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There is a lack of recent research investigating the temperature requirements of pigs housed in groups with the genetics and management practices currently being used in commercial production. The objective of this study was to establish the preferred temperature of pigs housed in groups with uniform body weight (BW) over the first 4 wk after weaning (at 21 ± 1 d). The study involved 320 newly-weaned pigs that were kept in mixed-sex pens (barrows and gilts) of 20. Three temperature treatments were compared: 26°C vs. 30°C vs. 34°C. The temperature treatments were created in 3 distinct zones of each pen using a heat lamp suspended over an insulated mat and pigs had free access to each zone. Room temperature was set at 22°C for the duration of the study. The population of pigs was divided into weaning-weight quartiles (Quartile 1, 2, 3, and 4, lightest to heaviest; initial BW 4.5, 5.6, 6.5, and 7.7 ± 0.4 kg, respectively; final BW 12.8, 14.4, 16,3, and 18.2 ± 2.0 kg, respectively). The weight quartiles were kept in different pens. The pigs had ad libitum access to nursery diets throughout the study period formulated to meet the requirements proposed by NRC (2012). Cameras captured images of the pen area every 15 min during the study period. The location (in the temperature treatment zones or other areas of the pen) and posture (lying, sitting, and standing) of every pig in the pen were recorded from the images. The ambient temperature in the temperature treatment zones and other areas of the pen were recorded every 2 h throughout the study period using a thermal camera. The preferred temperature was calculated by weighting the percentage of observations of pigs located within each temperature treatment zone and the other areas of the pen by the average temperature in each zone and area. The percentage of observations of pigs in the 26, 30, and 34°C temperature treatment zones for the overall period were: Quartile 1 (15.3, 15.2, and 42.9%, respectively), Quartile 2 (5.3, 23.1, 39.8%, respectively), Quartile 3 (8.5, 15.7, and 41.2%, respectively), and Quartile 4 (5.0, 34.0, and 25.9%, respectively). The calculated preferred temperatures for the weight quartiles for each week of the study are summarized in Table 1. The preferred temperature for the overall period was 30.0, 30.3, 29.3, and 28.6°C for Quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The impact of housing nursery pigs at these temperatures on pig performance needs to be established.

Current recommendations for ambient temperatures for newly weaned pigs are based on historical research carried out many years ago. Since that time, significant changes have occurred in the genotype of the pigs, as well as in management and housing conditions. The objective of this study was to establish the preferred temperature of groups of pigs, with typical variation in body weight (BW), over the first 4 wk after weaning (at 21 ± 1 d). The study involved 120 newly weaned pigs housed in mixed-sex pens (barrows and gilts) of 20. Three temperature treatments were compared: 26°C vs. 30°C vs. 34°C; the 3 treatments were available to the pigs within each pen. The temperature treatments were created in 3 distinct zones of the pen using a heat lamp suspended over an insulated mat. Room temperature was set at 22°C for the duration of the study. Initial and final BW were 6.2 ± 0.9 kg and 15.3 ± 2.4 kg, respectively. Throughout the study period, the pigs had ad libitum access to nursery diets formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements. Images of the pen area were captured every 15 min during the study period. The location (in the temperature treatment zones or other areas of the pen) and posture (lying, sitting, or standing) of every pig in the group were recorded from the images. The ambient temperature in the temperature treatment zones and other areas of the pen were recorded every 2 h throughout the study period using a thermal camera. The preferred temperature was calculated by weighting the percentage of observations of pigs located within each temperature treatment zone and the other areas of the pen by the average temperature in each zone and area. The percentage of observations of pigs in the 26, 30, and 34°C temperature treatments areas were: Wk 1 [10.5, 23.1, and 44.2% (SEM 10.70), respectively], Wk 2 [7.8, 25.8, and 44.6% (SEM 5.00), respectively], Wk 3 [7.6, 24.0, and 34.1% (SEM 4.89), respectively], and Wk 4 [12.3, 21.2, and 26.8% (SEM 4.28), respectively]. The calculated preferred temperatures were 31.1, 31.7, 29.6, and 27.7°C for week 1, 2, 3, and 4 post-weaning, respectively. The impact of housing nursery pigs at these temperatures on pig performance needs to be established.

Current recommended room temperatures for newly weaned pigs are based on historical research carried out several years ago. Since that time, major changes have occurred in the genotype of the pigs and in the management and the housing environment. This study was carried out to determine if a temperature regimen based on the choice of temperature of the pigs would improve post-weaning performance of pigs of different weaning weights. This study was carried out over the first 4 weeks after weaning (21 ± 1 d) using a split-plot design with 2 treatments: 1) Room Temperature Regimen (RT; main plot; Preferred vs. Control); 2) Weaning Weight (WW; subplot; Light vs. Heavy). Room temperatures for the Preferred treatment were 32, 32, 30, and 28℃ for wk 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the study, respectively. Room temperatures for the Control treatment (based on current recommendations) were 28, 26, 24, and 22℃ for week 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the study, respectively. The WW treatments were based on the lightest and heaviest pigs, respectively, from each litter. Four identical rooms of a wean-to-finish facility were used (2 rooms/RT treatment); 256 newly weaned pigs were housed in mixed-sex pens of 8 (16 pens/RT treatment) at a floor space of 0.78 m2/pig. Growth performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) and mortality were measured over the 4-wk study period. The average start and end weight was 4.6 ± 0.32 kg and 12.7 ± 0.89 kg, respectively, for the Light WW treatment and was 6.4 ± 0.40 kg and 15.8 ± 1.47 kg, respectively for the Heavy WW treatment. There were no interactions (P> 0.05) between RT and WW for growth performance measures. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of RT on overall growth performance. Light WW pigs had less (P< 0.05) overall ADG (0.29 vs. 0.34 kg; SEM 0.009) and ADFI (0.40 vs. 0.46 kg; SEM 0.010) but similar G:F (0.733 vs. 0.739 kg; SEM 0.0115) compared with Heavy WW pigs. There was an interaction (P< 0.05) between the RT and WW treatments for overall mortality. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of RT for Heavy WW pigs (3.1 vs. 1.6 % for the Preferred and Control treatments, respectively; SEM = 1.89); however, mortality was less (P< 0.05) for Light pigs on the Preferred than on the Control treatment (1.6 vs. 7.8 %, respectively; SEM 1.89). In conclusion, the Preferred RT treatment did not impact growth performance in the first 4 weeks after weaning but reduced mortality of pigs of light, but not heavy weaning weight. This finding warrants verification under commercial conditions.

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Potatoes have long been a staple food in many cultures and cuisines, but they have gained a reputation as a low-quality carbohydrate source that should be avoided in the diet. Historically this view has been justified by citing the glycemic index of potatoes as the main indicator of their quality. However, their nutrient composition should also be considered. The association of potatoes with energy-dense Western dietary patterns has also contributed to a perception that potatoes are inherently unhealthy. While some studies have suggested an association between potato consumption and increased risk of health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, these associations may be confounded by fried potato intake and are strongest at intake levels higher than average consumption rates. Epidemiological data suggest total potato intake is not a health risk in Eastern populations and can be consumed as part of a healthy diet. Furthermore, clinical trial data demonstrate that potatoes’ health impact, irrespective of preparation, is similar to legumes and comparable to refined grains, with few deleterious effects found. These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond the glycemic index and adopting a more nuanced evaluation of the epidemiological data to better understand the health impact of potato intake. Ultimately, the negative reputation of potatoes stems from an over-interpretation of their glycemic index and association with unhealthy Western dietary patterns, as well as oversimplification of the epidemiological data. By considering carbohydrate quality, it becomes clear that potatoes can be part of a healthy diet given the proper consideration.

The Lower Jurassic Bridport Sand Formation records net deposition in the Wessex Basin, southern UK of a low-energy, siliciclastic shoreface that was dominated by storm-event beds reworked by bioturbation. Shoreface sandstones dip at 2–3° to define (subaerial?) clinoforms that pass distally into a near-horizontal platform, and then steepen again to form steep (2–3°) subaqueous clinoforms in the underlying Down Cliff Clay Member. The overall morphology indicates mud-dominated clinoforms of compound geometry. Compound clinoforms are grouped into progradational sets whose stacking reflects tectonic subsidence and sediment dispersal patterns, and also controls basin-scale reservoir distribution and diachroneity of the formation.Each shoreface clinoform set consists of an upward-shallowing succession that is several tens of metres thick with a laterally continuous mudstone interval at its base. The successions are punctuated by calcite-cemented concretionary layers of varying lateral continuity, which formed along bioclastic lags at the base of storm-event beds. Concretionary layers thus represent short periods of rapid sediment accumulation, while their distribution likely results from variations in storm-wave climate, relative sea-level, and/or sediment availability. The distribution of impermeable mudstone intervals that bound each clinoform set and concretionary layers along clinoform surfaces controls oil drainage in the Bridport Sand Formation reservoir.

Low blood glucose levels at the start of farrowing have been associated with increased farrowing duration and stillbirth rate. This study evaluated changes in sow blood glucose (BG) on the day of farrowing and investigated relationships between sow and litter parameters and BG. The study was carried out over 12 h from 0600h (time of last feeding) on the day sows were induced to farrow (d 115 of gestation) as a cross-sectional survey using 42 sows/gilts of which 32 farrowed. Blood samples (1.2 μL) were collected from an ear vein of each sow every 2 h from 0600 h; glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Sow parameters recorded included parity, body condition score (BCS: 1 = extremely thin to 5 = extremely fat), number of piglets born, total litter birth weight, and farrowing duration. Linear relationships between sow parameters and BG were developed using PROC REG of SAS. Sows that farrowed had similar (P > 0.05) BG to those that did not (84.4 vs. 86.8 mg/dL; SEM 1.76). Regression relationships between sow parameters and BG were generally weak (adjusted R2≤ 0.20). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of time after feeding, time after start of farrowing, or time interval between piglet births on BG. Average BG levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with sow BCS (7.6 mg/dL/BCS; SE 2.63) but decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with sow parity (-2.5 mg/dL/litter; SE 0.96), litter size (-0.8 mg/dL/piglet; SE 0.28), litter weight (-0.06 mg/dL/kg; SE 0.26), and farrowing duration (-1.8 mg/dL/h; SE 0.82). In contrast to previous research, changes in BG from last feed to start of farrowing (which ranged from 0 to 9 h) and relationship with other sow and litter parameters were relatively limited.

Blood glucose levels in piglets at birth are potentially associated with survival, however, there has been limited research to quantify these and to establish any associations with piglet characteristics. This study, which evaluated the effects of a number of piglet characteristics on blood glucose levels at birth, was conducted as a cross-sectional survey involving 32 litters. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a sub-sample of litter. At birth, piglets were weighed and assigned a vitality score [1 = high vitality; 2 = low vitality (limited mobility and/or respiration)]. Piglets were then dried with a cellulose-based desiccant, and blood samples were collected from half of the piglets in each litter with a vitality score of 1 (n = 226) and all piglets with a vitality score of 2 (n = 7). Samples (1.2 μL) were collected from the vena subcutanea abdominis; blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Effects of piglet characteristics and relationships with blood glucose levels were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC GLIMMIX, and PROC REG of SAS, as appropriate. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of piglet birth weight or gender on blood glucose levels. Piglets with a vitality score of 2 had higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels than those with a score of 1. Blood glucose levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with birth order (0.8 mg/dL for each piglet increase). In conclusion, blood glucose levels at birth were higher for piglets with low compared to high vitality and for those born later in the birth order. Further research is needed to establish relationships between blood glucose levels in piglets at birth and subsequent survival.

This study evaluated the effect of housing newly-weaned pigs in uniform versus mixed weight groups on nursery growth performance (5.9 ± 1.1 to 26.2 ± 2.9 kg BW). Pigs were assigned to a weaning weight (WW) quartile: Q1 (light; 4.2 ± 0.1 kg), Q2 (medium-light; 5.5 ± 0.1 kg), Q3 (medium-heavy; 6.3 ± 0.2 kg), and Q4 (heavy; 7.5 ± 0.1 kg). A RCBD was used (blocking factor = start date) with 5 treatments: Control (equal number of pigs from each quartile); Uniform Q1 (all pigs from Q1); Uniform Q2 (all pigs from Q2); Uniform Q3 (all pigs from Q3); Uniform Q4 (all pigs from Q4). There were 16 replicates and 3,503 pigs, with mixed-gender pens of 44. Pen was the experimental unit; data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = replicate). Overall ADG and ADFI increased (P < 0.05) according to WW quartile for the Uniform treatments, with the Control being intermediate. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for Overall G:F. A contrast statement was used to compare Control to the mean of all 4 Uniform treatments. Compared to Control, the mean of the 4 Uniform treatments had similar (P > 0.05) overall ADG (0.44 vs. 0.44 kg, respectively) and ADFI (0.72 vs. 0.68 kg, respectively), but greater (P < 0.05) overall G:F (0.637 vs. 0.611, respectively). Comparison of pigs from each quartile within Control pens with the respective quartile in Uniform pens suggested no effect (P > 0.05) of weight quartile on ADG (respective means for Control vs Uniform: Q1 0.34 vs. 0.36 kg; Q2 0.39 vs. 0.40 kg; Q3 0.42 vs. 0.42 kg; Q4 0.47 vs. 0.45 kg). These results suggest that penning nursery pigs in uniform versus mixed weight groups had limited effect on growth performance.

Introduction:Multiprofessional home care and hospice teams should play a part in evidence-informed decision making. Aims:To assess organisational readiness to adopt evidence-informed decision making in a hospice in England. Design:A mixed-methods approach was used. Clinical staff were surveyed regarding their attitudes to and skills in using evidence, and senior managers completed an organisation-based self-assessment tool recording the readiness of the organisation to embrace an evidence-informed focus. Results:81% of the staff completed the survey. Staff were committed to the principles of evidence-informed decision making, but overall lacked the necessary knowledge and skills. Information obtained from the management self-assessment highlighted that a priority was to develop an evidence-informed decision-making culture focusing on education, training, and policy development. Conclusion:The process used in this evaluation may be applicable to other areas of health care when assessing an organisation's readiness to incorporate evidence-informed decision making into policy and procedure.

Second-generation sequencing now provides the potential for low-cost generation of whole-genome sequences. However, for large-genome organisms with high repetitive DNA content, genome-wide short read sequence assembly is currently impossible, with accurate ordering and localization of genes still relying heavily on integration with physical and genetic maps. To facilitate this process, we have used Agilent microarrays to simultaneously address thousands of gene sequences to individual BAC clones and contiguous sequences that form part of an emerging physical map of the large and currently unsequenced 5.3-Gb barley genome. The approach represents a cost-effective, highly parallel alternative to traditional addressing methods. By coupling the gene-to-BAC address data with gene-based molecular markers, thousands of BACs can be anchored directly to the genetic map, thereby generating a framework for orientating and ordering genes, and providing direct links to phenotypic traits.

More than 2,000 genome-wide barley single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed by resequencing unigene fragments from eight diverse accessions. The average genome-wide SNP frequency observed in 877 unigenes was 1 SNP per 200 bp. However, SNP frequency was highly variable with the least number of SNP and SNP haplotypes observed within European cultivated germplasm reflecting effects of breeding history on genetic diversity. More than 300 SNP loci were mapped genetically in three experimental mapping populations which allowed the construction of an integrated SNP map incorporating a large number of RFLP, AFLP and SSR markers (1,237 loci in total). The genes used for SNP discovery were selected based on their transcriptional response to a variety of abiotic stresses. A set of known barley abiotic stress QTL was positioned on the linkage map, while the available sequence and gene expression information facilitated the identification of genes potentially associated with these traits. Comparison of the sequenced SNP loci to the rice genome sequence identified several regions of highly conserved gene order providing a framework for marker saturation in barley genomic regions of interest. The integration of genome-wide SNP and expression data with available genetic and phenotypic information will facilitate the identification of gene function in barley and other non-model organisms.More than 2,000 genome-wide barley single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed by resequencing unigene fragments from eight diverse accessions. The average genome-wide SNP frequency observed in 877 unigenes was 1 SNP per 200 bp. However, SNP frequency was highly variable with the least number of SNP and SNP haplotypes observed within European cultivated germplasm reflecting effects of breeding history on genetic diversity. More than 300 SNP loci were mapped genetically in three experimental mapping populations which allowed the construction of an integrated SNP map incorporating a large number of RFLP, AFLP and SSR markers (1,237 loci in total). The genes used for SNP discovery were selected based on their transcriptional response to a variety of abiotic stresses. A set of known barley abiotic stress QTL was positioned on the linkage map, while the available sequence and gene expression information facilitated the identification of genes potentially associated with these traits. Comparison of the sequenced SNP loci to the rice genome sequence identified several regions of highly conserved gene order providing a framework for marker saturation in barley genomic regions of interest. The integration of genome-wide SNP and expression data with available genetic and phenotypic information will facilitate the identification of gene function in barley and other non-model organisms.

This article examines the formula for NHS funding in England and its implications for Cornwall. Parameters that make up the formula (age, need, market forces etc.) are examined for recognition of rurality. Comparison is made with Scotland and Wales and with those English areas funded through the EC ‘Objective One’ programme

AbstractSending a disabled child to a specialist residential school may mean that they live for much of the year at a school a long way from home. New research examines the role of social services departments in helping families think about this important decision. This article explores the views of social services staff on residential schools and the issues they face around how best to work with families who are thinking about a residential school for their child.

Selected theoretical and empirical educational literature relating to peer review were evaluated. The aim of the survey was to provide guidance with regard to the possible introduction of peer review within the author's place of work. The results of the survey highlighted the positive benefits peer review had in terms of professional development, the development of transferable graduate skills, and in more general terms with regard to learning strategies. The conclusions drawn from the survey highlight the importance of broadening the research to part-time students where difficulties with regard to the formation of groups might be encountered, as well as the positive benefit of peer review as a method of assessment.

This study describes the development, implementation and evaluation of MTutor, a web-based tutorial system, which was developed for students undertaking a diploma level research module.

Immobilization, both general and regional, has marked adverse effects on all systems of the body and, in some people, can prove to be life threatening. This review focuses on the physical and physiological responses of musculoskeletal tissues to loss of normal loading and mobility. The resulting deterioration occurs within days, but takes many months to reverse.

With the increase in the number of nurses wishing to upgrade their professional qualification to diploma or degree level, there has been a corresponding increase in the number of research modules purchased by education purchasing consortia. One approach to deal with this increase in the number of students, and also to enable students to study at their own pace and in a location convenient to them, is to develop open learning materials.

Exposure of normal human breast skin ex vivo to physiological levels of UV-B and solar simulated UV results in a UV dose- and time-dependent increase in epidermal p53, as determined by PAGE analysis. Peak p53 levels are detected 12 to 24 h post irradiation with UV-B (470–1410 mJ cm−2) and solar simulated UV (5–12 minimal erythema dose (MED) equivalents). Irradiation with an FS20 UV-B lamp, contaminated with UV-A and UV-C (74–1111 mJ cm−2), also induces peak levels after 12 h incubation at 37°C but these levels persist to 36 h post UV irradiation. In all cases p53 levels start to return to normal by 48 h culture. A significant positive correlation is demonstrated between UV-B dose (47–1645 mJ cm−2) and p53 level (p < 0.01, R > 0.977) in explants cultured for 24 h at 37°C post irradiation. The FS20 induces a ‘UV-B’ dose-dependent increase in p53 to a maximum from 370 to 1111 mJ cm−2. Similarly, solar simulated UV induces a plateau of peak p53 induction between 5 and 15 MED equivalents. Immunohistochemical analysis using microwave retrieval on 5 μm sections shows the same pattern of p53 staining with UV-B and solar UV insult, but proves unreliable as a method of quantification. These results suggest that the skin explant model may be a useful tool in the evaluation of UV-induced epidermal cell damage, providing a valuable alternative to in vivo studies.

Community care policies, despite their rhetoric about helping people to live independent lives, are based on an ideology of dependency. This means that community care practice - in particular the changes in the Independent Living Fund and the way that statutory services are delivered - often constitutes a barrier to independent living. Research on the experience of receiving personal assistance with daily living activities found that receiving cash to pay for assistance enables disabled people to make the kind of choices in their lives which non- disabled people take for granted. However, there are opportunities within the community care reforms to promote independent living principles and these need to be seized upon by both professionals and disabled people.

This article looks at how the children of disabled parents are being defined as 'young carers', arguing that the way in which this is hap pening undermines both the rights of children and the rights of disabled people, Analysis of the social construction of 'children as carers' illustrates that researchers and pressure groups are colluding with the government's insistence that 'care in the community' must mean 'care by the community'.

Feminist theory and methodology have much to offer in understanding how disability research has been experienced as alienated research by disabled people. However, feminist research has failed to apply its principles to disability and disabled women's subjective reality has found no place in mainstream feminist work. The paper identifies the challenges for feminism in addressing the interests and reality of disabled women, asserting that it is not helpful to focus on 'double disadvantage'. Disability research itself has much to learn from feminist methodology, in particular the principle of making the personal political. The role of non-disabled researchers as allies of disabled people is discussed, and the importance of research which turns the spotlight on the way in which non-disabled society oppresses disabled people. Finally, it is asserted that disability research and politics are of general relevance because the experience of disability is an integral part of a society characterised by fundamental inequalities and ideologies which divide people against each other.

1. The relationship of lean body mass, plasma insulin concentration and leucocyte active sodium transport with basal metabolic rate was investigated in 24 adults with growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment with recombinant human growth hormone and in 10 patients with untreated acromegaly. 2. Based on total-body potassium determined by whole-body 40K counting, patients with acromegaly had increased lean body mass, whereas lack of growth hormone was associated with decreased lean body mass. 3. By indirect calorimetry, patients with acromegaly had increased basal metabolic rates and patients with growth hormone deficiency had decreased values when expressed as percentages of values predicted from the WHO/FAO/UNU equations. Basal metabolic rate expressed in terms of lean body mass was similar in acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency, but was higher than normal in both patient groups. 4. The leucocyte ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux rate constant was decreased in both patients with acromegaly and patients with growth hormone deficiency, and there was no correlation with basal energy expenditure, fasting plasma insulin level or serum growth hormone level. 5. There was no increase in the sodium efflux rate constant in patients with growth hormone deficiency after 1 month on treatment with recombinant human growth hormone. 6. Apparent differences in basal metabolic rate in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly are due to changes in lean body mass. Both adults with growth hormone deficiency and patients with acromegaly have increased energy expenditure, probably owing to changes in fuel metabolism which are not reflected in the leucocyte sodium pump activity.

Two groups of patients with early breast cancer were studied prospectively to assess whether being offered a choice of surgery (simple mastectomy or wide excision plus radiotherapy) influenced levels of anxiety and depression pre- and postoperatively. A significantly higher percentage of the patients not offered a choice of surgery experienced high levels of anxiety and depression pre-operatively and up to 2 months postoperatively compared with patients offered a choice; the results were also similar for the husbands of these patients. At 4 months, differences between the two groups were not statistically significant, although the trend remained the same with more patients not offered a choice of treatment showing high levels of anxiety and depression. Patients offered a choice of surgery had similar pre- and postoperative levels of anxiety and depression to patients with benign breast disease and patients undergoing surgery for non-cancerous conditions.

The article features Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH) British Food Standards Agency (FSA) principal policy officer Jenny Morris. Morris enrolled on a part-time environmental health degree at London's King College and completed her masters degree at the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, during which she started part-time at the CIEH to help then food policy officer Ann Goodwin. Morris attends and speaks at conferences, schools and food groups to keep herself updated with issues faced by environmental health practitioners (EHP).

The article explains the need for social marketing to change people's behaviour to improve environmental health. Social marketing is basically the usage of commercial marketing techniques to solve social problems. The method is to find out the present condition of a person and find a strategy to push him on where he should be. A lot of companies are looking forward to its implementation. Chartered Institute of Environmental Health will hold a conference on November 10, 2006 in London, England about social marketing awareness.