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A promising approach to prevent heat- and cold-related illnesses is the integration of zero-energy input control technology into personal thermal management (PTM) systems while reducing energy consumption. However, achieving optimal wearing comfort while maintaining subambient metabolic temperatures using thermally regulating materials without an energy supply remains challenging. In this study, we provide a simple and reliable methodology to produce a phase-changeable metafabric made of thermoplastic polyurethane and phase change capsule (PCC) particles with high moisture permeability and thermal comfort. This approach skillfully incorporates spray-formed PCC particles into a three-dimensional nanofibrous aggregate, forming a stable self-entangled network structure in a single step through simultaneous humidity-assisted electrospraying and electrospinning processes. Additionally, the metafabric demonstrates prominent water resistance and superhydrophobicity, which are attributed to the integration of PCC particles and nanofibers, resulting in the formation of a microporous/nanoporous structure resembling the surface of a lotus leaf. As a result, the phase-changeable metafabric shows an active and passive thermal control performance, with a water vapor transmittance rate of 13.1 kg m–2d–1and a phase change enthalpy of 115.05 J g–1even after 100 thermal cycles. Furthermore, it displays excellent waterproofing capability, characterized by a water contact angle of 158.7° and the ability to withstand a high hydrostatic pressure of 87 kPa. In addition, the metafabric exhibits a good mechanical performance, boasting a tensile strength of 10.5 MPa. Overall, the proposed economical metafabric is an exemplary candidate material for next-generation PTM systems.

Methylsiloxanes have gained growing attention as emerging pollutants due to their toxicity to organisms. As man-made chemicals with no natural source, most research to date has focused on volatile methylsiloxanes from personal care or household products and industrial processes. Here, we show that methylsiloxanes can be found in primary aerosol particles emitted by vehicles based on aerosol samples collected in two tunnels in São Paulo, Brazil. The aerosol samples were analyzed with thermal desorption-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (TD-PTR-MS), and methylsiloxanes were identified and quantified in the mass spectra based on the natural abundance of silicon isotopes. Various methylsiloxanes and derivatives were found in aerosol particles from both tunnels. The concentrations of methylsiloxanes and derivatives ranged 37.7–377 ng m–3, and the relative fractions in organic aerosols were 0.78–1.9%. The concentrations of methylsiloxanes exhibited a significant correlation with both unburned lubricating oils and organic aerosol mass. The emission factors of methylsiloxanes averaged 1.16 ± 0.59 mg kg–1of burned fuel for light-duty vehicles and 1.53 ± 0.37 mg kg–1for heavy-duty vehicles. Global annual emissions of methylsiloxanes in vehicle-emitted aerosols were estimated to range from 0.0035 to 0.0060 Tg, underscoring the significant yet largely unknown potential for health and climate impacts.

Microbial reduction is an economical and environmentally benign route to deal with high-toxic Cr6+widely present in aquatic environments, but faces major challenges such as cytotoxicity and insufficient organic electron donors. Herein, we propose a route for the removal of Cr6+from water using a ternary FeS/reduced graphene oxide/Shewanella oneidensisMR-1 (FeS/rGO/MR-1) hybrid with external electricity supply at an electrode potential of −0.36 V. The biohybrid with excellent redox activity is in-situ biosynthesized by virtue of the versatile metabolic pathway and powerful extracellular electron transfer ability of MR-1 cells without the need of organic carbon sources. The biohybrid is directly used to remove Cr6+under the condition of continuous electricity input, the removal rate is negatively correlated with the applied electrode potential. Compared with binary FeS/MR-1 and rGO/MR-1 counterpart, the FeS/rGO/MR-1 hybrid achieves an improved ability to remove Cr6+at an initial concentration of 20 mg L−1in three consecutive batches due to the synergistic effect. The FeS is the main active component for rapid chemical reduction of Cr6+because of its highly reducible Fe2+and S2-, and rGO acts as the bridge to accelerate electron transfer from the applied electrode to MR-1 cells. Then, the MR-1 cells use the obtained electrons for FeS regeneration, which in turn reduces Cr6+again, resulting in the precipitation of less toxic Cr3+[Cr(OH)3and Cr2O3] in the biohybrid. This study provides a feasible route for removal of toxic Cr6+from water lacking organic electron donor by in-situ synthesis of biohybrid with external electricity supply.

The chromophores responsible for light absorption in atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) are not well characterized, which hinders our understanding of BrC chemistry, the links with optical properties, and accurate model representations of BrC to global climate and atmospheric oxidative capacity. In this study, the light absorption properties and chromophore composition of three BrC fractions of different polarities were characterized for urban aerosol collected in Xi’an and Beijing in winter 2013–2014. These three BrC fractions show large differences in light absorption and chromophore composition, but the chromophores responsible for light absorption are similar in Xi’an and Beijing. Water-insoluble BrC (WI-BrC) fraction dominates the total BrC absorption at 365 nm in both Xi’an (51 ± 5%) and Beijing (62 ± 13%), followed by a humic-like fraction (HULIS-BrC) and high-polarity water-soluble BrC. The major chromophores identified in HULIS-BrC are nitrophenols and carbonyl oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with 2–3 aromatic rings (in total 18 species), accounting for 10% and 14% of the light absorption of HULIS-BrC at 365 nm in Xi’an and Beijing, respectively. In comparison, the major chromophores identified in WI-BrC are PAHs and OPAHs with 4–6 aromatic rings (in total 16 species), contributing 6% and 8% of the light absorption of WI-BrC at 365 nm in Xi’an and Beijing, respectively.

Topramezone is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor. Due to its broad-spectrum, high efficiency, and low toxicity, topramezone is a candidate herbicide for the construction of genetically modified (GM) herbicide-resistant crops. In the present study, we screened a topramezone-resistant isolate Sphingobiumsp. TPM-19 and cloned a topramezone-resistant HPPD gene (SphppD) from this isolate. SpHPPD shared the highest similarity (53%) with an HPPD from Vibrio vulnificusCMCP6. SpHPPD was synthesized in Escherichia coliBL21(DE3) and purified to homogeneity using Co2+-affinity chromatography. SpHPPD was found to be a monomer. The Kmand kcatof SpHPPD for 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) were 82.8 μM and 15.0 s–1, respectively. SpHPPD showed high resistance to topramezone with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and Kivalues of 5.2 and 2.5 μM, respectively. Additionally, SpHPPD also showed high resistance to isoxaflutole (DKN) (IC50: 8.7 μM; Ki: 6.0 μM) and mesotrione (IC50: 4.2 μM; Ki: 1.3 μM) and moderate resistance to tembotrione (IC50: 2.5 μM; Ki: 1.0 μM). The introduction of the SphppDgene into Arabidopsis thalianaenhanced obvious resistance against topramezone. In conclusion, this study provides a novel topramezone-resistant HPPD gene for the genetic engineering of GM herbicide-resistant crops.

Microbial degradation plays a major role in the dissipation of pendimethalin, and nitroreduction is an initial and detoxicating step. Previously, a pendimethalin nitroreductase, PNR, was identified in Bacillus subtilisY3. Here, another pendimethalin nitroreductase from strain Y3, LNR, was identified. LNR shares only 40% identity with PNR and reduces the aromatic ring C-6 nitro group of pendimethalin and both nitro groups of trifluralin, butralin, and oryzalin. The catalytic activities against the four dinitroanilines were much higher for LNR than for PNR. lnrdeletion significantly reduced the pendimethalin-reduction activity (60% activity loss), while pnrdeletion led to only 30% activity loss, indicating that both LNR and PNR were involved in pendimethalin nitroreduction in strain Y3; however, LNR played the major role. This study facilitates the elucidation of pendimethalin catabolism and provides degrading enzyme resources for the removal of dinitroaniline herbicide residues in environment and agricultural products.

Organosulfates (OSs) have been observed as substantial constituents of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) in a wide range of environments; however, the chemical composition, sources, and formation mechanism of OSs are still not well understood. In this study, we first created an “OS precursor map” based on the elemental composition of previous OS chamber experiments. Then, according to this “OS precursor map”, we estimated the possible sources and molecular structures of OSs in atmospheric PM2.5(particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) samples, which were collected in urban areas of Beijing (China) and Mainz (Germany) and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. On the basis of the “OS precursor map”, together with the polarity information provided by UHPLC, OSs in Mainz samples are suggested to be mainly derived from isoprene/glyoxal or other unknown small polar organic compounds, while OSs in Beijing samples were generated from both isoprene/glyoxal and anthropogenic sources (e.g., long-chain alkanes and aromatics). The nitrooxy-OSs in the clean aerosol samples were mainly derived from monoterpenes, while much fewer monoterpene-derived nitrooxy-OSs were obtained in the polluted aerosol samples, showing that nitrooxy-OS formation is affected by different precursors in clean and polluted air conditions.

Brown carbon (BrC) affects the Earth's radiative balance due to its strong light absorption at short wavelengths. A custom‐made combustion chamber was used to simulate biomass and coal burning and to investigate the emission characteristics of BrC absorption. Absorption Ångström exponents (AAEs) at the wavelength pair of 370 and 880 nm ranged from 1.19 to 3.25, suggesting the possible existence of BrC in biomass‐ and coal‐burning emissions. Based on the assumption that AAEBC= 1.0, BrC from biomass burning contributed to 41–85% of the total particles light absorption at 370 nm, which is much higher than that from coal burning (15–18%). The estimated absorption emission factors of BrC at 370 nm for biomass and coal burning were 15–47 and 2–13 m2/kg, respectively. A 10 × 10 km gridded BrC optical emission inventory for biomass and coal burning in China for 2015 was developed based on the measured absorption emission factors of BrC values and high‐resolution activity data. The total annual BrC absorption cross section emissions from biomass and residential coal burning were 4,194 Gm2(relative uncertainty at the 95% confidence level of −33.2, 41.2%) and 615 Gm2(−39.3, 40.1%), respectively. These results should be useful for improving estimates of the radiative effects of BrC in China. Brown carbon contributes 15–18% to the total particles light absorption at 370 nm from residential coal burning based on AAEBC= 1.0Residential coal burning has lower absorption emission factors of brown carbon at 370 nm than biomass burningHigh‐resolution maps of optical emission inventories for biomass and residential coal burning were developed for China

To explore the mechanism of necrotic effect of nourishing cells in the context of genital tract infection in premature rupture of membranes (PROM). One hundred eight patients with PROM treated at our hospital from June 2020 to June 2022 were selected as the PROM group. Simultaneously, 108 cases of normal full-term pregnant women were chosen as the control group. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the relative expression levels of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and interleukin (IL)-1β proteins, which are associated with necrosis of placental nourishing cells, in the placenta of both groups. TUNEL staining was used to detect the number of apoptotic placental nourishing cells. The differences in necrotic factors of placental nourishing cells were analyzed between full-term and preterm cases in the PROM group, as well as among patients with different genital tract infections. The apoptotic count of placental nourishing cells in the PROM group was 58.46 ± 11.26 cells/field, which was markedly higher than that of the control group (P < .05). The relative expression levels of the necrotic factors Caspase-1, Caspase-3, NLRP3, and IL-1β proteins in placental nourishing cells of the PROM group were 1.32 ± 0.26, 1.19 ± 0.30, 1.29 ± 0.28, and 1.23 ± 0.24, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < .05). The relative expression levels of the necrotic factors Caspase-1, Caspase-3, NLRP3, and IL-1β proteins in placental nourishing cells were compared between full-term and preterm patients in the PROM group (P > .05). The relative expression levels of the necrotic factors Caspase-1, Caspase-3, NLRP3, and IL-1β proteins in placental nourishing cells were higher in patients with multiple genital tract infections compared to those with single infections or no infections in the PROM group (P < .05). PROM is associated with a significant upregulation of placental nourishing cell apoptosis and necrotic factors, including Caspase-1, Caspase-3, NLRP3, and IL-1β proteins. This upregulation is correlated with the presence of genital tract infections.

Considering woods used as the primary fuel in the countryside of Guanzhong Plain and its emission impacts on environment and human health. Five kinds of common wood fuels (Persimmon tree, Pear tree, Apple tree, Jujube, and Peach) were collected and burned in a laboratory combustion chamber with a common stove to identify emission characteristics of PM2.5and trace gases (i.e., CO2, CO, NOx, and SO2). The average EFs of wood burning were estimated to be 1401 ± 71 g kg−1for CO2, 53.48 ± 11.83 g kg−1for CO, 1.48 ± 0.54 g kg−1for NOx, 0.53 ± 0.19 g kg−1for SO2,and 3.01 ± 0.72 g kg−1for PM2.5, respectively. PM2.5mass reconstruction for the five tree samples demonstrated excellent results, ranged from 80.7 to 98.4%. OC, EC, and water-soluble ions (sum of Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42−, NO3−, and Cl−) are major constituents of PM2.5, accounting for average abundance of 29.86 ± 2.03, 15.65 ± 1.07, and 17.51 ± 6.24% of the mass, respectively. The average EFs of OC and EC in PM2.5were 910 ± 279 mg kg−1and 465 ± 279 mg kg−1, and EC1 was the dominant carbon fraction with average abundance of 44 ± 3% of total carbon. Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl−) were the dominant water-soluble ions, with average abundance of 4.69 ± 2.51, 3.81 ± 2.13, and 3.30 ± 2.45% of PM2.5mass. Similarity measures (i.e., Student’s ttest, coefficient of divergence) showed that the five profiles derived in this study were similar for the species measured, which indicates that those profiles could be replaced by each other for PM2.5source apportionment. Finally, the emission of woods burning in Guanzhong Plain was estimated. The total emission in 2016 was 14,924.6 Gg for CO2, 569.9 Gg for CO, 15.8 Gg for NOx, 5.6 Gg for SO2,and 32.1 Gg for PM2.5, respectively.

Light-absorbing organic carbon (i.e., brown carbon or BrC) in the atmospheric aerosol has significant contribution to light absorption and radiative forcing. However, the link between BrC optical properties and chemical composition remains poorly constrained. In this study, we combine spectrophotometric measurements and chemical analyses of BrC samples collected from July 2008 to June 2009 in urban Xi’an, Northwest China. Elevated BrC was observed in winter (5 times higher than in summer), largely due to increased emissions from wintertime domestic biomass burning. The light absorption coefficient of methanol-soluble BrC at 365 nm (on average approximately twice that of water-soluble BrC) was found to correlate strongly with both parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (parent-PAHs, 27 species) and their carbonyl oxygenated derivatives (carbonyl-OPAHs, 15 species) in all seasons (r2> 0.61). These measured parent-PAHs and carbonyl-OPAHs account for on average ∼1.7% of the overall absorption of methanol-soluble BrC, about 5 times higher than their mass fraction in total organic carbon (OC, ∼0.35%). The fractional solar absorption by BrC relative to element carbon (EC) in the ultraviolet range (300–400 nm) is significant during winter (42 ± 18% for water-soluble BrC and 76 ± 29% for methanol-soluble BrC), which may greatly affect the radiative balance and tropospheric photochemistry and therefore the climate and air quality.

A series of warm-toned long-lasting phosphor composite PMMA/RECC@SAOED were prepared by coating various concentrations of coumarin type red-emitting color converter (RECC) on the surface of yellowish-green emitting long-lasting phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ (SAOED) with the aid of PMMA encapsulation. The specific dynamic variation process of the phosphorescent color of PMMA/RECC@SAOED composites in darkness was systematically investigated. Results indicate that the perceived phosphorescent color of PMMA/RECC@SAOED undergoes an overall gradual shift toward blue in darkness after the removal of the excitation light, and the extent of this shift increases gradually with the increase of RECC. This work provides new perspectives in producing warm-toned emitting phosphors and investigating luminescent color.

Particulate secondary organic nitrates play a key role in understanding secondary organic aerosol production, ozone formation, and the atmospheric nitrogen cycle. However, the formation of particulate secondary organic nitrates in ambient air remains poorly understood. In this study, the nighttime formation processes of particulate secondary organic nitrates were investigated based on size‐resolved aerosols measured in urban air of China with a soot particle long‐time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer. The results show a bimodal size distribution of particulate secondary organic nitrates, peaking at ∼350 nm in condensation mode (100–400 nm) and ∼750 nm in droplet mode (400–2,500 nm), respectively. The nighttime formation processes of particulate secondary organic nitrates in the two size modes were respectively governed by temperature‐dependent condensation and aqueous‐phase processing. In particular, the mass concentration of particulate secondary organic nitrates in condensation mode was positively correlated with nitrate radical production and negatively correlated with temperature, suggesting that the formation processes were associated with the gas‐particle conversion of nitrate radical oxidation products. In contrast, the enhanced particulate secondary organic nitrates in droplet mode were predominantly contributed by aqueous‐phase processing, as indicated by the strong positive correlation with aerosol liquid water content and typical fragment ions from aqueous processing products (r= 0.52–0.59, P< 0.01). Our results highlight the potential of a size‐dependent mechanism to elucidate the formation processes of particulate secondary organic nitrates. Particulate organic nitrates are an important nitrogen‐containing compound in the ambient atmosphere and have significant effects on air quality. However, the formation processes of particulate organic nitrates are complex in ambient air, leading to difficulties in understanding of their atmospheric processes and impacts. Here, nighttime formation of particulate secondary organic nitrates in different size particles is investigated in urban air. The results show that the nighttime formation pathways of particulate secondary organic nitrates in different size particles are distinct. Furthermore, aqueous processing plays an important role in the nighttime formation of particulate secondary organic nitrates in large size particles, especially in fog‐rain days. This information provides for a better understanding of the formation of particulate secondary organic nitrates in ambient air and is useful for future design of laboratory and atmospheric chemistry model studies. Particulate secondary organic nitrates concentrations were significantly enhanced during fog‐rain days compared to non‐fog‐rain daysSize distributions of secondary organic nitrates were characterized by bimodal structure, peaking at ∼350 and ∼750 nm, respectivelyThe nighttime formation of organic nitrates in two size modes was respectively dominated by gas‐particle partitioning and aqueous processing Particulate secondary organic nitrates concentrations were significantly enhanced during fog‐rain days compared to non‐fog‐rain days Size distributions of secondary organic nitrates were characterized by bimodal structure, peaking at ∼350 and ∼750 nm, respectively The nighttime formation of organic nitrates in two size modes was respectively dominated by gas‐particle partitioning and aqueous processing

Carbonaceous aerosol plays an important role in climate, but its sources and atmospheric processes are least understood in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), a remote yet climatically sensitive region. This study presents the first seasonal cycle of radiocarbon and stable isotope 13C of organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) in the atmosphere of the northeastern TP. Large seasonal variations of EC and OC concentrations were explained by non‐fossil sources. Regardless of the season, fossil contribution to OC was strongly correlated with inverse OC concentrations. This allowed the separating a constant background source and a source responsible for OC variability that was mostly of non‐fossil origin. The 13C signature of OC shows that OC was highly atmospherically processed and thus less volatile than OC found near sources or in urban areas. The 13C‐depleted secondary sources contributed strongly to more volatile OC, whereas the 13C‐enriched less volatile OC suggests the influence of atmospheric aging. The climate effects of carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) are highly uncertain and debated. The high‐altitude Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to climate change, however, sources and atmospheric processes of CAs in the TP are poorly known. This is particularly challenging for organic aerosols, due to the large number of species involved in their formation and transformation processes in the atmosphere. In recent years, dual‐carbon isotope characterization (i.e., radiocarbon 14C and the stable carbon isotope 13C) has become a promising tool to elucidate the sources and formation processes of organic aerosols. With this approach, we found that organic aerosols in the northeastern TP (Qinghai Lake) are highly atmospheric processed, and their seasonal variability is driven by a variable largely non‐fossil source. Findings from this study lead to a better understanding of the sources and formation mechanisms of organic aerosols in different seasons, and thus organic aerosols' effects on climate change. High seasonality of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) was driven by non‐fossil sourcesIn the monsoon season, low EC and OC concentrations reflected local sources, with most evident contributions from fossil sourcesOC in the northeastern TP was highly atmospherically processed and thus less volatile compared to OC near sources or in urban areas High seasonality of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) was driven by non‐fossil sources In the monsoon season, low EC and OC concentrations reflected local sources, with most evident contributions from fossil sources OC in the northeastern TP was highly atmospherically processed and thus less volatile compared to OC near sources or in urban areas

To investigate the regional transport and dry deposition of black carbon (BC) aerosol in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, continuous equivalent BC (eBC) mass concentrations were measured at a high-altitude remote site of Lulang from July 2008 to July 2009. The bivariate polar plots for eBC mass concentrations showed that large eBC values were often associated with low winds (< 2 m s−1) during the pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons. Moreover, strong winds (> 4 m s−1) from southeast or northeast also contribute to the large eBC loadings during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The concentration-weighted trajectory analysis showed that emissions from the eastern Kingdom of Bhutan, Assam of India, and southern Shannan Prefecture of Tibet had the most important contributions to the eBC pollution at Lulang during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. In contrast, the eBC potential source region shifted to the east and southeast of Lulang during the post-monsoon and to the north India and northwest Nepal during the winter. The estimated eBC deposition rate was the highest for the pre-monsoon (6.3–62.6 μg eBC m−2day−1), followed by the post-monsoon (4.6–45.9 μg eBC m−2day−1), winter (4.3–43.1 μg eBC m−2day−1), and monsoon (2.4–24.5 μg eBC m−2day−1). Further calculations of eBC concentrations in the snow surface were 33.3–333.2, 61.5–614.7, 27.0–269.9, and 58.8–587.6 μg kg−1during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively, which resulted in the snow albedos being reduced by 2.6–25.3, 4.7–46.6, 2.1–20.5, and 4.5–44.5% accordingly.

The voltammetric behavior of α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) has been investigated in acetate buffer solution. Under the optimum experimental conditions (pH 4.5, 0.2 M NaAc‐HAc buffer solution), a sensitive reductive wave of α‐KG was obtained by linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and the peak potential was −1.18 V (vs. SCE), which was an irreversible adsorption wave. The kinetic parameters of the electrode process were α=0.3 and ks=0.72 1/s. There was a linear relationship between peak current ip, α‐KGand α‐KG concentration in the range of 2×10−6–8×10−4M α‐KG. The detection limit was 8×10−7M and the relative standard deviation was 2.0% (Cα‐KG=8×10−4M, n=10). Applications of the reductive wave of α‐KG for practical analysis were addressed as follows: (1) It can be used for the quantitative analysis of α‐KG in biological samples and the results agree well with those obtained from the established ultraviolet spectrophotometric method. (2) Utilizing the complexing effect between α‐KG and aluminum, a linear relationship holds between the decrease of peak current of α‐KG Δipand the added Al concentration CAlIIIin the range of 5.0×10−6–2.5×10−4M. The detection limit was 2.2×10−6M and the relative standard deviation was 3.1% (CAlIII=4×10−5M, n=10). It was successfully applied to the detection of aluminum in water and synthetic biological samples with satisfactory results, which were consistent with those of ICP‐AES. (3) It was also applied to study the effect of AlIIIon the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity in the catalytically reaction of α‐KG+NH$\rm{ {_{4}^{+}}}$+NADH⇌L‐glutamate+NAD++H2O by differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. By monitoring DPP reductive currents of NAD+and α‐KG, an elementary important result was found that Al could greatly affect the activity of GDH. This study could be attributed to intrinsic understanding of the aluminum's toxicity in enzyme reaction processes.

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to characterize the light absorption of brown carbon (BrC) from primary and photochemically aged coal combustion emissions. Light absorption was measured by the UV–visible spectrophotometric analysis of water and methanol extracts of filter samples. The single-scattering albedo at 450 nm was 0.73 ± 0.10 for primary emissions and 0.75 ± 0.13 for aged emissions. The light absorption coefficient at 365 nm of methanol extracts was higher than that of water extracts by a factor of 10 for primary emissions and a factor of 7 for aged emissions. This suggests that the majority of BrC is water-insoluble even after aging. The mass absorption efficiency of this BrC (MAE365) for primary OA (POA) was dependent on combustion conditions, with an average of 0.84 ± 0.54 m2g–1, which was significantly higher than that for aged OA (0.24 ± 0.18 m2g–1). Secondary OA (SOA) dominated aged OA and the decreased MAE365after aging indicates that SOA is less light absorbing than POA and/or that BrC is bleached (oxidized) with aging. The estimated MAE365of SOA (0.14 ± 0.08 m2g–1) was much lower than that of POA. A comparison of MAE365of residential coal combustion with other anthropogenic sources suggests that residential coal combustion emissions are among the strongest absorbing BrC organics.

A series of warm-toned long-lasting phosphor composite PMMA/RECC@SAOED were prepared by coating various concentrations of coumarin type red-emitting color converter (RECC) on the surface of yellowish-green emitting long-lasting phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+(SAOED) with the aid of PMMA encapsulation. The specific dynamic variation process of the phosphorescent color of PMMA/RECC@SAOED composites in darkness was systematically investigated. Results indicate that the perceived phosphorescent color of PMMA/RECC@SAOED undergoes an overall gradual shift toward blue in darkness after the removal of the excitation light, and the extent of this shift increases gradually with the increase of RECC. This work provides new perspectives in producing warm-toned emitting phosphors and investigating luminescent color.

An intensive measurement campaign was conducted in Beijing during the Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit 2014 to investigate the effectiveness of stringent emission controls on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing (DRF). Average values of PM2.5, light scattering (bscat), and light absorption (babs) coefficients decreased by 40, 64, and 56%, respectively, during the APEC control period compared with noncontrol periods. For the APEC control period, the PM2.5mass scattering and absorption efficiencies were both smaller than the noncontrol period by a factor of ~2. Calculations based on a revised IMPROVE method and linear regression showed that sulfate, nitrate, organic matter, elemental carbon, and fine soil contributed comparably to the light extinction coefficient (bext) in both periods, but the bextvalues were 27–64% lower during the APEC period. A positive matrix factorization receptor model showed that bextfrom two secondary aerosol sources, biomass burning, traffic‐related emissions, and coal burning decreased by 26–87% during the APEC control period. The average DRF calculated from the Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible radiation model was −11.9 and −4.6 W m−2at the surface during the noncontrol and APEC control periods, respectively, suggesting an overall cooling effect. The reduction of DRF from each emission source ranged from ~30–80% during the APEC control period. The results suggest that the pollution control measures implemented for APEC substantially reduced air pollution and could help mitigate the cooling effects of aerosols at the surface in Beijing. The contributions of PM2.5chemical species to light extinction (bext) decreased by 27–64% during the APEC control periodbextfrom secondary aerosol sources, biomass burning, traffic emission, and coal burning reduced by 26–87% during the APEC control periodThe reduction of direct radiative forcing from each emission source ranged from 30–80% during the APEC control period