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Judging on the basis of standard accounts of commodification, one might reasonably suggest that liberalism intrinsically lacks an adequate theory of commodification. Liberalism, with its commitment to individual choice and to neutrality as regards competing evaluation practices, seems conceptually incapable of identifying or abolishing many significant forms of commodification. This essay aims to refute this claim. It employs a strategy of appealing to the harm principle as grounds for a liberal anti-commodification theory. I claim that we are harmed when we are denied ways to meaningfully engage in certain evaluative practices, ways that depend on evaluations shared with others with whom we stand in meaningful social relationships. Markets can crowd out these shared evaluations, and to this extent cause us psychological harm; this in turn supplies grounds for restrictions on certain markets within a liberal state.

AimThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus and to analyse associated factors in preterm and full-term infants in adulthood.MethodsThe Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmological examination of participants born preterm and full-term (aged 18–52 years). Perinatal data were carefully assessed for risk factors and comprehensive ophthalmological examinations were conducted. The association between strabismus and nystagmus was assessed by analysing 16 different perinatal and actual risk factors in multivariable analysis. Participants were grouped into full-term controls (gestational age (GA) at birth ≥37 weeks), preterm participants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and GA 33–36 weeks (group 2), GA 29–32 weeks (group 3), GA ≤28 weeks (group 4), non-treated ROP (group 5) and treated ROP (group 6).ResultsIn total, 892 eyes of 450 preterm and full-term individuals (mean age: 28.6 years, SD: ± 8.6 years, 251 females) were included. Strabismus was observed in 2.1% (3/140), 6.6% (9/137), 17.4% (16/92), 11.1% (2/18), 27.1% (13/48) and 60% (9/15) of participants and nystagmus in 0.7% (1/140), 1.5% (2/137), 4.3% (4/92), 5.6% (1/18), 10.4% (5/48) and 26.7% (4/15) of participants in the respective groups. In the multivariable regression model, strabismus was associated with GA (OR=0.90; p=0.046), anisometropia ≥1.5 diopter (OR=3.87; p=0.003), hypermetropia ≥2 diopter (OR=9.89; p<0.001) and astigmatism ≥1.5 diopter (OR=2.73; p=0.017). Esotropia was more frequent than exotropia and hypermetropia/hypometropia. Most strabismus cases occurred within the first 10 years of life. The strongest predictor associated with nystagmus was perinatal adverse events (OR=15.8; p=0.002).ConclusionLow GA and refraction of the eye are independent risk factors for strabismus, which typically occurs in the first 10 years of life. Perinatal adverse events are the most important factors for the presence of nystagmus in adulthood.

Hintergrund: Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat die medizinische Lehre weltweit verändert. Seit dem Sommersemester 2020 stehen digitale Lehrformate im Fokus, deren Einsatz zuvor in Intensität und Form in Deutschland sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt war. Ziel der Arbeit: Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt die Chancen und Herausforderungen des Einsatzes verschiedener digitaler Lehrformate in der Anästhesiologie aus der Sicht der Studierenden dar. Methode: Medizinstudierende der Semester 5–9 im Fachgebiet Anästhesiologie wurden anhand eines 5‑Punkte-Likert-skalierten Fragebogens zu ihren Einstellungen und Erfahrungen mit der digitalen Lehre im Sommersemester 2020 befragt. Untersuchte Lehrformate waren digital aufgezeichnete Vorlesungen sowie Video-Online-Seminare und Praktika. Ergebnisse: An der vorliegenden Studie nahmen 141 Studierende teil. Insgesamt haben 80,9 % der Studierenden mehr aufgezeichnete Vorlesungen online angehört, als sie Präsenzvorlesungen besucht hätten, und 84,3 % würden dies auch zukünftig so machen. Obwohl die Studierenden digitale Vorlesungen und Video-Online-Seminare für die Wissensvermittlung als geeignet beurteilten, besteht für die Zukunft der Wunsch, diese zur Wissensvertiefung wieder durch mehr praktischen Präsenzunterricht in Kleingruppen zu ergänzen. Schlussfolgerung: Als Vorteil digitaler asynchroner Formate unterstreicht die Studie die Option des zeit- und ortsunabhängigen individuellen Lernens. Als klarer Nachteil dieser Formate ist die mangelnde Interaktion von Studierenden und Dozierenden zu nennen. So erscheint es sinnvoll, die im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie forcierte Digitalisierung für die Wissensvermittlung der für die Anästhesiologie relevanten Inhalte weiterauszubauen und im Sinne einer Blended-Learning-Strategie zu optimieren.

Substitution of lysine 27 to methionine in histone H3 (H3K27M) defines an aggressive subtype of diffuse glioma. Previous studies have shown that a H3K27M-specific long peptide vaccine (H3K27M-vac) induces mutation-specific immune responses that control H3K27M+tumors in major histocompatibility complex-humanized mice. Here we describe a first-in-human treatment with H3K27M-vac of eight adult patients with progressive H3K27M+diffuse midline glioma on a compassionate use basis. Five patients received H3K27M-vac combined with anti-PD-1 treatment based on physician’s discretion. Repeat vaccinations with H3K27M-vac were safe and induced CD4+T cell-dominated, mutation-specific immune responses in five of eight patients across multiple human leukocyte antigen types. Median progression-free survival after vaccination was 6.2 months and median overall survival was 12.8 months. One patient with a strong mutation-specific T cell response after H3K27M-vac showed pseudoprogression followed by sustained complete remission for >31 months. Our data demonstrate safety and immunogenicity of H3K27M-vac in patients with progressive H3K27M+diffuse midline glioma.

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of prematurity and ROP on visual acuity and VRQoL in adults (18–52 years). Methods: The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmologic examination. Preterm and full-term participants at an age from 18 to 52 years were included. Distant corrected visual acuity (DCVA) and VRQoL were assessed in participants (892 eyes of 450 individuals aged 28.6 ± 8.6 years, 251 females) grouped into full-term controls (gestational age [GA] at birth ≥37 weeks), preterm participants without ROP and GA 33–36 weeks (group 2), GA 29–32 weeks (group 3), GA ≤ 28 weeks (group 4), non-treated ROP (group 5) and treated ROP (group 6). Main outcome measures were distant corrected visual acuity (DCVA), VRQoL and prevalence of amblyopia. Results: The DCVA of the better eye correlated (p&lt; 0.001) with GA, birth weight, ROP, ROP treatment, and perinatal adverse events and was poorer in both ROP groups. Visual acuity of &lt;20/200 in the better eye was observed in two participants (4.2%) in the ROP group and one person (6.7%) in the treated ROP group. The prevalence of amblyopia increased in the ROP groups. Compared to full-term controls, visual functioning VRQoL scores were lower in preterm individuals independent of ROP while socioemotional VRQoL scores were only lower in the treated ROP group. Conclusion: Participants with postnatal ROP and its treatment showed decreased visual acuity and VRQol in adulthood, with amblyopia occurring more frequently in more preterm participants with ROP.

Background/aimsTo evaluate whether anterior segment anatomy and axial length are associated with prematurity and perinatal factors in adults.MethodsThe Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study examined adults born preterm and term aged 18–52 years. All participants underwent a prospective ophthalmic examination (optical biometry via a LenStar 900, Haag-Streit) in Germany. The associations between gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW) and BW percentile, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) occurrence, ROP treatment and other perinatal factors with the main outcome measures were evaluated by univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses. Main outcome measures were corneal radius, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length.ResultsThe study involved 861 eyes of 438 preterm and full-term individuals (aged 28.6±8.7 years, 245 females,). After adjustment for age and gender, a steeper corneal radius was associated with lower GA (B=0.02; p<0.001) and a lower BW percentile (B=0.003; p<0.001). A smaller white-to-white distance was linked to lower GA (B=0.02; p<0.001), a lower BW percentile (B=0.004; p<0.001) and postnatal ROP occurrence (B=−0.26; p<0.001). Decreased axial length was associated with lower GA at birth (B=0.05; p=0.002) and pre-eclampsia (B=−0.34; p=0.015). ROP-treated eyes had a shallower anterior chamber depth (B=−0.63; p=0.001) and increased lens thickness (B=0.64, p<0.001).ConclusionOur analyses in adults demonstrate that the corneal morphology is influenced by GA and BW percentile, while the anterior chamber depth and lens thickness are affected by ROP treatment, namely laser therapy and cryotherapy. The present study highlights that perinatal factors lead to lifelong sequelae of ocular shape.

Macrophages are involved in immune defense, organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages contribute to the different phases of mammary gland remodeling during development, pregnancy and involution postlactation. Less is known about the dynamics of mammary gland macrophages in the lactation stage. Here, we describe a macrophage population present during lactation in mice. By multiparameter flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a lactation-induced CD11c+CX3CR1+Dectin-1+macrophage population (liMac) that was distinct from the two resident F4/80hiand F4/80lomacrophage subsets present pregestationally. LiMacs were predominantly monocyte-derived and expanded by proliferation in situ concomitant with nursing. LiMacs developed independently of IL-34, but required CSF-1 signaling and were partly microbiota-dependent. Locally, they resided adjacent to the basal cells of the alveoli and extravasated into the milk. We found several macrophage subsets in human milk that resembled liMacs. Collectively, these findings reveal the emergence of unique macrophages in the mammary gland and milk during lactation.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.This study investigated the long-term effects of prematurity on macular morphology in adulthood indicating that fetal origins affect foveal shape, resulting in foveal hypoplasia potentially affecting the visual acuity in later life.

Hintergrund: Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat die medizinische Lehre weltweit verändert. Seit dem Sommersemester 2020 stehen digitale Lehrformate im Fokus, deren Einsatz zuvor in Intensität und Form in Deutschland sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt war. Ziel der Arbeit: Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt die Chancen und Herausforderungen des Einsatzes verschiedener digitaler Lehrformate in der Anästhesiologie aus der Sicht der Studierenden dar. Methode: Medizinstudierende der Semester 5–9 im Fachgebiet Anästhesiologie wurden anhand eines 5‑Punkte-Likert-skalierten Fragebogens zu ihren Einstellungen und Erfahrungen mit der digitalen Lehre im Sommersemester 2020 befragt. Untersuchte Lehrformate waren digital aufgezeichnete Vorlesungen sowie Video-Online-Seminare und Praktika. Ergebnisse: An der vorliegenden Studie nahmen 141 Studierende teil. Insgesamt haben 80,9 % der Studierenden mehr aufgezeichnete Vorlesungen online angehört, als sie Präsenzvorlesungen besucht hätten, und 84,3 % würden dies auch zukünftig so machen. Obwohl die Studierenden digitale Vorlesungen und Video-Online-Seminare für die Wissensvermittlung als geeignet beurteilten, besteht für die Zukunft der Wunsch, diese zur Wissensvertiefung wieder durch mehr praktischen Präsenzunterricht in Kleingruppen zu ergänzen. Schlussfolgerung: Als Vorteil digitaler asynchroner Formate unterstreicht die Studie die Option des zeit- und ortsunabhängigen individuellen Lernens. Als klarer Nachteil dieser Formate ist die mangelnde Interaktion von Studierenden und Dozierenden zu nennen. So erscheint es sinnvoll, die im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie forcierte Digitalisierung für die Wissensvermittlung der für die Anästhesiologie relevanten Inhalte weiterauszubauen und im Sinne einer Blended-Learning-Strategie zu optimieren.

Macrophages play crucial roles in organ-specific functions and homeostasis. In the adrenal gland, macrophages closely associate with sinusoidal capillaries in the aldosterone-producing zona glomerulosa. We demonstrate that macrophages preserve capillary specialization and modulate aldosterone secretion. Using macrophage-specific deletion of VEGF-A, single-cell transcriptomics, and functional phenotyping, we found that the loss of VEGF-A depletes PLVAP+fenestrated endothelial cells in the zona glomerulosa, leading to increased basement membrane collagen IV deposition and subendothelial fibrosis. This results in increased aldosterone secretion, called “haptosecretagogue” signaling. Human aldosterone-producing adenomas also show capillary rarefaction and basement membrane thickening. Mice with myeloid cell-specific VEGF-A deletion exhibit elevated serum aldosterone, hypokalemia, and hypertension, mimicking primary aldosteronism. These findings underscore macrophage-to-endothelial cell signaling as essential for endothelial cell specialization, adrenal gland function, and blood pressure regulation, with broader implications for other endocrine organs.

Revenue recycling through lump-sum dividends may help mitigate public opposition to carbon taxes, yet evidence from real-world policies is lacking. Here we use survey data from Canada and Switzerland, the only countries with climate rebate programmes, to show low public awareness and substantial underestimation of climate rebate amounts in both countries. Information was obtained using a five-wave panel survey that tracked public attitudes before, during and after implementation of Canada’s 2019 carbon tax and dividend policy and a large-scale survey of Swiss residents. Experimental provision of individualized information about true rebate amounts had modest impacts on public support in Switzerland but potentially deleterious effects on support in Canada, especially among Conservative voters. In both countries, we find that perceptions of climate rebates are structured less by informed assessments of economic interest than by partisan identities. These results suggest limited effects of existing rebate programmes, to date, in reshaping the politics of carbon taxation.

Hintergrund: Der Hype um künstliche Intelligenz (KI) in der Radiologie ist ungebrochen, und die Anzahl an zugelassenen KI-Tools wächst stetig. Trotz des großen Potenzials bleibt die Integration in die radiologische Routine aktuell limitiert. Zudem bildet die Vielzahl an Einzelanwendungen eine Herausforderung für die klinische Routine, da für verschiedene Fragestellungen und Organsysteme einzelne Anwendungen angewählt werden müssen, was die Komplexität und den Zeitaufwand erhöht. Ziel der Arbeit: In dieser Übersichtsarbeit soll der aktuelle Stand der Validierung und Implementierung von KI-Tools in die klinische Routine mit den aktuellen Limitationen aufgezeigt werden. Außerdem sollen mögliche Lösungsansätze für eine verbesserte Evaluation der Generalisierbarkeit von Ergebnissen der KI-Tools diskutiert werden. Material und Methoden: Für diese Übersichtsarbeit wurde eine Recherche in verschiedenen Literatur- und Produktdatenbanken sowie in Veröffentlichungen, Positionspapieren und Berichten von verschiedenen Interessensgruppen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Für nur wenige kommerzielle KI-Tools sind wissenschaftliche Evidenz und unabhängige Validierungsstudien vorhanden. Zudem bleibt häufig die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse fraglich. Diskussion: Ein Problem besteht in der Vielzahl an Angeboten für einzelne, spezifische Anwendungsgebiete durch eine Vielzahl an Herstellern und die dadurch erschwerte Integration in die bestehende standortindividuelle IT-Infrastruktur. Ein weiteres Problem ist die fehlende wirtschaftliche Vergütung für den Einsatz von KI-Tools in der klinischen Routine durch die Krankenkassen in Deutschland. Für eine Vergütung muss jedoch zunächst der klinische Nutzen neuer Anwendungen nachgewiesen werden. Ein solcher Nachweis wiederum fehlt für die meisten Applikationen.

Hintergrund: Frühgeburtlichkeit und das Auftreten der Frühgeborenenretinopathie (ROP) erhöhen das Risiko für das Auftreten von amblyogenen Risikofaktoren in der Kindheit und Jugend. Ziel der Arbeit: Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Beschreibung der augenärztlichen Versorgung und der Augenerkrankungen ehemaliger früh- und reifgeborener Personen im Erwachsenenalter. Material und Methoden: Die Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) ist eine retrospektive Kohortenstudie mit einer prospektiven augenärztlichen Untersuchung von ehemaligen früh- und reifgeborenen Personen, geboren zwischen 1969 und 2002 (aktuelles Alter 18 bis 52 Jahre). Alle Teilnehmenden wurden hinsichtlich amblyogener Parameter wie z. B. dem Vorliegen eines Strabismus und von Refraktionsfehlern untersucht. Die Teilnehmenden wurden gruppiert in Personen mit normalem Gestationsalter (GA) ≥ 37 (Kontrollgruppe), Frühgeborene ohne ROP mit GA 33–36 (Gruppe 2), GA 29–32 (Gruppe 3), GA ≤ 28 Wochen (Gruppe 4) und solche mit ROP ohne Behandlung (Gruppe 5) und mit ROP mit Behandlung (Gruppe 6). Es wurde von allen Teilnehmenden erhoben, wie oft sie innerhalb der letzten 12 Monate bei einer augenärztlichen Untersuchung gewesen sind. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden die Daten von 140 reifgeborenen und 310 frühgeborenen Erwachsenen in die vorliegende Studie eingeschlossen. Ein Strabismus lag bei 2,1 % (3/140), 6,6 % (9/137), 17,4 % (16/92), 11,1 % (2/18), 27,1 % (13/48) und 60 % (9/15) in den jeweiligen Gruppen 1 bis 6 vor. Der Anteil an Probanden mit augenärztlicher Untersuchung innerhalb der letzten 12 Monate war in den Gruppen der extrem Frühgeborenen mit und ohne ROP im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe am höchsten. Insgesamt waren 33,3 % (1/3) der Reifgeborenen und 57,1 % (28/49) der Frühgeborenen mit Strabismus und 0 % (0/3) der Reifgeborenen und 46,9 % (15/32) der Frühgeborenen mit Amblyopie innerhalb der letzten 12 Monate bei einer augenärztlichen Untersuchung. Diskussion: Extrem frühgeborene Personen mit und ohne postnatale ROP zeigten die höchste Rate an Augenerkrankungen sowie die höchste Rate an augenärztlichen Kontrolluntersuchungen innerhalb der letzten 12 Monate. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass extrem frühgeborene Personen insbesondere mit postnataler ROP insgesamt lebenslang häufigere augenärztliche Kontrolluntersuchungen wahrnehmen.

Ziel der Literaturstudie war es herauszufinden, welche wissenschaftlichen Projekte zu partizipativer Technikentwicklung in der Erziehungshilfe und jugendbezogener Behindertenhilfe bereits durchgeführt wurden und wie im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der Sozialen Arbeit die Thematik partizipativer Technologieentwicklung in Einrichtungen der Jugend- und Behindertenhilfe behandelt wird. Ziel ist auch, die angewendete systematische Recherchestrategie zu beschreiben. Methodisch folgt der systematische Literaturreview einem definierten Korpus der relevanten, überwiegend deutschsprachigen wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften Sozialer Arbeit zwischen 1994 und Mai 2020. Durchsucht wurden jene Fachzeitschriften, die sich mit Themengebieten angrenzend zur Forschungsfrage befassen: die Thematik der Jugend(hilfe), Medien, Technologie oder Digitalisierung. Der systematische Literaturreview benennt beforschte Felder und Themen. Die Ergebnisdarstellung erfolgt dabei kategorienbasiert entlang den Forschungslinien Partizipative Forschung, Assistenztechnologien, Handlungsanweisungen für Medienkompetenz von Jugendlichen und Digitalisierung in der Sozialen Arbeit. Der Beitrag zeigt Desiderata für zukünftige Forschung zu partizipativer Technikentwicklung in der Sozialen Arbeit auf.

Die Professionalisierung der Fachärzte sowie die Frage nach einem korrekten ethischen Verhalten in einer dynamischen Welt waren wichtige Diskussionspunkte im deutschen Kaiserreich. 1910 kulminierten die innerärztlichen Debatten in einem Streit, den der Münchner Arzt Albrecht Notthafft Freiherr v. Weißenstein vom Zaun brach und nach dessen Abschluss zwar seine eigene akademische Karriere endete, die Notwendigkeit der Professionalisierung der ärztlichen Weiterbildung jedoch endgültig außer Frage stand. Zugleich wurde die Debatte von 1910 für das Ende adeliger Einmischung in bürgerliche ärztliche Angelegenheiten geführt.

ObjectiveTo assess incidence and burden of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and to explore possible transmission routes.MethodsA 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study performed in 2017 and 2018. All German paediatric departments (n=464 in 2017, n=441 in 2018) were contacted on a monthly basis to report potential cases of neonatal HSV infections. Infants with a postnatal age of ≤60 days and a positive HSV PCR or HSV culture from skin, mucous membrane, vesicles or conjunctival smear, blood or cerebrospinal fluid were included in the study.Results37 cases were analysed. 29 patients who exhibited no or only mild clinical symptoms were discharged home without organ damage or neurological abnormalities. Four patients showed significant neurological impairment, one patient required liver transplantation and two patients died during in-patient treatment. The 2-year incidence of neonatal HSV infections was 2.35 per 100 000 live births (95% CI 1.69 to 3.02) and disease-specific mortality was 0.13 per 100 000 live births (95% CI 0.04 to 0.21). Data on possible transmission routes were available in 23 cases. In 20 cases, an orofacial HSV infection was present in one or more family members. An active maternal genital HSV infection was reported in 3 cases.ConclusionNeonatal HSV infections are rare in Germany. Most infants have a benign clinical course, but some infants are severely affected. Postnatal HSV exposure may account for a considerable number of neonatal HSV infections.

AbstractWe show that it is independent whether club $\kappa $ -Miller forcing preserves $\kappa ^{++}$ . We show that under $\kappa ^{<\kappa }> \kappa $ , club $\kappa $ -Miller forcing collapses $\kappa ^{<\kappa }$ to $\kappa $ . Answering a question by Brendle, Brooke-Taylor, Friedman and Montoya, we show that the iteration of ultrafilter $\kappa $ -Miller forcing does not have the Laver property.

Purpose: The MEDIRAD project is about the effects of low radiation dose in the context of medical procedures. The goal of the work is to develop an informatics service that will provide the researchers of the MEDIRAD project with a platform to share acquired images, along with the associated dosimetric data pertaining to the radiation resulting from the procedure. Methods: The authors designed a system architecture to manage image data and dosimetric data in an integrated way. DICOM and non-DICOM data are stored in separated repositories, and the link between the two is provided through a semantic database, i.e., a database whose information schema in aligned with an ontology. Results: The system currently supports CT, PET, SPECT, and NM images as well as dose reports. Currently, two workflows for non-DICOM data generated from dosimetric calculations have been taken into account, one concerning Monte Carlo-based calculation of organ doses in Chest CT, and the other estimation of doses in nontarget organs in 131I targeted radionuclide therapy of the thyroid. Conclusion: The system is currently deployed, thus providing access to image and related dosimetric data to all MEDIRAD users. The software was designed in such a way that it can be reused to support similar needs in other projects.

The article discusses the flaws of carbon pricing programs to eliminate or reduce pollution by examining the carbon pricing policy implemented by California since 2013. Also cited are how fossil fuel industry players succeeded in opposing efforts to tighten the policy and effectively change corporate behavior, as well as the unpopularity of carbon pricing policies around the world.

This essay examines a new way to exercise democratic control over the market. Instead of a democratic government interfering with a market's outcomes (e.g. via taxes or minimum wages), we may also "democratize" the market by requiring that all relevant group agents who participate in that market (notably: firms) be democratically governed. This is what I call an agent-democratic market. The purpose of this essay is to argue for the claim that agent-democratic markets are a normatively viable way to democratize the market - and potentially constitute a genuine alternative to the standard approach of subjecting market outcomes to democratic control

AbstractResearchers in different social science disciplines have successfully used Facebook to recruit subjects for their studies. However, such convenience samples are not generally representative of the population. We developed and validated a new quota sampling method to recruit respondents using Facebook advertisements. Additionally, we published an R package to semi-automate this quota sampling process using the Facebook Marketing API. To test the method, we used Facebook advertisements to quota sample 2432 US respondents for a survey on climate change public opinion. We conducted a contemporaneous nationally representative survey asking identical questions using a high-quality online survey panel whose respondents were recruited using probability sampling. Many results from the Facebook-sampled survey are similar to those from the online panel survey; furthermore, results from the Facebook-sampled survey approximate results from the American Community Survey (ACS) for a set of validation questions. These findings suggest that using Facebook to recruit respondents is a viable option for survey researchers wishing to approximate population-level public opinion.

ObjectiveClosed-loop automatic control (CLAC) of the fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) improved oxygen administration to preterm infants on respiratory support. We investigated whether a revised CLAC algorithm (CLACfast, ≤2 FiO2adjustments/min), compared with routine manual control (RMConly), increased the proportion of time with arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry within prespecified target ranges (Target%) while not being inferior to the original algorithm (CLACslow: ≤0.3 FiO2adjustments/min).DesignUnblinded randomised controlled crossover study comparing three modes of FiO2control in random order for 8 hours each: RMC supported by CLACfastwas compared with RMConlyand RMC supported by CLACslow. A computer-generated list of random numbers using a block size of six was used for the allocation sequence.SettingTwo German tertiary university neonatal intensive care units.PatientsOf 23 randomised patients, 19 were analysed (mean±SD gestational age 27±2 weeks; age at randomisation 24±10 days) on non-invasive (n=18) or invasive (n=1) respiratory support at FiO2>0.21.Main outcome measureTarget%.ResultsMean±SD [95% CI] Target% was 68%±11% [65% to 71%] for CLACfastversus 65%±11% [61% to 68%] for CLACslowversus 58%±11% [55% to 62%] for RMConly. Prespecified hypothesis tests of: (A) superiority of CLACfastversus RMConlyand (B) non-inferiority of CLACfastversus CLACslowwith margin of 5% yielded one-sided p values of <0.001 for both comparisons.ConclusionsThis revised and faster CLAC algorithm was still superior to routine care in infants on respiratory support and not inferior to a previously tested slower algorithm.Trial registration numberNCT03163108.

Policymakers and researchers carry a significant responsibility to foster environments and opportunities that authentically enhance migrants’ sociopolitical involvement in host societies. Incorporating participatory action research methods, such as photovoice, is crucial to amplify migrants’ voices and experiences. This scoping review investigates the implementation of photovoice projects with migrant and refugee populations, as well as their impact on empowerment. Following PRISMA guidelines, 65 articles published from 2000 to 2020 were analysed. The findings indicate that photovoice can serve as a potent tool for fostering intrapersonal, interpersonal and citizenship levels of empowerment. However, key epistemological and methodological considerations must be upheld to promote profound levels of empowerment.

In this paper, I am concerned with what automation—widely considered to be the “future of work”—holds for the artificially intelligent agents we aim to employ. My guiding question is whether it is normatively problematic to employ artificially intelligent agents like, for example, autonomous robots as workers. The answer I propose is the following. There is nothing inherently normatively problematic about employing autonomous robots as workers. Still, we must not put them to perform just any work, if we want to avoid blame. This might not sound like much of a limitation. Interestingly, however, we can argue for this claim based on metaphysically and normatively parsimonious grounds. Namely, all I rely on when arguing for my claim is that the robots we aim to employ exhibit a kind of autonomy.

AbstractAbobi SM, Mildenberger TK, Kolding J, Wolff M. 2019. Assessing the exploitation status of main fisheries resources in Ghana’s reservoirs based on reconstructed catches and a length-based bootstrapping stock assessment method. Lake Reserv Manage. 35:415–434.The cichlid species Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherondon galilaeus, and Coptodon zillii, which are among the most exploited resources in the small-scale fisheries of the Tono, Bontanga, and Golinga reservoirs in northern Ghana, were assessed based on length frequency samples. Growth, mortality, exploitation status, stock size, and relative yield per recruit reference points were determined using bootstrapping fish stock assessment (BFSA), a novel framework that allows for the estimation of uncertainties around the life-history parameters and reference levels (e.g., L∞, K, and F0.1). The results suggest that the 3 species studied are heavily exploited in all 3 reservoirs, but with no alarming signs of overexploitation. The fishing effort at Golinga is comparatively low as a result of insignificant fishing during the agriculture season, which relates to low exploitation rates. Sarotherondon galilaeusand C. zilliihave the highest and lowest biomass (t/km2) respectively in all the 3 reservoirs. The small shallow reservoir (Golinga) has the highest biomass of the target resources per unit area. According to a second assessment approach, based on length-based indicators, all species at Bontanga and O. niloticusand S. galilaeuspopulations at Golinga have spawning stock biomasses below 40% of the unfished biomass. This points to a situation of a possible ongoing recruitment overfishing of those species in the 2 reservoirs and suggests that a further increase in fishing effort should be prevented. Further monitoring of these fisheries will be needed for the improvement of assessments and thus management advice.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of mindfulness meditation offered in a community pharmacy on patients with current anxiety or a history of anxiety, depression, or both.

The double Fourier sphere (DFS) method uses a clever trick to transform a function defined on the unit sphere to the torus and subsequently approximate it by a Fourier series, which can be evaluated efficiently via fast Fourier transforms. Similar approaches have emerged for approximation problems on the disk, the ball, and the cylinder. In this paper, we introduce a generalized DFS method applicable to various manifolds, including all the above-mentioned cases and many more, such as the rotation group. This approach consists in transforming a function defined on a manifold to the torus of the same dimension. We show that the Fourier series of the transformed function can be transferred back to the manifold, where it converges uniformly to the original function. In particular, we obtain analytic convergence rates in case of Hölder-continuous functions on the manifold.

Flexible learning addresses students’ needs for more flexibility and autonomy in shaping their learning process, and is often realised through online technologies in a blended learning design. While higher education institutions are increasingly considering replacing classroom time and offering more blended learning, current research is limited regarding its effectiveness and modifying design factors. This study analysed a flexible study programme with 133 courses in a blended learning design in different disciplines over more than 4 years with a mixed-methods approach. In the analysed flexible study programme, classroom instruction time was reduced by 51% and replaced with an online learning environment in a blended learning format (Nstudents = 278). Student achievement was compared to the conventional study format (Nstudents = 1068). The estimated summary effect size for the 133 blended learning courses analysed was close to, but not significantly different from, zero (d= − 0.0562, p= 0.3684). Although overall effectiveness was equivalent to the conventional study format, considerable variance in the effect sizes between the courses was observed. Based on the relative effect sizes of the courses and data from detailed analyses and surveys, heterogeneity can be explained by differences in the implementation quality of the educational design factors. Our results indicate that when implementing flexible study programmes in a blended learning design, particular attention should be paid to the following educational design principles: adequate course structure and guidance for students, activating learning tasks, stimulating interaction and social presence of teachers, and timely feedback on learning process and outcomes.