Search

Asarum radixextract is commonly used in cosmetic products. Cytotoxicity testing and an ex vivolocal lymph node 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (LLNA-BrdU) assays were performed to determine the dermal sensitization potential of A. radixextracts. The cytotoxicity assay indicated inhibitory effects on cell viability in a human forearm skin fibroblast cell line after 24-h incubation at concentrations of A. radixextract above 0.075 mg/mL. To assess skin sensitization, A. radixextracts (10%, 25%, and 50% v/v) were applied to the ears (dorsal surface) of female CBA mice. Changes in clinical signs, body weight, skin reactions, ear thickness, skin stimulation index (SI), and mortality were evaluated. After 6 days, no changes in treatment-related clinical signs, skin reactions, erythema, body weight, or mortality were observed in any treatment group. The results of the ex vivoLLNA-BrdU assays yielded a moderate SI of 3.09%. For the 10%, 25%, and 50% (v/v) treatment groups, SIs were calculated as 0.9, 1.2, and 2.1, respectively. Thus, at concentrations below 25% (v/v), A. radixoil was not skin sensitizing.

In this study, oils from Asarum heterotropoideswere extracted by traditional solvent extraction and supercritical CO2(SC-CO2) extraction methods and their antioxidant activities along with antimicrobial and inhibitory activities against five human body odor-producing bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Micrococcus luteus, Corynebacterium jeikeium, and Corynebacterium xerosis) were evaluated. The oil was found to contain 15 components, among which the most abundant component was methyl eugenol (37.6%), which was identified at every condition studied in different extraction methods. The oil extracted with n-hexane and ethanol mixture exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (92% ± 2%) and the highest ABTS and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities (89% ± 0.2%). The highest amounts of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 23.1±0.4 mg/g and 4.9±0.1 mg/g, respectively, in the traditional method. In the SC-CO2method performed at 200 bar/50°C using ethanol as an entrainer, the highest inhibition zone was recorded against all the aforementioned bacteria. In particular, strong antibacterial activity (38±2 mm) was found against M. luteus.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the oil against bacteria ranged from 10.1±0.1 μg/mL to 46±2 μg/mL. The lowest MIC was found against M. luteus. Methyl eugenol was found to be one of the major compounds working against human body odor-producing bacteria.

This study was conducted to investigate the acute dermal and ocular irritation potential of rice bran supercritical CO2extract (RB-SCE) and a 0.5% RB-SCE essence product in rabbits and guinea pigs. No abnormal clinical signs attributable to RB-SCE were detected. In the dermal irritation test, erythema, eschar, and edema formation was observed at 24 h of RB-SCE treatment, and the skin returned to normal after 72 h. The dermal primary irritation index (PII) of RB-SCE was 2.71; thus it was classified as a moderate irritant. In the ocular irritation test, there were no clinical signs related to the application of the RB-SCE; thus it was classified as a non-irritant according to the Draize scoring system. In a skin sensitivity test in rabbits, no abnormal clinical signs attributable to RB-SCE essence were observed and the PII was 0 because there was no evidence of erythema, eschar, or edema. In the guinea pig skin sensitivity test, no abnormal body weight changes or increased mortality was detected. Sensitization to the RB-SCE essence was 0%; thus it was classified as a very weak irritant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of rice bran supercritical CO2extract (RB-SCE) in vitroand in vivo. A cytotoxicity assay revealed no inhibitory effects on cell viability in a mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) after 24-h incubation with 0.16 or 0.32 μg/mL of RB-SCE. RB-SCE was administered to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 mg/kg to evaluate acute oral toxicity. Mortality, clinical symptoms, and body weight changes were monitored for two weeks. Animals were then euthanized and necropsies performed. Clinical symptoms included soft stool, diarrhea, and soiled perineal region. No significant changes in body weight were observed in treatment groups compared to the control. In addition, necropsy revealed no abnormal finding at any dosage. The approximate lethal dose (ALD) of RB-SCE was estimated at >10,000 mg/kg for both sexes and orally administered RBSCE was deemed safe.