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The demand for self-determination of various nationalities has been central to the sociopolitical and cultural life of Assam, a northeastern state of India. The Statutory Autonomous Councils formed under the State Act are a non-territorial arrangement to address the question of self-determination without marking boundaries between co-habiting communities and therefore are a unique model of integration. However, this has led to conflicting situations reflecting how 'integration' emerges as a site of negotiation, redefines inter-community relationships, and challenges the state's intervention in the matter. Drawing from a village study, this article endeavours to probe self-determination as a tool of (dis)integration, as a site of negotiation and argues that the various ways of addressing the question of self-determination adopted by the new nation-state ultimately affect the historically produced inter-community relationships. Methodologically, the article seeks to revisit the promises of 'village study' through the multicultural habitat named Panbari, a village in the northeast of Assam, and reflects how the every day in a small village establishes a guiding conversation with the everyday in a multicultural nation-state of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE) / Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama is the property of Journal of Theory & Practice in Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study extends a pilot study from (Gatlin-Watts, Carson, and Maxwell, 2007) which examined the ethical perceptions of collegiate students from a university in the Southwest United States. Ethical perceptions were measured on ten ethical scenarios, which were grouped into two dimensions: Regulatory and Informational related ethics. The study explores the effect of demographic variables, i.e., age, gender, nationality, and language, on perceptions of ten individual ethical scenarios and two aggregated ethical perceptions among college students. Based on a sample of 922 respondents, age and gender significantly correlated with some of the ethical perception scenarios. Similarly, nationality and language showed a significant relationship with ethical perceptions. Limitations of this study include the limited sample size of international students and the relatively homogeneous sample comprised of mainly business students. Further studies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologija/Sociology: Journal of Sociology, Social Psychology & Social Anthropology is the property of MOD International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Europe's extraordinary response to those fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has prompted many criticisms of Europe's treatment of other refugees, and indeed people of colour and members of ethnic minorities fleeing Ukraine. While stark, this differentiated response in not unusual: The global refugee regime treats different refugees differently, as a matter of course. Refugees often encounter racialized migration controls, and systems which privilege some refugees over others. The article seeks to clarify when these practices violate the international legal prohibitions on discrimination on grounds of race and nationality. To do so, it focuses on race discrimination in general international human rights law, clarifying the interaction between general human rights principles and instruments, and the specialist instrument in the field, the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. We identify how differences in treatment on grounds of nationality may engage the prohibition on race discrimination both directly (in particular when nationality equates to national origin) or indirectly. Concerning nationality discrimination, the article focuses in particular on the added value of Article 3 of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, which obliges states to 'apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin.' We examine Article 3 both within the overall scheme of the Refugee Convention and as a source to guide interpretation of international human rights norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hotel bookings are increasingly made online, and many travelers rely on eWOM in the form of peer hotel reviews. These reviews potentially contain information of great relevance to the tourism industry and offer a unique and ever-expanding corpus of unsolicited data. If these data are investigated systematically, it may provide insights that would enable hotel managers to be proactive in their marketing. The present study focuses on the underresearched area of the potential impact of nationality on the reviews. Using a corpus of authentic American and German hotel reviews and the qualitative, phenomenologically inspired method of systematic text condensation, this study investigates the impact of national culture on review comments in order to establish whether nationality makes a difference for the themes and attitudes expressed. The data indicate that Americans are more likely to focus on old-world charm, romance, physical comfort, personal service/relations, and problemsolving than are Germans. The overall results of this qualitative study allow us to conclude that there are indeed differences between the German and the American reviews to a degree that is worth pursuing in future mixed-methods research and that may have practice implications for hotel managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary acculturation refers to how a migrant group adopts the eating patterns of the host country. It results in changes in dietary behavior, dietary intake, and nutritional status of this vulnerable group. Aim: To study dietary acculturation of international students in Pune, India. Methods: International students from three Universities in Pune were enrolled. Information on demography, dietary behavior, and dietary intake (using a food frequency questionnaire) was recorded using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The height and weight of the students were measured using standard, calibrated equipment. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: A total of 100 international students from Iran, Africa, and South Korea were grouped by nationality. Considerable variation was detected in the daily number of meals consumed, skipping meals, portion size changes, packaged food consumption, and supplement intake following migration between the groups. The intake of non-vegetarian food had declined drastically for all groups. However, the specific non-vegetarian item showing the greatest change differed according to the group's nationality. The intake of biscuits and cake had increased among all groups. African students showed an increase of 3.33 kg in body weight following migration. The intake of protein and micronutrients declined for all groups. Conclusions: This study highlights the changes in dietary behavior, dietary intake, and nutritional status of international students of different nationalities following migration to Pune, India. Thus, it emphasizes the need for nutrition interventions in international students in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVE: Winter swimming is a new sport discipline. Very little is known, however, about the sex differences, origin, participation and performance of the world's best winter swimmers. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate sex differences in performance and age. Furthermore, it should be determined which country has the fastest swimmers, the highest numbers of participants and the most successful age group athletes in winter swimming. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 6,477 results from the 25 m events of the IWSA (International Winter Swimming Association) World Cups from 2016-2020 was collected from the official website of IWSA. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma probability distribution and identity link function. The 25 m events were carried out in head-up breaststroke style, freestyle and butterfly. The nationalities were grouped into six groups, the five nationalities with the highest number of participants in the 25 m competitions and one group with the other nationalities. The mean time of 25 m races by sex and country of the total sample was compared. For the top 10 comparisons, the best ten athletes from the six groups were selected. The mean time of each top 10 groups was compared by sex and nationality. RESULTS: Men were faster than women for all categories. Swimmers in age group 15-29 years were the fastest, where females were the fastest in age group 15-19 years and males in age group 20-29 years. Women from both Russia and Estonia and men from both Russia and China were the fastest. Both Russian and Chinese males were the fastest in all water categories in the top 10 section in the 25 m events. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, males were faster than females in the IWSA World Cups between 2016 and 2020. The age group of 15-29 years old athletes was the most successful while females had their age of peak performance earlier than males. Russian and Estonian males and Russian females were the overall fastest in the 25 m events in all water categories. Future studies should investigate the optimal anthropometric characteristics of male and female winter swimming sprint athletes and whether there are distinct areas in Russia, Estonia and China, where many international winter swimming athletes originate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

»Corona, Sorge und politische Männlichkeit. Eine geschlechterkritische Perspektive auf das Regieren der COVID-19 Pandemie in Österreich«. The article departs from the contradiction that the importance of care for society was publicly acknowledged during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the pandemic response of the Austrian government did not challenge the structurally devalued status of care. In order to sustain the hegemonic patriarchal-capitalist governance of care and social reproduction in the pandemic government actors had to reframe care. We investigate government discourses that normalised its careless crisis management and interrogate the role political masculinity and affects played therein. Based on our analysis of a set of selected press conferences held in March 2020, we find that a new mode of rational- affective political masculinity was constitutive of the political management of COVID-19 crisis. With help of this hybrid mode of masculinity, political actors reinterpreted care first and foremost as healthcare and caring for the economy, and as caring for the population in terms of biopolitics. At the same time, caring tasks in the 'private' sphere were left to the personal responsibility of individuals and families. In order to generate consent, political actors frequently invoked affects that pertained to risk and danger on the one hand and solidarity and responsibility on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over eighty years, Sohn Kee Chung's accomplishment of winning the gold medal in the 1936 Olympics has been questioned due to his nationality that is listed in the records. This paper examines how an athlete could not represent his native country in the Olympics due to his country being under colonial rule. During the research, critical discourse analysis will be conducted on the records that have been released about Sohn Kee Chung. The goal of this paper is to show how Sohn's nationality was presented in the 1936 Olympics and what has been done to correct his identity recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Japanese Sociological Review / Shakaigaku Hyoron is the property of Japan Sociological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zgodovinski Casopis is the property of Zveza Zgodovinskih Drustev Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The safety of national traditional sports equipment is one of the basic conditions for the development of national traditional sports. Based on this, a fault detection technology of national traditional sports equipment based on optical microscope imaging technology is proposed. The concept of confocal fluorescence is integrated into the imaging system of an optical microscope to improve the axial resolution of optical microscope and enhance its microscopic imaging effect; the microscopic images of traditional national sports equipment are collected, and the mean filtering method is used to reduce the noise of the collected microscopic images of traditional national sports equipment, and the phase images after noise reduction are processed based on the error correction algorithm, the phase image after noise reduction is fused to build a fault free standard background image and calculate the gray mean value of all pixels in the micro image. If the gray value of the pixel is higher than the confidence interval, it is determined that there is a fault. The detection results show that the proposed method can effectively detect different types of fault information, achieve the expected goal of fault detection, and the average energy consumption in the detection process is about 0.47 J/s, which is lower than the other two technologies by more than 0.4 J/s, and the fault detection performance is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the responses of 772 students. Was their ethnicity related to their responses to ten general ethics dilemmas that are based on the work of Michael Sandel? Black people differed from Whites in their responses. Catholics and Jews had different attitudes. There were differences between those whose nationality was American and those of Eastern European origin. There were also ethical differences between participants born in East Asia and those born in the U.S. Finally, subjects whose primary language at home when growing up was English gave different moral answers than those who gave an East Asia language as their answer. Implications of these findings for educational institutions and for other businesses were discussed. The moral education of undergraduate and graduate students who differ in their ethnicity and an ethical consensus of employees in those organizations who honestly believe in diversity can provide an ongoing global competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to official records, after the First World War, 350,000 people either fled or moved to the territory of Hungary from the successor states. The actual number up to 1924 was probably around 400,000, or even as high as 420,000, taking into account the domestic affairs crisis in 1919, the initial disorder around registration and numerous illegal border crossings. The refugee problem was the major social ill of interwar Hungary and it resulted in massive political and economic consequences as well. The issue of citizenship also related closely to the refugee problem. Individuals who fled or moved to Hungary from the successor states needed to apply to keep their Hungarian citizenship in compliance with the Treaty of Trianon. Non-citizens dwelling in Hungary were likewise required to proactively apply for Hungarian citizenship. This was achievable for the claimants based on their municipal residences, however the acknowledgement and substantiation of inhabitancy was profoundly troublesome. The sparsely extant yet highly informative archival accounts that contain the personal data of optants--who were willing to keep or acquire Hungarian citizenship--are noteworthy sources of information on the Hungarian refugee problem between 1918 and 1924. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Habsburg Monarchy was a political entity giving home to great numbers of people of different nationalities and ethnicities. However, the dominant power in the structure of this multi-ethnic state was reserved for the Germans. Yet, the ever more emphatic demands of ethnic groups of other origins for more autonomy had a serious impact on the political and cultural supremacy of the Germans. Based on this recorded background, I will examine in the context of my paper to what extent Viennese music criticism of Franz Liszt's symphonic programme music proves to be influenced by the reception of his national facets of identity. To do justice to this concern, the first step is to gain an overview of what statements were made during the journalistic discourse on Liszt's symphonic programme music regarding its nationality. Building on this, it will be determined what function these statements had in the argumentative mediation of the aesthetic judgement on Liszt's programmatic compositions. Against the political background outlined above, the question arises as to whether the Hungarian-national facet of Liszt's identity in particular was instrumentalized by Viennese critics in order to strengthen negative judgments about his oeuvre by means of a politically motivated German-nationalist narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study identifies main characteristics of persons entering together into marriage in Slovakia in the period 1992 - 2018. We focus on the analysis of age, marital status, education and nationality of the engaged couple. The major question of the paper is whether the transformation of family and reproductive behavior in Slovakia is reflected in the patterns of assortative mating. The results of the analysis pointed to the fact that the Slovak marriage market and patterns of partner behavior still show a high degree of homogamy. Most partners entering the marriage have the same nationality, education and a similar age. However, we can identify features that clearly point to changes in the choice of partner and speak of its greater diversity. These are based on both structural (possibilities and opportunities to marry a particular person), social (social barriers between groups) and individual (preferences, values, etc.) factors, which undergo significant changes over the period. The wedding market is also "opening up" and modern patterns of partner behavior are gradually being added to the traditional patterns of assortative mating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Two Homelands / Dve Domovini is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

British Citizenship is facing significant contemporary challenges in terms of failure to include ethnic minority citizens in an equal manner within the legal rights and protection of citizenship. Some examples of such failure are the hostile environment laws which have resulted in discrimination and deportation of citizens, new hurdles in becoming a citizen, and cancellation laws for conduct which have affected citizens with migrant connections more than those born British and holding only British nationality. This paper investigates why such legal inequalities persist by tracing modern-day manifestations to the progress of law in this area from the days of subjecthood and empire. It finds that, despite changes in the nature of state and governance since days of empire, contemporary British citizenship has inbuilt legal inequalities which persist from the time of subjecthood. Present inequalities are not just remnants of empire; they are constructed on the legal archaeology of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ayubi judgment rules out the possibility that refugees holding a temporary residence permit are treated to a lower level of social assistance than nationals of the State which granted the status on the basis of the principle of national treatment established in art.29 of Directive 2011/95. The article comments on the Court's choice to interpret art.29 on the sole basis of art. 2 3 of the Geneva Convention, while ignoring the prohibition on discrimination on ground of nationality established in art. 18 TFEU and art.21(2) of the Charter. It relies on the Court's observations in Ayubi to raise doubts on the content of art.24 of Directive 2011/95. It takes inspiration from the application of the principle of non-discrimination in social assistance to a certain category of refugees in Ayubi to review the choice of Directive 2011/95 to allow States to grant individuals eligible for subsidiary protection a lower level of social assistance than refugees, on the basis of the Geneva Convention and of the general principle on equality of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 4 June 2020, Romania will celebrate 100 years since the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty. This event constituted an essential page in the history of the Romanian nation, which materialized in a peace treaty concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers, including Romania, with Hungary, as a successor state of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a defeated state in World War I. Under the mentioned peace treaty, the Great Powers acknowledged the union of Transylvania (and the eastern part of Banat) with Romania as well as the sovereign will of the Romanians in Transylvania expressed through a vote on 1 December 1918, that is, through the Resolution of the National Assembly of Alba Iulia. Beyond any historical and political-legal meanings of the Treaty of Trianon, this treaty represents in itself a document with strong spiritual connotations for Romanians, which justifies the need to celebrate its signing date through a solemn legislative act adopted by the Romanian Parliament. From this perspective, the author makes reference to a legislative proposal-undergoing its final adoption procedure-aiming to declare 4 June as the Trianon Treaty Day and to establish the appropriate steps for the proper celebration of this day at national and local level. The author also analyzes from a critical perspective two laws adopted by Hungary in 2010, namely a new law on the Hungarian nationality and a law on the "unity of the Hungarian nation," meant to "commemorate the Trianon Diktat." The political and legal analysis of the two Hungarian laws reveals the political will and the intent of the legislator from the neighboring country to call into question or even challenge the provisions or consequences of the Peace Treaty signed on 4 June 1920, which have been subsequently included in various major bilateral or multilateral international regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal is the property of World Health Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In destination image studies, researchers often compare individuals and groups with measurement scales. Classical Test Theory (CTT) assumes, when comparing groups, that the scale measures the same social psychological construct in all groups. The assurance of measurement invariance is a prerequisite for meaningful comparisons across groups. This article reviews theoretical and methodological issues regarding measurement invariance within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis, and aims to test the measurement invariance of the destination image scale by nationality and gender. Confirmatory factor analysis assures that scores obtained from a destination image measurement model can be generalized for three nationalities and gender groups. In this respect, the results of the survey provide evidence that the scale can deliver valid and reliable measurements in determining the characteristics of British, German, and Russian tourists without gender bias. Invariance test assures the measurement model to be invariant for both females and males and therefore it is appropriate to compare the results across genders. The findings of this research and analysis methods used provide valuable insights to destination image literature and cast light on the path for future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying text analysis and logic analysis, the authors probed into rule evolution and evolution characteristics regarding naturalized players in world football, and concluded the followings: rule evolution went through such 4 stages as early development, legal confirmation, gradual perfection and deepened reform; evolution characteristics embody the uniqueness of universal nationality, the strictness of long term residence principles, and the exclusiveness of official games. The authors analyzed the positive roles and existing cons of naturalized football players, such as that it is difficult for some fans to accept them in terms of national feeling, that they are the showing of Chinese football seeking quick success and instant benefits, that it is difficult for them to have intense national identity recognition, and that they affect the order of fair competition in domestic league matches. According to the pros and cons of naturalization, the authors the following strategies for naturalization in Chinese football: strengthen strategic naturalization and top level design, expedite naturalization policy practice; firmly implement appropriate naturalization policies, consolidate the football population foundation; conform to the interest need of the national team, maintain the fair competition environment of league matches; develop sense of national honor education, enhance the players' sense of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The native (L1) and foreign (L2) languages a person speaks are an important constituent part of their individual profile. This study explores the potential of eye tracking as a diagnostic tool that allows to reliably identify reader non-nativeness in L1 and L2 text reading. The eye movements of native Russian-speaking students with above-average proficiency in both the languages were tracked while they were reading L1 and L2 texts. For selected measurement types such as average fixation duration, some general distributional patterns were confirmed. However, L2 reading also evidenced some distinct features compared to L1 performance, despite the readers' high proficiency in both the languages. The distributional patterns for fixations and saccades in L1 and L2 reading can be informative to optimize adaptive thresholding algorithms of eye tracking based non-nativeness detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zgodovinski Casopis is the property of Zveza Zgodovinskih Drustev Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zgodovinski Casopis is the property of Zveza Zgodovinskih Drustev Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oikos: Lithuanian Migration & Diaspora Studies is the property of Lithuanian Emigration Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologija: Mintis ir Veiksmas is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nourishment of the concepts of 'nation' and 'nationalism' as political doctrines mainly by the European scholars since the 18th century altered the course of ideological action for the whole of the international community of states and their respective philosophies are still affecting deeply the global socio-political order. The establishment of the erstwhile "League of Nations" and "United Nations" after the World War I and II respectively was the ultimate practical manifestation of the said notions. The map of the world has substantially been changed since World War II because of the infiltration of the concepts of 'self-determination' and 'self-rule' into communities oppressed by European imperialism and the consequent emergence of various countries as independent states after the downfall of the colonial empires. Scholars, however, agree that because of the lack of cultural and ethnic homogeneity within their respective social fabric, many of these new states are still states without nations hence can be classified as nations in being or nations in hope. Time and again, the ruling elite in such states has to confront and suppress the sub-national tendencies, which often turn into violent demonstrations in pursuit of their objectives. Keeping in view the importance of the subject, the present study comparatively analyzes the philosophical evolution of the doctrines of 'nation' and 'nationalism' propounded by various scholars and establishes that these key political concepts have varied ideological bases and their applicability depends upon the social context and historical evolution of every society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Outre-Mers: Revue d'Histoire is the property of Societe Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre Mer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kenji Miyazawa(1896-1933) is a well-known writer in fairy tales and a poet in Japan. His fairy tales are considered as a special existence in Japanese literature. This paper attempts to explore the consciousness of harmony in Kenji Miyazawa's literature and the reasons for the formation of this kind of consciousness through his imaginary fairy tale world. Kenji Miyazawa is pursing harmonious symbiosis between man and nature throughout his life, and advocates the harmony between people. This paper will thoroughly analyze the texts of his fairy tales in detail and reveal the consciousness of harmony in his fairy tales. This aesthetic consciousness comes from Kenji Miyazawa's personal unconsciousness as his special experiences and psychological unconsciousness help him choose consciousness of harmony. Kenji Miyazawa's fairy tales inherited and embodied the consciousness of harmony which has formed since ancient Japan and presents the harmonious national personality of Japanese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores perceptions of risk-related factors that may discourage travel to the summer Olympics. Specifically, the research analyzes the degree to which risks related to environmental concerns, instability, and personal limitations impacted travel intentions to the 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the 2020 Games in Tokyo, Japan which were held without spectators due to a global pandemic. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the degree to which risk-related factors significantly impacted Olympic tourism intentions. Methods: Almost identical surveys were administered in the United States (U.S.) and the People's Republic of China approximately two months before the opening ceremony for the 2016 Rio Olympics and again before the originally scheduled 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The only change to the updated 2020 instrument was replacing the Zika virus with Covid-19 as one of the variables measured. Analysis of Variances (ANOVAs) and Dunnett's Planned Comparison were used for the statistical analysis. Results: The study herein represented an analysis of 882 responses including 728 usable surveys from 2016 and 154 from 2020. Risks that related to instability and environmental health that were uncertain in nature were perceived to be greater deterrents to Olympic tourism than known risks related to personal limitations. When conducting paired comparisons of risk factors that would deter travel to the summer Olympics, 17 significant differences were found between the mean scores. Conclusions: Perceptions of travel risks that are uncertain or unable to be controlled are typically a greater deterrent to Olympic tourism than risks that are certain and seemingly able to be controlled. Application in Sport: Understanding the types and degree to which risk factors influence travel intentions to the summer Olympics or a mega-event can assist organizers in framing communications with potential visitors and local businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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