz dieser Methodik für die Diagnostik der Nicht-Hodgkin-Lymphome auf, insbesondere für die sogenannten Immunozytome der Kiel-Klassifikation.

Littermate pairs of crossbred boars, barrows and gilts were used to study the effects of an artificially extended photoperiod during decreasing daylength on puberty in boars and on weight gain and feed efficiency. Libido scores of the boars exposed to the extended photoperiod were higher (P<.01) than those of controls at 24 and 26 weeks of age. At 26 weeks of age, semen had been collected from 74% of the boars on supplemental light but from only 26% of the controls. Lighting treatment did not affect semen quality. The number of ejaculates previously collected did affect semen quality. Motility and total sperm per ejaculate increased with increasing ejaculate number, while the percentage of abnormalities appeared to decrease. A second group of boars was delayed in the development of mating behavior, perhaps because of inadvertent consumption of Gibberella zeae-infected corn. The extended photoperiod did not exert a beneficial effect on weight gain or feed efficiency of boars, barrows or gilts.

205Tl and1H magnetic resonance frequencies have been determined for liquid ammonia solutions of TlClO4 and TlNO3 as a function of electrolyte concentration (5×10-4 to 9.8 M) and temperature. The dependence of the resonance frequency on concentration suggests the presence of free, fully solvated thallium ions, ion pairs, and higher-order ion aggregates. Analysis of lowconcentration205Tl data between 0 and 30°C allowed the determination of TlNO3 ion-pair association constants and thermodynamic parameters (?HA=+6.5 kcal-mole-1, ?SA=+36 e.u.). A preciptous decrease in205Tl resonance frequency was observed for NH3 to TlNO3 mole ratios below 3:1, suggesting the formula (NH3)3Tl+ NO3- for the fully solvated, contact ion pair.

Regional distribution of cerebral blood flow was determined semi-quantitatively with 99Tcm-HMPAO brain SPET under basal conditions in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients of recent onset and longer disease duration, and related to metabolic control and history of hypoglycaemic events. Long-term diabetic patients showed significantly more alterations in regional cerebral blood flow than diabetics of recent onset and healthy controls. Regional hypoperfusion, predominantly localized in the fronto-temporal cortex, was almost exclusively observed in patients with long-term diabetes. The latter finding was related to lower HbA1c levels (i.e. better metabolic control) and to the frequency of impending hypoglycaemia, but not to age of the patient, duration of diabetes or to chronic diabetes complications. The incidence of hypoperfusion was comparable in patient groups with or without a medical history of hypoglycaemic coma. However, regions of hypoperfusion were larger in the patients who had experienced hypoglycaemic coma. It is concluded that regional cerebral hypoperfusion in long-term Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetics, as evidenced by HMPAO-SPET, can be related to the frequency and degree of hypoglycaemic events and to tight metabolic control, which is however at the expense of an increased risk of recurrent hypoglycaemia.

Abstract:  Background: Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) not infrequently involve the periorbital region and the eyelids. Clinically, they are relatively characteristic but often unsuspected. Histologically, MCC are often misdiagnosed as lymphoma, melanoma, or metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL).  Methods: We present clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical data on six eyelid cases (all females; age 63–102 years; one with concomitant CLL) from our files of 77 MCC with special respect to differential diagnosis. For comparison, 22 SCCL were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies against pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK), cytokeratin-20 (CK-20), neurofilament protein (NF), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin (CHR), and S100 protein (S100).  Results: Morphologically, five of six MCC were prototypic, one was of the small cell variant. Immunohistochemically, dot-like positivities for pan-CK and CK-20 were seen in all six MCC, and for NF in five tumors. None of the 22 SCCL stained positively for CK-20 or NF but 21/22 cases were positive for pan-CK. Only 1/21 SCCL showed dot-like patterns for pan-CK; 20/21 reacted diffusely. All MCC and 13/22 SCCL displayed CHR-positive cells. All MCC and all SCCL were positive for NSE and negative for S100.  Conclusions: Dot-like positivities for CK-20 or NF are important to prove MCC and to exclude SCCL in clinically and morphologically doubtful cases. Dot-like positivities for pan-CK favor MCC, but do not always exclude SCCL. NSE and CHR are of no value for the differential diagnosis of MCC and SCCL. Melanoma and lymphoma are ruled out by negativity for S100 and pan-CK, respectively.

The reproducibility and validity of a past year physical activity questionnaire was determined in a sample of 100 adolescents aged 15-18 years, randomly selected from a population-based cohort. Subjects completed four 7-day recalls of activity approximately 3 months apart. The average of the four 7-day recalls of activity was utilized as the "gold standard" against which the past year questionnaire was compared to evaluate validity. The questionnaire was also validated against objective measures, such as physical fitness and body mass index. Interscholastic team rosters were utilized to directly validate the reporting of specific activities. One-month and one-year test-retest reproducibility of the questionnaire were determined. For different measures of activity, the Spearman correlations between the questionnaire and the average of the 7-day recalls ranged from 0.55 to 0.67 in males and 0.73 to 0.83 in females, all significant at p < 0.01. In general, although there was no association between the past year activity questionnaire results and objective measures, there was a significant, albeit weak association between the physical activity questionnaire and time to complete a 1-mile (1.61-km) run (r = -0.47) in females. Subjects reported participating in specific interscholastic sports with an accuracy of 100%, 86%, and 95% for the fall, winter, and spring sports, respectively. Test-retest reproducibility was higher over one month (r = 0.79) than over one year (r = 0.66). These data provide evidence that the questionnaire yields a reasonable estimate of past year or "habitual" physical activity in adolescents.

14N chemical shifts and linewidths were determined for NO3- and NH3 in liquid ammonia solutions of thallium nitrate at concentrations between 0.07 and 10 M. The concentration dependences of the14NO3- shift and linewidth are consistent with the presence of C2v ion pairs at a 2:1 mole ratio of NH3 to TINO3 and C3v ion pairs at mole ratios of 3:1 or higher. Previous studies had indicated the formation of ion pairs at low concentrations. The small value of the14NO3- linewidth below 1 M suggests that these are contact ion pairs. Studies of the14NH3 linewidth as a function of thallium salt concentration indicate slow solvent exchange at very high concentrations.14NH3 exhibits a downfield shift upon incorporation into the solvation sphere of the Tl+NO3- ion pair, in constrast to upfield shifts reported for complexation with transition metal cations.

Sixteen individually fed Holstein steers were used to determine the ME value of condensed (7.56% DM) distillers' solubles (CDS) in a 90% concentrate diet. Treatments included the basal diet plus either: 1) free choice water (control), 2) free choice water and 7.27 kg wet CDS/d, 3) free choice water plus 7.27 kg wet CDS/d soaked on the grain portion of the diet or 4) free choice wet CDS (no water). Behavior of cattle was monitored every 5 min for 24 h on d 53 and 123 of the 124-d trial to determine differences in time spent eating, drinking, ruminating and resting. Cattle allowed free choice CDS converted feed to gain more efficientiy (P< .05), resulting in a greater calculated ME content of the diet (P< .05) than cattle fed the control diet alone. Calculation by difference provided a ME value of 4.68 Mcal/kg of CDS DM when fed as the only source of liquid. Condensed distillers' solubles given as a liquid in limited quantities or mixed with the diet resulted in diet ME values similar to the control diet. Cattle fed CDS as the only source of liquid had lower (P< .05) total moisture intakes than cattle in other treatments. Cattle fed CDS soaked onto the grain portion of the diet spent 30 min/d less eating, drinking and ruminating. If used as a replacement for water, CDS intakes as high as 20% of the diet DM can be attained without deleterious effects on cattle performance.

NMR thermometry has previously suffered from poor thermal resolution owing to the relatively weak dependence of chemical shift on temperature in diamagnetic molecules. In contrast, the shifts of nuclear spins near a paramagnetic center exhibit strong temperature dependencies. The chemical shifts of the thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylene phosphonate) complex (TmDOTP5−) have been studied as a function of temperature, pH, and Ca2+concentration over ranges which may be encounteredin vivo.The results demonstrate that the1H and31P shifts in TmDOTP5−are highly sensitive to temperature and may be used for NMR thermometry with excellent accuracy and resolution. A new technique is also described which permits simultaneous measurements of temperature and pH changes from the shifts of multiple TmDOTP5−spectral lines.

Abstract.: 30 formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded and 20 fresh frozen samples of endometriotic tissue were analysed immunohistochemically for the concentration of estrogen and progesterone receptors. In the formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded group only 37% of the samples were estrogen receptor positive whereas 63% were receptor negative. In contrast, we found that 67% of the samples had a positive progesterone receptor status. In the fresh frozen group 60% of endometriotic tissues were estrogen receptor positive and 75% of the tissues had a positive progesterone receptor status. We could not find any correlation between the site or severity of the endometriosis or the hormonal receptor status. We were able to demonstrate that the immunohistochemical detection of hormonal receptors in endometriotic tissues is possible and that better results were obtained if fresh frozen rather than formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissues were analyzed.

On three nights in February 1976 we carried out polarimetric measurements, in V, of the short periodic eclipsing binary XY UMa, covering a complete cycle. The results are as follows:(1)Within all phase intervals the linear polarization does not exceed 0.1%.(2)In the phase range 0p.95–1p.35 the scatter of the Stokes parametersQ andU is about twice that within the phase interval 0p.35–0p.95.(3)A periodogram analysis of these data revealed a period of 21000 s, which is equal to half the orbital periodPo=0d.47899 within 1.5%.

New field experience enables us to compare the very different kinds of Alpidic structural features in the crystalline masses east of the Hohe Tauern. A group of gneisses with Alpidic 2 metamorphosis is tobe distinguished from the old crystallines because of its close genetic relations to the gneisses of the Hohe Tauern.

Zusammenfassung Die Niederen Tauern sind ein Teil der großen Masse des „ostalpinen Altkristallins“. Zwei ihrer Anteile haben in altalpidischer Zeit durchaus verschiedenartige tektonische Prägungen erlitten: Die Gesteine der Seckauer Tauern unterlagen damals einer intensiven Teilbewegung im Gefüge und überdies einer Metamorphose, deren Typus als „Seckauer Kristallisation“ durchaus der „Tauern-Kristallisation“ der Hohen Tauern vergleichbar ist. Die westlich benachbarten Wölzer Tauern erfuhren zu gleicher Zeit lediglich eine starke Deformation, aber keine Metamorphose.

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über den komplexen Gesteinsbestand eines Gebietes im arabischen Grundgebirge des südlichen Hedjaz gegeben. Es zeigte sich, daß die tektonischen, stark überprägten und metamorphen Serien heute noch nicht in das Schema der in der Literatur genannten Serien eingebaut werden können. Diese scheinen sowohl hinsichtlich ihres stofflichen Bestandes wie auch des Zusammenhanges ihrer strukturellen und metamorphen Prägung noch zu wenig gekennzeichnet zu sein.

Zusammenfassung Aus der Kombination üblicher stratigraphischer und tektonischer Geländearbeit mit gefügekundlichen Methoden (B.Sander) in paläozoischen Gebieten der Ostalpen ergaben sich klarere Einblicke in die voralpidische Baugeschichte dieser Gebirgsstücke.

Von dem Granit von Nütsch wird eine chemische Analyse, von einem Spessartit aus der Strechau bei Rottenmann wird eine optische und chemische Untersuchung mitgeteilt.

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Summary In 64 male Wistar rats the distal wall of the esophagus underwent submucosal sclerosis as a result of exposure to different substances. (Four groups of 16 animals each received 5% or 1% ethoxysclerol, 1% phenolalmond oil, or 10% NaCI solution.) The results were checked by histological examinations in progress at specific times: no differences were found between the various substances. Progression from submucosal edema (day 25) to a fibrous granulation took 3 weeks; sclerosis was seen after 4 months. The frequency of such complications as wall penetration by necroses was found to be similarly low with all four substances.

No Abstract