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The study contributes to the problem in managing business-society relations through an institutional perspective of social responsibility. For this purpose, it makes use of various prominent institutional dynamics worldwide to predict their country-specific effects on global corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance for as many as 59 countries. By employing ordinary least square (OLS) model of regression analysis, the study documents that per capita industrial productivity and pollution level are negatively linked to CSR performance. In order to thrive for improved CSR performance, the study suggests governments at sub-national levels to work towards ensuring environmental sustainability through the enactment of more stringent laws concerning business conduct, ecology, pollution and biodiversity. It also urges the corporate sector to walk shoulder-to-shoulder with the government's effort towards realising inclusive growth through proper and meaningful integration of various socio-economic and environmental concerns into its business process as well as CSR policy.

A rapid method based on quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy for the accurate estimation of paraffins (P), olefins (O), naphthenes (N), and aromatics (A), i.e., PONA, in extremely light to middle cut naphtha (boiling points ranging from C4/C5 to 130/140 °C and various heart cuts in-between, like C5-60, 60-70, 70-90, 90-140 °C cuts and many more that are being processed for BS-VI gasoline pool) has been developed. The method relies on accurate assignments of various kinds of quaternary-carbons, CHs, CH2s, and CH3s present in these light samples overwhelmingly populated with low-molecular-weight alkanes-alkenes, isoalkanes-isoalkenes, and cycloalkanes-cycloalkenes as the constituents by edited HSQC NMR. Our earlier group molecular weight (GMWt)-based methods for PNA estimation has thus been appropriately modified in terms of assignment of 1H NMR spectrum to CHn(n= 0, 1, 2, and 3) groups toward estimation of the relative number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are imperative to the GMWt-based method, to accommodate all possible variations. The GMWt method coupled with our recently developed multiplication factor-based olefin estimation wholly estimate the PONA for these lightest liquid streams from refineries. The developed method is well suited for monitoring pilot plant processes where high sample throughput and instant results are warranted. The values thus obtained were compared with detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) following ASTM D6730 and by the reformulyzer-based ASTM D6839 method.

A dynamic 1H NMR-based method for the estimation of olefin content in all cracked fuel range products, in general, and in gasoline/naphtha streams, in particular, irrespective of types and composition of olefins and boiling range of samples has been developed. This is in continuation of our earlier works where two methods were described for the determination of hydrocarbon types in straight-run gasoline (no olefins) and cracked full range gasoline/naphtha (with olefins). The average absolute number of unsaturated hydrogen (H) in the olefinic region (4.4–6.5 ppm) was directly estimated with the help of a 1H NMR spectrum using dynamic variables in terms of differential population of various kinds of olefins. The average alkyl chain length (n) was estimated by various methods including 13C NMR and carbon number distribution by a gas chromatography-based detailed hydrocarbon analyzer [DHA, ASTM D6730-01(2016)] and simulated distillation [ASTM D2887-16a] data. The percentage of unsaturated hydrogen (% UH) in an average olefin was then obtained providing a multiplication factor (fo) by which the weight percentage of olefin is estimated using a normalized 1H NMR spectrum. The dynamic estimation of Hand nfor each sample removes the possibilities of errors in the estimation. The method has efficiently been extended to coker kero and coker diesel range products where there has been no method available for olefin estimation. The method was validated by using DHA following ASTM D6730, by the Reformulyzer-based ASTM D6839 method, and finally by fluorescent indicator adsorption following ASTM D1319. All the methods were compared. Whereas the proposed NMR method is extremely general, free from manual error, the limitations of existing ASTM methods and the old NMR method vis á vis a new NMR method are also discussed.

A direct and easy-to-grasp methodology based on the combination of quantitative 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been developed for the estimation of total aromatics, saturates, and several important structural parameters, such as aromaticity, average number of aromatic rings per molecule, average number of aromatic carbon atoms per molecule, average molecular weight, degree of aromatic substitution, degree of aromatic condensation, nature of condensation, and substitution to aromatic ring, etc. for clarified oil (CLO) from Indian oil refineries. These parameters, along with HPLC analysis data for di- to penta-ring aromatics, provide a molecular-level understanding of this potentially valuable feedstock, which can thus be correlated with process parameters for needle coke production from CLO. The method exploits the concept of group molecular weight (GMWt) and uses three empirical equations governing the nature of aromatic condensation. The various types of CLO that originated from Indian oil refineries have been classified into three major classes, by virtue of their differential nature and composition. Two-dimensional (2D) HSQC NMR has been extensively studied for accurate assignment of different classes of protons in 1H NMR spectra of CLOs. The method was validated by SARA analysis using TLC-FID (IP-469) (R2= 0.9698) and by open column chromatography (ASTM D-2549) (R2= 0.9887) for hydrocarbon types.

The production of sustainable crops and environmental management in farming face several significant potential obstacles, including climate change, resource depletion and environmental degradation. Weeds and insect pests that considerably reduce yields have put crop production systems in danger. The greatest worry for farmers is the decline in productivity due to illnesses and pests. Insects, weed pests, and plant pathogens destroy more than 40% of all potential food production every year. The widespread use of integrated pest management (IPM) is a result of worries about the long-term viability of conventional agriculture. IPM ensures sufficient, secure, equitable, and steady flows of both food and ecosystem services, as well as increased agricultural profitability due to lower pest management expenditures. A number of studies conducted on IPM have been combined. Important information from all these studies was analyzed and summarized in this literature review. In this article, we investigated the following: (1) explanation of different management components; (2) development in organically integrated weed and insect pest management, with possible ramifications and scope; (3) knowledge and adaptation status of IPM in the modern world; (4) resources and tools of IPM; (5) current challenges and suggested future research priorities. Regular training related to IPM should be arranged to spread the knowledge of IPM to all farmer levels. This requires the cooperation of the government. Furthermore, IPM will reach a new milestone if Internet of Things technology is practiced along with the existing pest control method. Overall, this review addresses the possibilities for researchers and farmers to use a variety of natural control agents as a full or partial replacement for synthetic pesticides.

Hydrogen content is an important parameter for all petroleum products, because the performance of the products for specific application depends on the concentration of hydrogen in it. Further, hydrogen content can be used as a measure for quality control during the production process and assess the quality of the products, which is governed by the catalyst used. Therefore, to get the desired petroleum products like MS and HSD, pilot scale evaluation of different catalysts plays an important role in problem solving during troubleshooting in refineries. During evaluation studies the performance of catalyst depends upon the hydrogen consumption and mass balance in any catalytic process. In order to calculate total hydrogen consumption during production of different petroleum products an effort has been made to develop a universal method based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique, that allows estimating hydrogen content in all petroleum fractions, ranging from IBP to 530+ °C. The method uses hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) for the first time as a quantitative reference standard respect to which the H content of unknown samples has been estimated. The newly developed method can also determine H/C and O/C ratio of ethanol blended fuel in a given sample without any additional experimentation. Hydrogen content for twenty five model compounds was determined along with nearly hundred petroleum fractions. There has been found to be good correlation between the existing ASTM D5291 and developed NMR spectroscopic based methods. For low boiling petroleum fractions, where ASTM D5291 is not suitable, there is no direct way to correlate the data. However, as the hydrogen content estimated for some model compounds shows a high degree of correlation R2= 0.998, between theoretical values and estimated values, indirectly validate the developed method. A universal NMR based method for the estimation of hydrogen content in all sort of petroleum products irrespective of their origin, composition, boiling range has been developed. Graphical AbstractH-Content of petroleum products:1H NMR vs.ASTD D5291 combustion method.

To prepare a landslide susceptibility map of Shiv-khola watershed, one of the landslide prone parts of Darjeeling Himalaya, remote sensing and GIS tools were used to integrate 10 landslide triggering parameters: lithology, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, drainage density, upslope contributing area (UCA), lineament, settlement density, road contributing area (RCA), and land use and land cover (LULC). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to derive factor weights using MATLAB with reasonable consistency ratio (CR). The frequency ratio (FR) model was used to derive class frequency ratio or class weights that indicate the relative importance of individual classes for each factor. The weighted linear combination (WLC) method was used to determine the landslide susceptibility index value (LSIV) on a GIS platform, by incorporating both factor weights and class weights. The Shiv-khola watershed is classified into five landslide susceptibility zones. The overall classification accuracy is 99.22 and Kappa Statistics is 0.894.

To determine the effect of zinc supplementation on diarrheal incidence and to discover any operational constraints of zinc supplementation at the community level.

Small‐molecule synthetic homogeneous‐oxidation catalysts are normally poorly protected from self‐destruction under operating conditions. Achieving design control over both activity and half‐life is important not only in advancing the utility of oxidation catalysts, but also in minimizing hazards associated with their use and disposal. Iron(III)‐TAML (tetraamido‐macrocyclic ligand) oxidant catalysts rapidly activate H2O2for numerous significant processes, exhibiting high and differing activity and varying half‐lives depending upon the TAML design. A general approach is presented that allows for the simultaneous determination of the second‐order rate constant for the oxidation of a targeted substrate by the active catalyst (kII) and the rate constant for the intramolecular self‐inactivation of the active catalyst (ki). The approach is valid if the formation of the active catalyst from its resting state and the primary oxidizing agent, measured by the second‐order rate constant kI, is fast and the catalyst concentration is very low, such that bimolecular inactivation pathways can be neglected. If the oxidation process is monitored spectrophotometrically and is set up to be incomplete, the kinetic trace can be analyzed by using the equation ln${\bigg(}$ln${{A{_{t}}\over A{_{\infty }}}}$${\bigg)}$=ln${\bigg(}$${{k{_{{\rm II}}}\over k{_{{\rm i}}}}}$[FeIII]tot${\bigg)}$−kit, from which kIIand kican be determined. Here, Atand A∞are absorbances at time tand at the end of reaction (t=∞), respectively, and [FeIII]totis the total catalyst concentration. Several tools were applied to examine the validity of the approach by using a variety of different FeIII‐TAML catalysts, H2O2and tBuOOH as oxidizing agents, and the dyes safranine O and orange II as target substrates. Learning how catalyst activities (kII) and catalyst half‐lives (ki) can be controlled by ligand design is an important step in creating green catalysts that will not persist in the environment after they have achieved their purpose.

Abstract: Generally, an inert metal such as platinum is used for studying electrooxidation reactions. As a non-platinum metal or alloy undergoes corrosion and oxidation, it is not useful for this purpose. In the present study, surface modification of non-platinum metals by coating electronically conducting polymers for electrooxidation reactions was investigated. Polyaniline (PANI) was electrochemically deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate by potentiodynamic method. The oxidation of I− was studied by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry experiments. The I−/I2 reaction couple was found to be quasireversible on the PANI/SS electrode. The amperometry study, conducted under fast mass transport conditions, has provided linear relationship between current and concentration of I−. The data were analyzed and rate constant of the reaction was evaluated. Thus the oxidation of I−, which does not occur on bare SS electrode, was shown to occur through electron transfer mediated by polyaniline.

The syntheses, solid state, spectroscopic and potentiometric solution characterizations of VO(acac-NH₂)₂ (acac-NH₂ = acetylacetamido) and VO(acac-NMe₂)₂ (acac-NMe₂ = N,N-dimethylacetylacetamido) have been investigated. In VO(acac-NMe₂)₂ the vanadium ion exhibits a distorted square pyramidal coordination environment. Crystals of VO(acac-NMe₂)₂ are monoclinic and structural studies were carried out. EPR and UV-visible spectroscopic and potentiometric methods were used to characterize the speciation, complex stability and structures in both aqueous and organic solutions. VO(acac-NH₂)₂ and VO(acac-NMe₂)₂ each form two species in solution: a 1 ∶ 2 and a 1 ∶ 1 metal ∶ ligand complex. The complexes formed from VO(acac-NH₂)₂ are slightly more stable than those of VO(acac-NMe₂)₂; however, VO(acac)₂ forms more stable complexes. In non-coordinating solvents the 1 ∶ 2 complexes maintain a five-coordinate vanadium atom, whereas in coordinating solvents such as water and pyridine the complexes become six-coordinate. Based on the similarity of the EPR parameters of VO(acac-NH₂)₂ with those of the VO(acac)₂ complex, it is likely these species contain the coordinating solvent added trans to the V&z.dbd;O bond. These new VO(acac)₂ derivatives are improved with respect to water solubility. Although the solution stability is not as good as that of VO(acac)₂, it is higher than that of VO(acac-R)₂ (R = CH₃ or C₂H₅). Thus, should the stability of the 1 ∶ 1 complex be important for the compound’s efficacy, both of these new complexes would be predicted to be less effective than VO(acac)₂ but more effective than VO(acac-Et)₂ (acac-Et = 3-ethylacetylacetonate) in lowering glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

By learning how to balance natural resource limitations and pollution prevention with economic growth, green chemistry will become the central science of sustainability. The elimination of persistent pollutants is vital for a sustainable civilization. To achieve this, the most important guiding concept is that the elemental composition of technology should be shifted toward the elemental composition of biochemistry. Oxidation chemistry is currently a prolific producer of persistent pollutants. Many arise from the use of chlorine, hypochlorite, or chlorine dioxide in large-scale oxidation processes. Oxidation chemistry can be greened by replacing these with catalyzed alternatives based on Nature's oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide. TAML® (TetraAmidoMacrocyclicLigand) iron catalysts, which were invented at Carnegie Mellon University, are widely patented and are being developed to activate H2O2for commercial applications. TAML activators are water-soluble, easy to use, function well from neutral to basic pH, are not dominated by nonselective Fenton-like reactivity, are straightforward to synthesize, work effectively in minute concentrations, enable peroxide processes to occur at temperatures well below those of the processes targeted for replacement, and are amenable to modification for capturing novel selectivities. TAML activators are "dial-a-lifetime" catalysts: an activator can be chosen exhibiting a lifetime commensurate with the desired task.

The sugars, methyl 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (H2m) and methyl 5-O-methyl-β-D-ribofuranoside (H2r) have been synthesized. These react smoothly with [VIVO(L)(H2O)] in methanol in air affording the dark coloured vanadates [VVO(Hm)(L)] and [VVO(Hr)(L)] in excellent yields (L2– 4;= 4;N-salicylideneglycinate). The crystal structure determination of [VVO(Hm)(L)] revealed five-membered chelation of VO3+ by the alcoholic and alkoxide oxygen atoms of the monoionised carbohydrate. The two atoms lie respectively trans to the oxo oxygen and aldimine nitrogen atoms. The five V–O bonds are unequal and span the range 1.57–2.37 Å. The asymmetric unit of the complex consists of two metrically similar molecules locked in carboxylate–alcohol O  · 4;· 4;·  O hydrogen bonding generating a macrocyclic cavity. In solution each ester displays a single 51V resonance near δ –544. The 1H NMR parameters of the alkoxidic and alcoholic CH protons and of OMe protons are consistent with the O,O-chelation mode for both the vanadates.

In the title families the ONO ligands are deprotonated forms of N-(1-hydroxyethyl) salicylaldimine(H2L1), N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)salicylaldimine (H2L2), N-(1-hydroxyethyl)naptthaldimine(H2L3), N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) naphthaldimine(H2L4). The ON ligand is deprotonated 8-quinolino(Hhq). The complexes VO(L) (hq) (L = L1-L4) have been synthesized in excellent yields from VO(L)xand 8-quinolinol in methanol (oxidant is aerial oxygen). The crystal structure of VO(L2)(hq) has revealed tridentate ONO and bidentate ON binding by [L2]2−and hq−, respectively. The VO(phenolate) bond length is longer than VO(alkoxidic) by ∼ 0.09Å. In CDCl3solution the1H NMR spectrum of the VOL2(hq) shows that the binding nature in solid state is also retained in solution. The complexes display the quasi-reversible one-electron couple VO(L)(hq)-VO(L)(hq)−near −0.43 V vs saturated calomel electrode. This lowering of potentials indicate considerable VO3+stabilization due to alkoxide binding. Electrogenerated solution of VO(L)(hq)−are EPR-active corresponding to a dxy1configuration.

Complexes of the type [VO(L)(H2gl)] and [VO(L)(Hpd)] have been synthesized in excellent yields by reacting bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) with H2L in the presence of excess glycerol (H3gl) and propane-1,3-diol (H2pd) in methanol–acetone (hydroxyphenylmethylenehydrazones of 4-hydroxy-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde are respectively abbreviated as H2L1, H2L2 and H2L3 and generally as H2L). The crystal structures of [VO(L2)(H2gl)] and [VO(L2)(Hpd)] have revealed tridentate ONO co-ordination by [L2]2– while [H2gl]– and [Hpd]– form five- and six-membered V(O,O) chelate rings respectively. In the distorted octahedral VO5N co-ordination sphere the V–O (alkoxide) bond is 0.5–0.6 Å shorter than the V–O (alcoholic) bond which lies trans to the oxo oxygen atom. In [VO(L2)(Hpd)] the lattice consists of dimers held together by O  · 4;· 4;·  N hydrogen bonding between the OH group of [Hpd]– in one molecule and the unco-ordinated [L2]2– nitrogen in an adjacent molecule. In the [VO(L2)(H2gl)] lattice such dimers self-assemble into an infinite pattern via additional O  · 4;· 4;·  O hydrogen bonding between the unco-ordinated OH group of [H2gl]– of one molecule with the co-ordinated alkoxidic oxygen of the adjacent molecule. In [VO(L)(H2gl)] both the metal site and the [H2gl]– ligand are chiral and the two equally abundant diastereoisomers are present in solution (1H NMR). The 51V chemical shifts are diagnostic of the alkoxidic chelate ring size: the shifts of [VO(L)(H2gl)] being ≈30 ppm downfield from that of [VO(L)(Hpd)]. The complexes have low VO3+–VO2+ reduction potentials.

Mixed-ligand oxovanadium(V) complexes, [VVO(L)-(sal)], containing salicylaldimine ligands of a-amino acids H2L [(1);R = Me, i-Pr and CH2Ph] and salicylaldehyde (Hsal) have been synthesized. The coordination sphere of the complexes is of the VO(ONO)(OO) type, where O atoms are phenolic, carboxylic and aldehydic, and N is of the azomethine type. The complexes are diamagnetic and exhibit only one LMCT band at ca. 490 nm. They display quasi-reversible one-electron reduction peaks in a CH2Cl2-MeCN (2:1v/v) mixture in the 0.07–0.13V versus s.c.e. range. A trend in the redox potential data has been rationalized on the basis of conventional normal substituent effects.

1,2‐Diols and their ketals can be converted into the corresponding acetals via a novel process.

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