Search

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause adverse reactions in the nervous system, with the incidence rate ranging from 0.1% to 12%, and 80% occurring within the first 4 months of ICI application. It can cause lesions in various parts of the nervous system, including aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, necrotizing encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, transverse myelitis and other central nervous system diseases. It can also cause cranial peripheral neuropathy, multifocal radicular neuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, spinal radicular neuropathy and myasthenia gravis, myopathy, etc. For these complications of the nervous system, diagnosis could be made by sufficient collection of disease manifestations combined with imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examinations, electro-encephalogram or electro myography to exclude infection or tumor progression. In the treatment of severe cases, ICIs should be discontinued and treated with high doses of glucocorticoid or gamma globulin with systemic support. After neurological adverse reactions, the prognosis of severe cases is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions on one photoelectrode is of significance to the photoelectrochemistry. Herein, we fabricate ferroelectric photoelectrode based on Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) without polarization that shows tunable PEC reactions in the form of ambipolar photocurrent, and demonstrate that the interesting behavior originates from the random distribution of ferroelectric domains and a selective transport mechanism of charge carriers to the surface with electrolyte under different potentials. The photoanodic current could be realized as 4.55 µA/cm2 at 0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl and the photocathodic current could be obtained as 16.3 µA/cm2 at -0.3 V vs Ag/AgCl. In addition, by inserting a thin layer of Au between PZT and FTO, the photoanodic current could be enhanced to 114 µA/cm2 at 0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl. This obvious enhancement is on account of the multiple effects of the contact between Au and PZT, which include the rectification effect by the formed Ohmic contact, the role of surface plasmon resonance and the reduction of the resistance. Thus, a new PEC system for tuning photoelectrochemical reactions smartly and efficiently is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]