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Background: This study aims to explore the association of childhood maltreatment with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood, and whether obesity is a mediator of the latter. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study using UK Biobank data, participants recalled childhood maltreatment. Linear regression, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the associations with body mass index (BMI), obesity, and T2D, adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Decomposition analysis was used to examine the extent to which T2D excess risk was attributed to BMI. Results: Of the 153,601 participants who completed the childhood maltreatment questions, one-third reported some form of maltreatment. Prevalence of adult obesity and incidence of T2D were higher with the number of reported childhood maltreatment types. People who reported ≥3 types of childhood maltreatment were at higher risk of obesity (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.47–1.63) and incident T2D (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.52–1.80). Excess T2D risk among those reporting maltreatment could be reduced by 39% if their BMI was comparable to participants who had not been maltreated, assuming causality. Conclusions: People who recalled maltreatment in childhood are at higher risk of T2D in adulthood, partly due to obesity.

The European Health Data Space provides an opportunity to benefit patients and the public.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is related to the interplay of various factors. The primary objective of this study was to assess the variation in substance use (SU) among a set of Lebanese people undergoing treatment for SUD during the Lebanese economic crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, and Beirut Blast.

We investigated the potential role of pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children. Among 351 children (0–6 years) with urinary tract infections, 83% could be treated with pivmecillinam following urine culture. Resistance was highest in infants (0–3 months) caused by the high prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis. This result emphasizes the necessity for developing a pediatric oral form of pivmecillinam.

ABSTRACTThis article reflects on the development of green infrastructure as planning concept and inspects the status of the concept’s implementation under the umbrella of the EU-strategy for the Alpine Region. Qualitative methods, including policy analysis and interviews, were used to evaluate the understanding of the concept among relevant stakeholders from Alpine countries. The results show that there is little agreement with regard to understanding the concept, and that there was a lack of common practice towards its implementation in the 2014–2020 EU budget period. The macro-regional setting consists of the macro regional strategy and the financial support for projects and measures provided via the Alpine Space Programme and The Alpine Region Preparatory Action Fund (ARPAF). The policy analysis reveals that some of the Alpine countries were more pro-active and have either integrated the concept into existing policies (nature protection, planning, environmental policies and so on) or possess GI specific legislation. It was concluded that the existence of various perceptions and views on the concept hinder the successful implementation of the concept and its integration into lower governance levels. Thus, for now, the implementation of GI in the macro-regional context depends upon individual initiatives of the states, regions, or/and local communities.

The rising prevalence of connected vehicles in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has introduced a heightened susceptibility to various cyber threats, particularly zero-day attacks. The magnitude of intercommunicating vehicles compounds the difficulty of identifying dynamic and spatially-distant anomalies that elude static rules. Existing solutions, often rule-bound and inflexible, face challenges in dealing with novel threats. Hence, the diverse and evolving nature of potential threats underscores the necessity for more adaptive and robust detection frameworks, especially when considering the end consumer’s safety and privacy concerns.This paper introduces an innovative anomaly detection framework designed for VANETs. It employs a variational autoencoder (VAE) and optimizes multiple objectives: divergence, KL-divergence, and reconstruction error, using the AGE-MOEA and R-NSGA-III algorithms. Deployable within Roadside Units, it captures and analyzes broadcast vehicular data sequences, classifying messages as anomalous or normal to address not only the technological intricacies but also the paramount concern of consumer safety within the vehicular ecosystem. Experiments involve exploring various hyperparameters, with performance assessed using key metrics. The proposed framework undergoes comprehensive benchmarking against prior research, considering accuracy, precision, recall, and ROC-AUC. This underscores the efficacy of fully unsupervised learning and multi-objective optimization in enhancing VANETs security against emerging threats.

Background: Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring AI-driven chatbots, such as ChatGPT, as a resource for disease management and education. Objective: The study aims to evaluate ChatGPT’s accuracy and quality/clarity in providing nutritional management for Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), the Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, in accordance with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ guidelines. Methods: Three nutrition management-related domains were considered: (1) Dietary management, (2) Nutrition care process (NCP) and (3) Menu planning (1500 kcal). A total of 63 prompts were used. Two experienced dietitians evaluated the chatbot output’s concordance with the guidelines. Results: Both dietitians provided similar assessments for most conditions examined in the study. Gaps in the ChatGPT-derived outputs were identified and included weight loss recommendations, energy deficit, anthropometric assessment, specific nutrients of concern and the adoption of specific dietary interventions. Gaps in physical activity recommendations were also observed, highlighting ChatGPT’s limitations in providing holistic lifestyle interventions. Within the NCP, the generated output provided incomplete examples of diagnostic documentation statements and had significant gaps in the monitoring and evaluation step. In the 1500 kcal one-day menus, the amounts of carbohydrates, fat, vitamin D and calcium were discordant with dietary recommendations. Regarding clarity, dietitians rated the output as either good or excellent. Conclusion: Although ChatGPT is an increasingly available resource for practitioners, users are encouraged to consider the gaps identified in this study in the dietary management of T2DM and the MetS.

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising information-centric networking paradigm that addresses the limitations of the traditional IP-based Internet architecture. The core principle of NDN relies on content naming instead of host addressing, to provide efficient, secure, and scalable content delivery. Routing is a critical component of NDN and is responsible for discovering and maintaining optimal paths to named content. This paper presents a comprehensive review of routing techniques in NDN, focusing on the design principles, algorithms, and performance metrics, especially in wired network architecture. We first summarize the NDN architecture and discuss its key components. We then delve into the fundamental routing concepts in NDN and categorize and examine various routing techniques, including link state, distance vector, and centralized approaches based on Software Defined Network. We also summarize the relevant research efforts proposed to address NDN routing challenges by focusing more on wired network architecture. Finally, we identify open research issues and future directions in NDN routing, emphasizing the need for scalable, efficient, and secure routing techniques that can fulfill the growing demands of the modern Internet. In conclusion, this review serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in NDN, offering a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art routing techniques, limitations, and potential future advancements.

This study investigates the morphological and mineralogical characteristics of coarse mode particulate matter (PM10) over the Central Himalayan region of India (Nainital: 29.39°N, 79.45°E, 1958 m above mean sea level). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) techniques were employed for morphological and mineralogical analysis of PM10collected from January to December 2019. XRD and FTIR techniques identify crystalline phases, revealing minerals such as illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, quartz, dolomite, calcite, magnetite, hematite, gypsum, halite, mascagnite, augite, albite, wollastonite, and calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-A-S=-H) in PM10samples. SEM–EDX analysis confirms the presence of major elements i.e., Si, Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, S, Na, Ba, Ti, Zn, and Cl in PM10, indicating the diverse mineral formations. Elemental composition variations are observed, with Si, and Al being predominant. The minerals' elemental composition suggests geogenic sources (e.g., dust storms, rock weathering) for quartz, dolomite, albite, augite, etc., containing Al, Si, Na, Ca, Mg, and Fe. Meanwhile, illite, montmorillonite, mascagnite, hematite, calcium aluminium silicate, etc., with elements like Ca, Al, Si, Fe, K, Zn, Ti, Ba, S, and Cl, are linked to anthropogenic sources (e.g., demolition, construction, combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions). These findings contribute to a better understanding of air quality, environmental conditions, and potential health implications in the Central Himalayan region.

This study examined the rates of all-cause mortality and hazard ratio (HF) hospitalization in a large, nationwide cohort of patient with HF with and without a history of 29 autoimmune diseases (AIDs).Among HF patients, a history of AID was associated with higher mortality. Further research elucidating the explanations for the observed excess mortality is needed.Among HF patients, a history of AID was not associated with higher HF hospitalization.

Psilocybin (a classic serotonergic psychedelic drug) has received appraisal for use in psychedelic-assisted therapy of several psychiatric disorders. A less explored topic concerns the use of repeated low doses of psychedelics, at a dose that is well below the psychedelic dose used in psychedelic-assisted therapy and often referred to as microdosing. Psilocybin microdose users frequently report increases in mental health, yet such reports are often highly biased and vulnerable to placebo effects. Here we establish and validate a psilocybin microdose-like regimen in rats with repeated low doses of psilocybin administration at a dose derived from occupancy at rat brain 5-HT2Areceptors in vivo. The rats tolerated the repeated low doses of psilocybin well and did not manifest signs of anhedonia, anxiety, or altered locomotor activity. There were no deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of the startle reflex, nor did the treatment downregulate or desensitize the 5-HT2Areceptors. However, the repeated low doses of psilocybin imparted resilience against the stress of multiple subcutaneous injections, and reduced the frequency of self-grooming, a proxy for human compulsive actions, while also increasing 5-HT7receptor expression and synaptic density in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. These results establish a well-validated regimen for further experiments probing the effects of repeated low doses of psilocybin. Results further substantiate anecdotal reports of the benefits of psilocybin microdosing as a therapeutic intervention, while pointing to a possible physiological mechanism.

Public health and the underlying disease processes are complex, often involving the interaction of biologic, social, psychologic, economic, and other processes that may be nonlinear and adaptive and have other features of complex systems. There is therefore a need to push the boundaries of public health beyond single-factor data analysis and expand the capacity of research methodology to tackle real-world complexities. This article sets out a way to operationalize complex systems thinking in public health, with a particular focus on how epidemiologic methods and data can contribute towards this end. Our proposed framework comprises three core dimensions—patterns, mechanisms, and dynamics—along which complex systems may be conceptualized. These dimensions cover seven key features of complex systems—emergence, interactions, nonlinearity, interference, feedback loops, adaptation, and evolution. We relate this framework to examples of methods and data traditionally used in epidemiology. We conclude that systematic production of knowledge on complex health issues may benefit from: formulation of research questions and programs in terms of the core dimensions we identify, as a comprehensive way to capture crucial features of complex systems; integration of traditional epidemiologic methods with systems methodology such as computational simulation modeling; interdisciplinary work; and continued investment in a wide range of data types. We believe that the proposed framework can support the systematic production of knowledge on complex health problems, with the use of epidemiology and other disciplines. This will help us understand emergent health phenomena, identify vulnerable population groups, and detect leverage points for promoting public health.

This work investigates the adsorption and the photocatalytic degradation performance of dyes (methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO)) on the surface of raw bentonite (Raw-B) and doped bentonite with titanium oxide (TiO2-B). The bentonite was selected from the Nador region in northern Morocco, it was doped with various TiO2mass ratios. The structural, mineralogical and morphological composition of Raw-B and TiO2-B was characterized using several techniques including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The adsorption process of MB and MO were affected according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum removal capacity of MB and MO were around 60.97 and 142.85 mg/g, respectively. MB and MO degression ratios achieved 100% under a lamp irradiation at 245 nm. The results obtained show that the application of titanium oxide-doped bentonite has a very high performance in wastewater treatment.

In recent years, efforts to promote entrepreneurship as a possible career path for Chinese university students have intensified alongside the implementation of the official campaign of “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” (大众创业, 万众创新, dazhong chuangye, wanzhong chuangxin). Based on semi-structured interviews and long-term ethnographic fieldwork conducted at two Chinese elite universities, this article examines what motivates young Chinese to become entrepreneurs. It is argued that Chinese students imagine entrepreneurship as an alternative to ceaseless striving for high-paying jobs. They believe that becoming entrepreneurs will enable them to pursue their own interests, engage in meaningful projects, experience a life of excitement and variation, and become masters of their own time. This notion of the good life ties in with broader discourses of well-being that are currently proliferating among youth in urban China.

High-resolution regional model simulation of CO2may be more beneficial to reduce the uncertainty in estimation of CO2source and sink via inverse modeling. However, the study of atmospheric CO2transport with regional models is rare over India. Here, weather research and forecasting chemistry model adjusted for CO2(WRF-CO2) is used for simulating vertical profile of CO2and its assessment is performed over Delhi, India (27.4–28.6° N and 77–96° E) by comparing aircraft observations (CONTRAIL) and a global model (ACTM) data. During August and September, the positive vertical gradient (~ 13.4 ppm) within ~ 2.5 km height is observed due to strong CO2uptake by newly growing vegetation. A similar pattern (~ 4 ppm) is noticed in February due to photosynthesis by newly growing winter crops. The WRF-CO2does not show such steep increasing slope (capture up to 5%) during August and September but same for February is estimated ~ 1.7 ppm. Generally, CO2is quite well mixed between ~ 2.5 and ~ 8 km height above ground which is well simulated by the WRF-CO2model. During stubble burning period of 2010, the highest gradient within 2.5 km height above ground was recorded in October (− 9.3 ppm), followed by November (− 7.6 ppm). The WRF-CO2and ACTM models partially capture these gradients (October − 3.3 and − 2.7 ppm and November − 3.8 and − 4.3 ppm respectively). A study of the seasonal variability of CO2indicates seasonal amplitudes decrease with increasing height (amplitude is ~ 21 ppm at the near ground and ~ 6 ppm at 6–8 km altitude bin). Correlation coefficients (CC) between the WRF-CO2model and observation are noted to be greater than 0.59 for all the altitude bins. In contrast to simulated fossil CO2, the biospheric CO2is in phase with observed seasonality, having about 80% at the lowest level and gradually declines with height due to mixing processes, reaching around 60% at the highest level. The model simulation reveals that meteorology plays a significant role of the horizontal and vertical gradient of CO2over the region.

Perceived stigma related to infectious diseases is of public health importance and can adversely impact patients' physical and mental health. This study aims to identify the level of perceived stigma among COVID-19 survivors in Qatar and investigate its predictors.

Objective Th aim of this study is to explore the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone-based D-EYE ophthalmoscopy in the diagnosis of optic nerve head (ONH) abnormalities and screening for glaucoma.Methods This is a prospective clinical-based validation study performed on 90 patients recruited from a tertiary teaching hospital. Patients underwent dilated fundus examination by slit-lamp and smartphone-based D-EYE fundoscopy operated by two experienced ophthalmologists.Results The diagnostic accuracy of smartphone-based D-EYE ophthalmoscopy of normal vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) was acceptable (sensitivity 85.8%–96.4%; specificity 51.4%–96.4%). The D-EYE would often underestimate VCDR values as mean VCDR was significantly lower among overall and glaucoma cohorts (all p-value <0.001) for D-EYE in comparison with slit-lamp. In terms of ONH abnormalities, the D-EYE adequately demonstrated high sensitivity in the identification of only margins-related abnormalities (sensitivity 92.5%–96.6%). Overall, the diagnostic accuracy and agreement between expert ophthalmologists using the D-EYE and the reference slit-lamp examination were significantly poor.Conclusion We demonstrated that the D-EYE is a highly specific tool for VCDR within the normal range but not in patients with glaucoma. Despite being an easy and portable tool to measure VCDR, it is limited in terms of diagnosing ONH and blood vessel abnormalities.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemolytic anemia caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin gene of hemoglobin that leads to synthesis of sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in red blood cells (RBCs). HbS polymerizes in hypoxic conditions, leading to intravascular hemolysis, release of free hemoglobin and heme, and increased adhesion of blood cells to the endothelial vasculature, which causes painful vaso-occlusion and organ damage. HbS polymerization kinetics are strongly dependent on the intracellular HbS concentration; a relatively small reduction in cellular HbS concentration may prevent HbS polymerization and its sequelae. We hypothesized that iron restriction via blocking ferroportin, the unique iron transporter in mammals, might reduce HbS concentration in RBCs, thereby decreasing hemolysis, improving blood flow, and preventing vaso-occlusive events. Indeed, vamifeport (also known as VIT-2763), a clinical-stage oral ferroportin inhibitor, reduced hemolysis markers in the Townes model of SCD. The RBC indices of vamifeport-treated male and female Townes mice exhibited changes attributable to iron-restricted erythropoiesis: decreased corpuscular hemoglobin concentration mean and mean corpuscular volume, as well as increased hypochromic and microcytic RBC fractions. Furthermore, vamifeport reduced plasma soluble VCAM-1 concentrations, which suggests lowered vascular inflammation. Accordingly, intravital video microscopy of fluorescently labeled blood cells in the microvasculature of Townes mice treated with vamifeport revealed diminished adhesion to the endothelium and improved hemodynamics. These preclinical data provide a strong proof-of-concept for vamifeport in the Townes model of SCD and support further development of this compound as a potential novel therapy in SCD.

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth recurrent neoplasm in the world. In Iran, incidence of BC is the third most common among men. Few dietary patterns are related to reduced carcinogenesis and consequently are amenable to modification in order to reduce the BC risk. Adherence to the traditional Nordic diet, as measured by the Healthy Nordic Food Index (HNFI), have shown a beneficial effect on chronic disease prevention, including cancer. The principal objective of this study was to investigate the association between HNFI and the odds of BC in a case-control study, in Iran. Method: The present case-control study was performed on 100 eligible cases and 200 controls of patients ≥45 years old referred to three referral hospitals in Tehran. Dietary intakes are assessed by a valid 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The relationship between HNFI and BC is estimated using the logistic regression tests. Results: The average age of cases and control were 65.41 and 61.31 years, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders (age, smoke, total energy, and sex), participants in the highest tertile of HNFI (compared to the lowest tertile) have 83% lower BC risk (OR = 0.17; 95%CI = 0.07–0.42). Based on an independent assessment of HNFI component and BC risk, a significant negative association was observed for fish intake (OR = 0.30; 95%CI = 0.15– 0.60) and whole-grain bread intake (OR = 0.33; 95%CI = 0.17–0.63). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that adherence to traditional Nordic diet could decrease the risk of BC. Of the elements of this diet, fish and whole-grain bread consumption seemed to decrease the odds of BC. Such findings ought to be considered in the development of evidence-base intervention for BC prevention in the country.

This research aims to investigate the simulation of a pilot-scale photocatalytic reactor based on cobalt-doped ZnO films, where the photocatalyst films were initially assessed on a lab scale for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light. ZnO and cobalt-doped ZnO catalyst films were firstly synthesized by means of the spray pyrolysis technique. The catalyst films were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and diffuse spectroscopy (EDS) (DRS). The lattice parameters of cobalt-doped ZnO films, as well as their bandgap values and structures, have been computed applying the density functional theory (DFT). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to assess the effect of the main operating parameters (contact time, RhB concentration, and cobalt doping percentage) on the photocatalytic activity that achieved 93% using 10% of cobalt doping ZnO within 120 min. Aspen Plus was used to model and design the photocatalysis process at the pilot scale based on the lab-scale results. The findings of this study suggest that cobalt-doped ZnO films could be effectively used for the photodegradation of organic pollutants and offer potential perspectives on their large-scale application for the treatment of real liquid effluents using solar light.

Graphical Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of marination, natural antimicrobials, and packaging on the microbial population of chicken tawook during storage at 4°C. Chicken meat was cut into 10 g cubes and marinated. The chicken was then mixed individually with 0.5% or 1% (w/v) vanillin (VA), β-resorcylic acid (BR), or eugenol (EU), and stored under aerobic (AP) or vacuum (VP) packing at 4°C for 7 d. The marinade decreased microbial growth as monitored by total plate count, yeast and mold, lactic acid bacteria, and Pseudomonasspp. by about 1 log cfu/g under AP. The combination of marinade and antimicrobials under AP and VP decreased growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms by 1.5 to 4.8 and 2.3 to 4.6 log cfu/g, respectively. Change in pH in VP meat was less than 0.5 in all treated samples including the control. Marination decreased the lightness of the meat (L*) and significantly (p< 0.05) increased the redness (A*) and yellowness (B*). Overall acceptability was highest for marinated samples with 0.5% BR.

•Highlights different forms of post-mining potentials and their impact on regional development, especially for small and medium-sized towns.•Shows qualitative methodological approach in assessing projects utilizing natural, landscape-based potentials.•Provides an overview and examples for the utilisation of natural, landscape potentials in post-mining regions of central Europe.•Discusses frame work conditions for valorising these potentials.•Summaries the possible impact of utilisation of natural potentials in small and medium –sized mining towns in central Europe.

ABSTRACTTerahertz radiation offers a means to monitor the consolidation of paint layers on panel paintings, and to corroborate the efficacy of such treatments. This project aimed to locate air voids underneath paint layers to determine the need to consolidate them, and subsequently to evaluate the success of the consolidation process itself. To this end experiments were carried out on mock-up samples and one original panel painting. Computed tomography was used for comparative testing of terahertz measurements. The results show that terahertz radiation supports the detection of air voids beneath the paint layer and moreover can help to determine the success of the treatment by the change in the reflectance spectra of the consolidated area. However, terahertz radiation cannot be used to identify the consolidation agent as an individual phase and the application of these results to assessments of the condition of panel paintings is less clear. While further research on original works of art is necessary to contextualise the findings, this work nevertheless has shown that terahertz radiation can be effective for monitoring and controlling consolidation treatments.

Deciphering how neuronal diversity is established and maintained requires a detailed knowledge of neuronal gene expression throughout development. In contrast to mammalian brains1,2, the large neuronal diversity of the Drosophilaoptic lobe3and its connectome4–6are almost completely characterized. However, a molecular characterization of this neuronal diversity, particularly during development, has been lacking. Here we present insights into brain development through a nearly complete description of the transcriptomic diversity of the optic lobes of Drosophila. We acquired the transcriptome of 275,000 single cells at adult and at five pupal stages, and built a machine-learning framework to assign them to almost 200 cell types at all time points during development. We discovered two large neuronal populations that wrap neuropils during development but die just before adulthood, as well as neuronal subtypes that partition dorsal and ventral visual circuits by differential Wnt signalling throughout development. Moreover, we show that the transcriptomes of neurons that are of the same type but are produced days apart become synchronized shortly after their production. During synaptogenesis we also resolved neuronal subtypes that, although differing greatly in morphology and connectivity, converge to indistinguishable transcriptomic profiles in adults. Our datasets almost completely account for the known neuronal diversity of the Drosophilaoptic lobes, and serve as a paradigm to understand brain development across species.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and the third most deadly cancer worldwide. In Iran, CRC is the third and fifth most common cancer in females and males, respectively. Chronic oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of CRC and its precursor, colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAP). While there were a few studies that suggested a favorable role of individuals antioxidants on the CRC risk, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of diet has been less investigated. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the association of TAC with the odds of CRC and CAP. This is a case-control study. The participants were 130 cases with incident, histologically confirmed CRC, 134 cases with incident of CAP and 243 hospital-based controls. TAC has been assessed with dietary ferric-reducing antioxidant potential and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method based on collected dietary intake data through a reproducible and valid food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between the TAC and CRC and CAP odds were estimated by multiple logistic regression. After controlling for potential confounders, TAC was significantly associated with CRC and CAP odds. (ORQ3-Q1for CRC = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13–0.46, Ptrend = 0.001. ORQ3-Q1for CAP = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27–0.85, Ptrend = 0.01). The findings of this study suggested an inverse association between TAC and CRC and CAP risk.