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Spatiotemporally resolved urban fossil fuel CO2(FFCO2) emissions are critical to urban carbon cycle research and urban climate policy. Two general scientific approaches have been taken to estimate spatiotemporally explicit urban FFCO2fluxes, referred to here as “downscaling” and “bottom‐up.” Bottom‐up approaches can specifically characterize the CO2‐emitting infrastructure in cities but are labor‐intensive to build and currently available in few U.S. cities. Downscaling approaches, often available globally, require proxy information to allocate or distribute emissions resulting in additional uncertainty. We present a comparison of a downscaled FFCO2emission data product (Open‐source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2(ODIAC)) to a bottom‐up estimate (Hestia) in four U.S. urban areas in an effort to better isolate and understand differences between the approaches. We find whole‐city differences ranging from −1.5% (Los Angeles Basin) to +20.8% (Salt Lake City). At the 1 km × 1 km spatial scale, comparisons reveal a low‐emission limit in ODIAC driven by saturation of the nighttime light spatial proxy. At this resolution, the median difference between the two approaches ranged from 47 to 84% depending upon city with correlations ranging from 0.34 to 0.68. The largest discrepancies were found for large point sources and the on‐road sector, suggesting that downscaled FFCO2data products could be improved by incorporating independent large point‐source estimates and estimating on‐road sources with a relevant spatial surrogate. Progressively coarsening the spatial resolution improves agreement but greater than approximately 25 km2, there were diminishing returns to agreement suggesting a practical resolution when using downscaled approaches. Comparison of greenhouse gas emission approaches using globally available data in specific cities shows large differences when compared to greenhouse gas emission approaches constructed from local data sources. Differences are largest at the smaller scales compared to the whole city. This suggests a limit on the use of global greenhouse gas inventories when applied to urban areas. The difference between the global downscaled and bottom‐up estimates for the whole‐city domain exceeds 10% in three of the four citiesAverage grid cell FFCO2differences at 1‐km2range from 47% (Salt Lake City) to 84% (LA Basin) with spatial correlations of 0.34 to 0.68Average grid cell FFCO2differences show diminishing agreement improvements when resolution is coarsened beyond 25 km2

ObjectiveWellness Recovery Action Planning (WRAP) is a cross-diagnostic, patient-centred, self-management intervention for psychiatric illness. WRAP utilises an individualised Wellness Toolbox, a six part structured monitoring and response system, and a crisis and post-crisis plan to promote recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of WRAP on personal recovery, quality of life, and self-reported psychiatric symptoms.MethodA prospective randomised controlled trial, based on the CONSORT principles was conducted using a sample of 36 inpatients and outpatients with a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Participants were randomly allocated to Experimental Group or Waiting List Control Group conditions in a 1:1 ratio. Measures of personal recovery, personal recovery life areas, quality of life, anxiety, and depression were administered at three time points: (i) pre-intervention, (ii) post-Experimental Group intervention delivery, and (iii) 6-month follow-up. Data was analysed by available case analysis using univariate and bivariate methodologies.ResultsWRAP had a significant effect on two personal recovery life areas measured by the Mental Health Recovery Star: (i) addictive behaviour and (ii) identity and self-esteem. WRAP did not have a significant effect on personal recovery (measured by the Mental Health Recovery Measure), quality of life, or psychiatric symptoms.ConclusionsFindings indicate that WRAP improves personal recovery in the areas of (i) addictive behaviour and (ii) identity and self-esteem. Further research is required to confirm WRAP efficacy in other outcome domains. Efforts to integrate WRAP into recovery-orientated mental health services should be encouraged and evaluated.

Osteomyelitis of the ischiopubic synchondrosis in children is not rare and presents a diagnostic problem because of the diversity of presentation and the deceptive nature of symptoms. Radiological assessment is extremely difficult because of the variation in normal ossification on radiography and normal physiological uptake on radioisotope bone scan. We present two cases of osteomyelitis of the ischiopubic synchondrosis and describe findings on radiographs, isotope bone scan, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI changes have not been described in any of the case reports in the English literature. Aspiration and biopsy remain the gold standard for diagnosis. However, MRI appearances can significantly increase diagnostic confidence prior to intervention.

The two types of soluble cytochrome c (cytochrome cH and cytochrome cL) found in methylotrophs are completely distinct proteins; one type is not a dimer or degradation product of the other. Free thiol groups are probably not involved in the unusually rapid autoreduction of the cytochromes at high pH. The axial ligands to the haem iron, histidine and methionine, are the same as in other low-spin cytochromes c. The methionine ligand is displaced at high pH by an alternative strong-field ligand. This displacement does not occur on reduction of cytochrome cL by methanol dehydrogenase, but this does not rule out the possibility that the autoreduction mechanism is involved in the interaction of the dehydrogenase and cytochrome c.

A proof of the existence of a spherically symmetric, finite energy solution of the variational equations of an SO(3) gauged Skyrme model on ℝ3is presented.

The measurement of infrared spectra for cyanide liganded to hemeproteins and hemins has been investigated. The hemeproteins included human methemoglobin A, lamprey methemoglobin, metchlorocruorin, horse metmyoglobin, and horseradish peroxidase. The hemins were dicyanide and monopyridine monocyanide species of deuteroporphyrin IX iron(III) and its 2,4-divinyl(proto) and 2,4-diacetyl derivatives. C-N stretch bands of low intensity detected near 2100 cm-1 exhibit changes in frequency, width, intensity, and isotope shift with changes in cyanide compound structure. Infrared band parameters are particularly sensitive to a change in oxidation state (Fe2+ versus Fe3+) and are affected to a lesser extent by changes in porphyrin ring substituent, ligand trans to the cyanide, and protein structure. Evidence of multiple conformers (i.e. multiple C-N stretch bands) was found for several hemeproteins. The cyanide infrared spectra provide direct evidence for cyanide binding as a metal cyanide (Fe–C identical to N) and against HCN being the ligand in nitrile-like bonding (Fe–N identical to C–H) in all the hemeprotein and hemin cyanides studied. With the reduced horseradish peroxidase cyanide, differences between infrared spectra for D2O and H2O solutions can result from hydrogen bonding between a protein amino acid residue and the distal atom of the cyanide (Fe–C identical to N..H+–R). The binding of cyanide to reduced iron (Fe2+) of a hemeprotein was only observed in the case of the reduced peroxidase. These findings demonstrate that cyanide infrared spectra can not only determine when cyanide is bound to a metalloprotein but can also provide information on how the cyanide is bonded to metal and on characteristics of the ligand binding site.

Cytochromes cH and cL were autoreduced at high pH (pK greater than 10) and the autoreduced cytochromes reacted with CO. The autoreduction was first-order with respect to oxidized cytochrome c and was reversible by lowering the pH. Pure methanol dehydrogenase reduced cytochrome c (in the absence of methanol) by lowering the pK for autoreduction to less than 8.5. A mechanism is proposed for the autoreduction of cytochrome c and its involvement in the reaction with methanol dehydrogenase.

Metastatic carcinoma in skeletal muscle distant from the primary tumour is an uncommon occurrence, unlike local invasion of muscle from direct tumour spread (Willis, 1973). Autopsy studies have quoted an incidence of skeletal muscle metastases ranging from 0.8% (Willis, 1973) to 16% (Pearson, 1959). The first description of the appearances on computed tomography (CT) of a skeletal muscle metastasis was recorded in 1985 (Yoshy & Montana, 1985); subsequently a series of 12 cases of tumour metastatic to muscle in patients with previously documented malignant disease has been published (Shultz et al, 1986). We describe a patient in whom a single, large, skeletal muscle metastasis was the presenting symptom.A 70-year-old man was referred to a local hospital for investigation of back pain. On examination, a large paraspinal mass was palpable, extending from the lower right ribs to the iliac crest. Radiographs of the lumbar spine and chest at that time were reported as normal. An intravenous urogram showed rotation and anterior displacement of the right kidney; ultrasound examination demonstrated a solid mass posterior to the right kidney. Barium enema and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were normal. On the basis of these investigations a clinical diagnosis of retroperitoneal sarcoma was made and the patient was referred for CT.Computed tomography demonstrated a well defined softtissue mass involving the right paraspinal muscle group.

With the aid of a device for making controlled, single impressions, the hot-cliché method of subtitling was studied to establish the effect of temperature, pressure and degree of wetting on the formation of the embossed subtitle. The most important factor was the degree of swell. Temperature (above 120°C) and pressure were less critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old woman with infertility and endometriosis, who was about to commence ovarian suppression therapy with a gonadotrophin releasing (GnRH) agonist, Nafarelin, was referred for measurement of bone mass by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) as a participant in a research study assessing the effects of GnRH agonists on bone.The patient was asymptomatic; the only past history of note was an isolated episode of unexplained left loin pain 3 years previously. Investigations performed at that time, including an intravenous urogram, had been reported as normal. Her father was hypertensive.

The ventilatory effects of halothane in eight children were compared with those of isoflurane in eight children and enflurane in six children. All studies were completed before surgery commenced, and the children received no preopera-tive medication. The depression of ventilation produced by the three agents increased in a dose-related fashion as the alveolar concentrations were increased, and the depression of ventilation that they produced in oxygen was greater than that produced by equipotent concentrations in nitrous oxide. While the increase in ventilatory frequency and the decrease in TE associated with increasing concentrations of halothane were statistically significant (P < 0.05), the increase in frequency associated with isoflurane was not, although it was sufficient to maintain the end-tidal and arterial-ized venous Pco, in the isoflurane group at a value which did not differ significantly from that in the halothane group. Profound depression of ventilation was produced in the children by enflurane, clearly because no increase in ventilatory frequency was associated with its use. It was evident that the ventilatory effects of the three volatile agents in unstimulated children are very similar to those described elsewhere in the adult. There was no difference of any clinical significance between the degree of depression of ventilation produced by halothane and isoflurane in children.