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The purpose of this study is to characterize the epidemiology, injury patterns, outcomes and trends of non-accidental trauma (NAT) in the United States using a large national database. Children < 15 years presenting after NAT were identified in the 2007-2014 National Trauma Databank research datasets. Clinical and outcome data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression. Of 678,503 children admitted for traumatic injuries, 3% (19,149) were victims of NAT. The majority (95%) were under 5 years and 71% under 1 year old. The majority (59%) were male. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 10 (IQR:5-19). African Americans were disproportionally affected (27% vs 17% of all traumas), and the majority had public or no insurance (85%). Incidence was highest in the midwest and lowest in the northeast regions of the country, although trends varied over time. NAT resulted in 43% of trauma deaths in children < 1 year and 31% of trauma deaths in children < 5. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was the most commonly encountered diagnosis (50%). Polytrauma was common, and certain injury patterns were identified. Urgent operation was required in 6%, 43% were admitted to intensive care, and 9% died. Mortality was independently associated with TBI, thoracic injury, hollow viscus injury and older age. Non-accidental trauma is a leading cause of trauma mortality in young children. Multiple injuries are common, requiring comprehensive evaluation and early surgical involvement. The data presented in this study could serve as a guide to target injury prevention efforts. III Prognostic and Epidemiological [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is becoming a common approach to treat breast cancers. The most important advantage of NAT is the opportunity to evaluate the tumor response to treatment within few months after starting the medication. Pathology is the gold standard to determine the post therapy changes and response. An accurate and reproducible pathology report requires a multidisciplinary approach, a standard and appropriate handling of the gross specimen and recognizing the microscopic changes associated with a post NAT specimen. This review focuses on the standard approach for a post NAT breast specimen, based on the available guidelines and other related articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we have explored the effect of neoagarotetraose (NAT) on liver injury caused by intense exercise. Our results showed that NAT treatment obviously decreased liver weight (p < 0.01), improved the liver morphological structure, decreased ALT level (p < 0.05) and endotoxin (LPS) (p < 0.01). In addition, NAT could regulate bile acid profiles in feces and serum of mice, which indicated the potential of liver function, suggesting that NAT was effective to relieve intense exercise-induced liver injury. NAT could regulate the expression of colon genes. NAT tended to alter the microbial composition of mice under intense exercise. We uncovered the network interactions between liver traits and microbial communities in NAT treatment mice. Interestingly, our data indicated that intense exercise-induced liver injury may be related to Clostridiales. In summary, these results demonstrated that NAT relieved liver injury induced by intense exercise may be related to gut microbiota. NAT can effectively relieve liver injury induced by intense exercise. We uncovered the network interactions between liver traits and microbial communities in NAT treatment mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contributions to Oriental Philology / Prilozi za Orijentalnu Filologiju is the property of Orijentalni institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arylamine N -acetyltransferase (NAT; E.C. 2.3.1.5) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of several arylamine and hydrazine drugs by acetylation. In this process, the acetyl group transferred to the acceptor substrate produces NAT deacetylation and, in consequence, it is susceptible of degradation. Sirtuins are protein deacetylases, dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide, which perform post-translational modifications on cytosolic proteins. To explore possible sirtuin participation in the enzymatic activity of arylamine NATs, the expression levels of NAT1, NAT2, SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. The in situ activity of the sirtuins on NAT enzymatic activity was analyzed by HPLC, in the presence or absence of an agonist (resveratrol) and inhibitor (nicotinamide) of sirtuins. We detected a higher percentage of positive cells for NAT2 in comparison with NAT1, and higher numbers of SIRT1+ cells compared to SIRT6 in lymphocytes. In situ NAT2 activity in the presence of NAM inhibitors was higher than in the presence of its substrate, but not in the presence of resveratrol. In contrast, the activity of NAT1 was not affected by sirtuins. These results showed that NAT2 activity might be modified by sirtuins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the impact of efflux pump genes such as mmpL3 and mmpL7 on isoniazid (INH) resistance and to correlate with presence or absence of mutations in essential genes of INH resistance ( katG, inhA, and nat ) in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tuberculosis ). One hundred (75 resistant and 25 sensitive) clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from India were selected for the study. The presence of mutations in specific regions of katG, inhA, and nat, efflux pump genes ( mmpL3 and mmpL7 ) associated with INH resistance were analyzed using multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (MAS-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods, respectively. Substitution mutation AGC-ACC at codon 315 of the katG gene was detected in 65% of resistant isolates. Mutation (C-T at nucleotide position 15) in the inhA promoter region was seen in 22% of resistant isolates. Silent mutation (GGA to GGG) at codon 207 in the nat gene was found in three resistant isolates. No mutations were found in either of the efflux genes ( mmpL3 and mmpL7 ) in any of the isolates. Of the 75 resistant isolates analyzed, 74% had mutation in katG and inhA genes. Thus, this report suggests that the role of mmpL3 , mmpL7 and nat genes in INH resistance should not be overestimated in comparison to the primary contribution by katG and inhA in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis . Further, this concise report is the first of its kind to our knowledge, to show the influence of efflux genes on INH resistance in relation to katG and inhA in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blood transfusion safety commences with healthy donor recruitment. The threat of transfusion transmitted infections is greatly minimized by serological tools but not entirely eliminated. Recently, nucleic-acid testing for blood donor screening has virtually eliminated this jeopardy. Methods: This prospective study was conducted from February 2015 to February 2016. Samples from seronegative donors were run on multiplex assay (Cobas, S-201 system platform, Roche) in a batch of six [MP-NAT]. In case of reactive pool, tests were run on every individual sample [IDNAT]. Results: Of 16957 donors, 16836 (99.2%) were replacement donors and the remaining 121 (0.7%) were voluntary donors, with a mean age of 29.09 ± 7.04 years. After serologic screening of all 16957 donors, 955 (5.6%) were found to be reactive; 291(1.71%) were reactive for hepatitis-B surface antigen, 361 (2.12%) for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), 14 (0.08%) for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, 287 (1.69%) for syphilis and 2 (0.01%) for malaria. 14 (0.08%) NAT reactive donors were identified after testing the 16002 seronegative donors, with an overall NAT yield of one reactivity out of 1143 blood donations; 10 donors for HBV-DNA (HBV NAT yield-1:1600) and remaining 4 for HCV-RNA (HCV-NAT yield-1:4000). None were HIV positive. Conclusion: NAT has improved the safety attributes in blood products. Although the positivity rate for NAT testing is low but in view of the high prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in our country, we recommend the parallel use of both serology and NAT screening of all donated blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine cost-effectiveness of three community-based acute HIV infection (AHI) testing algorithms compared to HIV antibody testing alone by focusing on the potential of averting new infections occurring within a one-year time horizon among men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods: Data sources for model parameters included actual cost and prevalence data derived from a community-based AHI screening program in San Diego, and published studies. Main outcome measure was costs per infection averted (IA). The lower end of the cost range of discounted lifetime costs of an HIV infection (i.e. $236,948) was used for defining cost-effectiveness.Results: The most sensitive algorithm for AHI detection, which was based on HIV nucleic acid amplification testing, was estimated to prevent between 5 and 45 transmissions, with simulated costs per infection averted between $965 and $141,256 when compared to HIV antibody testing alone.Conclusion: AHI testing was cost-effective in preventing new HIV infections among at risk MSM in San Diego, and also among other MSM populations with similar HIV prevalence but lower proportions of AHI diagnoses. These results indicate that community-based AHI testing among MSM in the United States can pay for itself over the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate “The Niel-Asher Technique (NAT)” for adhesive capsulitis. Method Prospective observational multi-center study. Subjects 154 patients (113 from Israel, 25 from the UK and 16 from the US) with pain, stiffness and globally restricted gleno-humeral mobility shoulder for more than three months. Outcome measures Change in active range of motion (AROM) Flexion and Abduction of the gleno-humeral joint measured by a goniometer; changes in pain as evaluated by the patients on a linear Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle. Results Multivariate repeated measures analysis of covariance indicated that there was a significant improvement in AROM abduction and flexion across time, with no interaction between time and phase of illness (acute/stiff/resolving). The improvement in range of motion was significantly more pronounced in patients from Israel compared to the UK and US. Similarly, among patients from Israel, large and statistically significant reduction in the VAS pain score between baseline and post-treatment assessments was observed. Conclusions All patients demonstrated a significant improvement in AROM for both flexion and abduction. The data supports the notion that NAT is autonomously reproducible. NAT demonstrated significant improvement in AROM for both flexion and abduction with a consistent average of twelve degrees improvement per treatment session. The mean number of treatments was 7. NAT expedites both pain reduction and increased mobility for adhesive capsulitis over and above the natural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: To evaluate the presence of HBV-DNA in 22,765 consecutive blood donors, who donated blood in the period from January 2006 to August 2007 at a transfusion centre in Lazio, a region in central Italy with low HBV endemicity. Methods: Each donation was individually tested using immunoenzymatic assays and nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAT). Samples that were reactive to generic NAT, Procleix Ultrio Assay were tested for HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA and HIV1-RNA by Discriminatory Procleix Ultrio NAT Assay. In samples that were reactive to generic NAT and negative for HBsAg, HCV-RNA and HIV1-RNA, HBV-DNA was further tested using Cobas TaqMan and an in-house nested PCR following an ultracentrifugation step. Sequence analysis confirmed HBV-DNA positivity. Results: Generic NAT identified 31 (0.13%) reactive sera. HBV-DNA discriminatory NAT identified 15 positive sera; HBsAg was positive in 12 sera. Of the 5 generic NAT-reactive/discriminatory NAT-negative/HBsAg-negative sera and of the 3 HBsAg-negative/HBV-DNA discriminatory NAT-positive sera, 7 were positive to Cobas TaqMan or the in-house PCR after ultracentrifugation. The overall HBV-DNA positivity was 0.083% [19 of 22,765 donors: 12 HBsAg-positive (HBV-DNA range 102–104 IU/mL), 7 HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc positive (HBV-DNA<6IU/mL)]. Conclusions: For blood transfusion safety, the significance of the finding of very low HBV-DNA levels should be further investigated. Our data indicate that in areas with a low HBV endemicity, single NAT assays may not always identify blood donations with very low HBV-DNA levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Network Address Translation (NAT) is a technology allowing a number of machines to share a single IP address. This presents a problem for network forensics since it is difficult to attribute observed traffic to specific hosts. We present a model and algorithm for disentangling observed traffic into discrete sources. Our model relies on correlation of a number of artifacts left over by the NAT gateway which allows identification of sources. The model works well for a small number of sources, as commonly found behind a home or small office NAT gateway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Due to its flexibility, the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) has attracted a lot of attention recently. Most existing works, however, limit a MANET to being a stand-alone network. In this paper, we propose a two-tier MANET by extending the connectivity of the MANET to the Internet. Some hosts in the MANET are equipped with cellular interfaces and are called gateways, which can provide Internet connections. Such extension would greatly improve the connectivity of the MANET. To maintain seamless connectivity, we modify the Mobile IP to make traversing private networks (i.e., NAT) of cellular networks possible. We also propose a load-balancing routing protocol to utilize the cellular interfaces of gateways, which are likely to be bottlenecks to the Internet. A prototype is implemented and performance results obtained from the testbed are reported. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue Francaise des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) followed by total mesorectal excision is currently considered the standard of treatment for rectal adenocarcinoma. The degree of pathologic treatment response (pTR) correlates significantly with the recurrence free survival and overall survival (OS). However, it remains unclear which clinical and pathologic factors are associated with a more robust response to NAT, including showing pathologic complete response (pCR). Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) overexpression has been associated with unfavorable OS in some studies. In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinicopathologic determinants of pTR in neoadjuvant treated rectal adenocarcinoma (NAT-RA). We retrospectively identified 91 patients who underwent pre-treatment diagnostic biopsy, NAT, and surgical resection at our institution. The archival slides were reviewed for pathologic features in the pre-treatment biopsies and for assessment of pTR in the resection specimens according to the current College of American Pathologist (CAP)'s guidelines. pCR was obtained in 16.5% of the cases, whereas 20.9% had near pCR, 30.8% had partial response, and 31.9% had a poor/no response. CXCR4 immunohistochemical analysis was also performed on the pre-treatment biopsies. Lower pre-treatment cT-stage (p = 0.019) and pre-treatment AJCC cTNM stage groups (p = 0.004), longer time interval between completion of NAT and resection (p = 0.022), and presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the pre-treatment biopsies (p = 0.019) were significantly associated with a better pTR. CXCR4 nuclear expression was associated with a lower percentage of residual tumor (p = 0.036). Pre-treatment CEA levels, tumor differentiation, CAP treatment response groups and lower percentage of residual tumor were associated with a better OS. • Lower pre-treatment cT-stage was associated with better treatment response. • Lower AJCC cTNM stage groups were associated with better treatment response. • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with better treatment response. • CXCR4 nuclear expression was associated with a lower percentage of residual tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]