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In this study, a biosensor based on a central microring comprising miniature gold rings is reported for the detection of influenza avian viruses. The label-free microring resonator's design performance attributes as a function of the host analytes (viral samples) enable great sensitivity for detecting various viruses, such as H1N1 and H9N2. The microring resonator's optimised characteristics make the suggested biosensor sensitive to these viruses. The simulations show a sensitivity of 880 nm/RIU for H1N1 and around 2025 nm/RIU for H9N2. The use of two-dimensional black phosphorus materials with higher field enhancement, biocompatibility, and a greater surface-to-volume ratio resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity of 1425 nm/RIU for detecting H9N2. The sensor is proven to be more sensitive to H9N2 than H1N1. Furthermore, the biosensor based on 2D material has a compact footprint and a larger wavelength shift for H9N2, which can accelerate the development of nano optic biosensors for rapid, sensitive, and early detection of viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination by pesticides is known to be one of the major issues that are enormously degrading the quality of food and fodder crops together with increased agricultural, environmental and aquatic pollution. Many analytical and laboratory methods are available for detection of these pesticides in products in order to maintain food security but these methods are not readily accessible to most people including farmers for on-site and onfield detection in the crops. The development of more convenient, fast, and cost-effective methods that can be easily accessed by laymen based on simple paper strips or mobile analyzers etc. are need of the time. This review includes a brief discussion about novel devices which have been introduced in the field for pesticide detection viz. easy to use colorimetric and non-colorimetric detection methods based on various electrochemical and optical sensing strategies. These techniques exhibited promising results in field of on-site pesticide detection owing to their easy production, high sensitivity and readily accessible results obtained with these portable devices. This review further describes emerging prospects, deficits and challenges associated with the application of the aforementioned sensing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that the presence of allergens, including insecticides, significantly increases the risk of occupational allergic diseases among solar greenhouse workers. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) used by solar greenhouse workers and allergic diseases, and the role of nasal flora in this context remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between combined exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and glyphosate (GLY) with changes in total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, as well as to analyze the role of nasal flora in allergic status. We collected demographic data, urine, peripheral blood and nasal swab samples from 284 solar greenhouse workers. Six metabolites in urine were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Total IgE concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, we evaluated the association between OPs and GLY with total IgE levels using logistic regression analysis. In addition, 66 participants received 16S rDNA sequencing of nasal flora, followed by community diversity and species difference analyses to identify distinct microbial communities between normal and elevated total IgE groups. A total of 284 participants were included in this study, of whom 132 (46.5%) and 152 (53.5%) were male and female, respectively. The median total IgE concentration in this population was 63.52 IU/mL, of which 89 (31.3%) belonged to the elevated total IgE group. Our results suggest that dimethylphosphorodithioate (DMDTP) was a risk factor for total IgE abnormality, and GLY was positively associated with total IgE abnormality. Additionally, 20 differential flora were identified between the elevated and normal IgE groups, of which at least seven were significantly associated with OPs, GLY and their metabolites. In conclusion, there was a positive correlation between exposure to OPs and GLY with total IgE abnormalities, as well as multiple nasal pathogenic flora. [Display omitted] • Abnormal serum total IgE in solar greenhouse workers was related to DMDTP and GLY. • 20 strains of differential flora were found in nasal swabs from two groups of workers. • At least 7 differential flora were associated with pesticide metabolites. • More than 9 differential flora were positively associated with total IgE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphorus pesticide commonly utilized in agricultural production. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to DDVP correlates with an increased incidence of liver disease. However, data regarding the hepatotoxicity of DDVP remain limited. Additionally, the regulatory mechanisms underlying DDVP-induced liver injury have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we utilized Wistar rats and BRL-3A cells to establish in vivo and in vitro models for examining the effects of DDVP exposure on liver damage. Our findings indicate that DDVP impairs hepatocyte autophagy and increases ROS activity. RNA sequencing and metabolomic analyses revealed that the pathways affected by DDVP exposure in hepatocytes include ABC transporters and amino acid biosynthesis processes. Furthermore, targeting IRGM overexpression through hepatic portal vein injection of adeno-associated virus mitigated DDVP-induced liver injury. These results demonstrate that DDVP exposure induces liver damage in rats through mechanisms that are dependent on ROS and autophagy, at least in part by downregulating IRGM. Our study offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms of liver injury following organophosphate poisoning and suggests that IRGM may represent a novel therapeutic target for DDVP-induced liver injury. [Display omitted] • Dichlorvos (DDVP) increased the burden of liver disease. • Lack of studies on the toxic mechanism of DDVP-related liver injury. • DDVP induces incomplete autophagy and oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes. • The recovery of autophagy flux is helpful to reduce liver injury caused by DDVP. • This study emphasizes that IRGM is a new target for treating DDVP injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurotoxicity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has been documented in toxicological studies, though epidemiological evidence remains inconsistent. The developing fetal brain is susceptible to environmental exposures. Thus, we aim to investigate how prenatal exposure to OPEs and OPPs as mixture affects offspring neurodevelopment in preschool-aged children. In a study involving 530 mother-child dyads from the Shanghai Birth Cohort (SBC) with enrollment occurring between 2013 and 2016, 14 OPEs/OPPs metabolites were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) in maternal urine collected during both the first and second trimester. Child neurodevelopment was evaluated using the parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version (BRIEF-P) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We utilized multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to estimate associations with individual and mixture component, respectively. We also investigated whether these associations varied by child sex. Of the 14 OPEs/OPPs metabolites, 6 were quantifiable in over 75 % of the samples. Higher prenatal O,O-dimethyl phosphate (DMP) concentrations in the first and second trimesters, as well as O,O-dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP) in the second trimester, were associated with more behavioral difficulties. When stratified by child sex, the statistically significant inverse associations were observed exclusively in girls. Results from BKMR showed that the overall effect of prenatal exposure to OPEs and OPPs mixtures was associated with some neurodevelopmental domains in girls. For example, holding the mixture at the 75th percentile compared to the 50th percentile during the first trimester was associated with a 0.65 increase in SDQ total scores (95 % confidence interval: 0.03–1.26). DMP and DMTP may be the dominant contributors. Our findings add to the literature on the effect of prenatal exposure to OPEs and OPPs on offspring neurodevelopment and suggest that the effect seems to be sex-specific. Additional research is required to validate our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. [Display omitted] • There were 530 mother-child pairs in our study. • 14 OPEs/OPPs were measured in maternal urine during both first and second trimester. • Multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used. • DMP and DMTP were the major contributors in the significant associations. • The statistically significant inverse associations were only observed in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphate pesticides, widely utilized for pest management globally, are associated with various adverse health effects upon exposure. This study aimed to investigate the presence of organophosphate pesticides in particulate matter (PM10) and evaluate the potential risks to human health using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches in urban and suburban areas of Yasuj City, Iran. A total of 32 air samples were collected during the study period. Active sampling was conducted using a SKC pump with a selective air inlet, and the samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that Diazinon exhibited the highest average concentration among PM10-bound organophosphate pesticides, measuring 4.23 ng/m³ in suburban areas and 2.51 ng/m³ in urban environments. Although no significant overall difference was observed in organophosphate pesticide levels in PM10 between urban and suburban areas, suburban regions generally exhibited higher concentrations, with the exceptions of Parathion and Butachlor. The hazard index (HI) percentiles for children exposed to these pesticides in Yasuj's air were calculated as 0.0047 (5th percentile), 0.0141 (50th percentile), and 0.0291 (95th percentile). For adults, the corresponding values were 0.0016, 0.0050, and 0.0101, respectively. The median carcinogenic risk (CR) values were estimated at 1.40E-9 for children and 2.49E-9 for adults. Notably, the concentration of Diazinon and its interaction with inhalation rates were critical determinants of HI, while Malathion concentration and its interaction with inhalation rates significantly impacted CR for both demographic groups. Our findings suggest that pesticide levels in urban and suburban air are relatively low and pose minimal health risks. However, the study underscores the necessity for ongoing monitoring and increased public awareness regarding pesticide exposure. • The organophosphorus pesticides in PM10 investigated in urban and suburban areas. • Diazinon had the highest average concentration among PM10-bound organophosphate. • There was no significant difference in pesticides in PM10, urban and suburban areas. • Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk in the study area was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of sudden viral outbreaks, including (Covid-19, H1N1 flu, H5N1 flu) has globally challenged the existing medical facilities and raised critical concerns about saving affected lives, especially during pandemics. The detection of viral infections at an early stage using biosensors has been proven to be the most effective, economical, and rapid way to combat their outbreak and severity. However, state-of-the-art biosensors possess bottlenecks of long detection time, delayed stage detection, and sophisticated requirements increasing the cost and complexities of biosensing strategies. Recently, using two-dimensional MXenes as a sensing material for architecting biosensors has been touted as game-changing technology in diagnosing viral diseases. The unique surface chemistries with abundant functional terminals, excellent conductivity, tunable electric and optical attributes and high specific surface area have made MXenes an ideal material for architecting virus-diagnosing biosensors. There are numerous detecting modules in MXene-based virus-detecting biosensors based on the principle of detecting various biomolecules like viruses, enzymes, antibodies, proteins, and nucleic acid. This comprehensive review critically summarizes the state-of-the-art MXenebased virus-detecting biosensors, their limitations, potential solutions, and advanced intelligent prospects with the integration of internet-of-things, artificial intelligence, 5G communications, and cloud computing technologies. It will provide a fundamental structure for future research dedicated to intelligent and point-of-care virus detection biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late 2019 witnessed the outbreak and widespread transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new, highly contagious disease caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Consequently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of new diagnostic tools for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a new poly-N-isopropylacrylamide microgel-based electrochemical sensor was explored to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) in human saliva. The microgel was composed of a copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, and gold nanoparticles were encapsulated within the microgel through facile and economical fabrication. The electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated through differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of the sensor was 10−13–10−9 mg/mL, whereas the detection limit was 9.55 fg/mL. Furthermore, the S protein was instilled in artificial saliva as the infected human saliva model, and the sensing platform showed satisfactory detection capability. The sensing platform exhibited excellent specificity and sensitivity in detecting spike protein, indicating its potential application for the time-saving and inexpensive detection of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical-caused reproductive dysfunction has emerged as a global public health concern. This study investigated the adverse effects of the organophosphorus pesticide malathion on reproductive function in adolescent male mice at environmentally relevant concentrations. The results indicated that eight-week malathion exposure reduced testis weight, caused sex and thyroid hormone disorders, and induced testicular spermatogenic epithelium damage and oxidative stress. Testicular RNA sequencing indicated that malathion significantly affected testicular energy metabolism, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling, and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways. Malathion significantly increased the gene and protein expression of HIF-1α by upregulating key genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (Map2k2 , Mapk3 , and Eif4e2) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway (Pik3r2 and Akt1). Furthermore, malathion downregulated HIF-1α degradation-regulating genes while upregulating anaerobic metabolism and inflammation-related genes, thereby inhibiting normoxia and promoting hypoxia processes. Testicular hypoxia subsequently induced steroid hormone biosynthesis disorders and spermatogenesis dysfunction. Molecular docking verified that malathion interfered with HIF-1α and steroid hormone synthases (CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1) by forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with these proteins. This study presents the first evidence that malathion triggers spermatogenesis dysfunction in mice through activating the HIF-1/MAPK/PI3K pathway, providing a comprehensive understanding of the reproductive toxicity risks associated with organophosphorus pesticides. [Display omitted] • Adolescent exposure to malathion resulted in spermatogenesis dysfunction in mice. • Malathion induced spermatogenesis dysfunction by activating HIF-1/MAPK/PI3K pathway. • Activation of HIF-1α disrupts testicular steroid hormone biosynthesis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malathion (MA) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide globally. Developing efficient photocatalysts is crucial for eliminating MA pollution in water by photocatalytic technology. This study focuses on preparing a series of H-PDI supermolecule/NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe) (PM) materials by amidating NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe) with the more stable H-PDI supermolecule, forming a covalent O C–NH bond. Among these materials, 40 %PM (indicating a mass percentage content of 40 % H-PDI supermolecule in PM) exhibited the best performance for degradation of MA. Under simulated sunlight irradiation of a 10 mg·L 1 MA solution for 180 min, the reaction rate constants of 40 %PM were 5.95 times and 3.13 times higher than those of NH 2 -MIL-101(Fe) and H-PDI supermolecule, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of Z-scheme heterojunctions in the 40 %PM composite lead to fast separation of photogenerated e− and h+. Combining the results of HPLC-MS with Fukui Function, the HOMO, LUMO, and pathway of degradation of MA attracted by 1O 2 , •OH, and h+ were speculated. The pathway involves oxidation, demethylation, P-S bond breakage, decarboxylation, and final conversion to some inorganic molecules. The toxicity of the degradation byproducts were lower than that of MA estimated by Toxicity Estimation Software Tool. [Display omitted] • The PM containing O C–NH covalent bonds were innovatively synthesized using a solvothermal method by amidation reaction. • Z-scheme 40 %PM composite exhibited 3–6 times higher degradation efficiency of MA than that of single samples. • The pathway for degradation of MA were speculated, and the toxicity of byproducts were decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered good choices for the absorption, separation, and release of various substances. The rapid increase in the number of MOFs being produced makes it impractical to conduct experimental research to identify the most promising candidates in these areas. Therefore, computational screening has emerged as a robust approach. We employed this approach to identify the most efficient MOFs for the removal, separation, and controlled release of organophosphorus pesticides, including diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl. From a database of approximately 14,000 MOFs, 584 MOFs with the largest cavity diameters were used in the screening process to evaluate promising candidates for each pesticide. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the pesticide uptake capacities and isosteric heats of the selected MOFs. The structural properties of MOFs were correlated with their adsorption capacities and isosteric heats. Computational screening identified 325, 330, and 450 MOFs as potential absorbents and carriers for diazinon, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Additionally, it proposed 235, 254, and 135 MOFs as membranes for the effective separation of these organophosphorus pesticides. The reactivity of the pesticides was explored using quantum mechanics calculations. Molecular dynamics simulations of the top three MOFs with high uptake capacities for each pesticide were performed and analyzed to understand the interactions between the MOF, pesticide, and water molecules. The solvation-free energies of the pesticides were calculated for various solvents to identify the most effective solvent for desorbing pesticides from the MOFs, thereby enabling MOF regeneration. [Display omitted] • Computational strategy to identify promising MOFs for pesticides removal/release. • The investigated pesticides are diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorpyrifos-methyl. • 325, 330, and 450 MOFs are effective absorbents/carriers for these pesticides. • 235, 254, and 135 MOFs are recommended for membrane separation of these pesticides. • MOF properties correlated with pesticides loading capacity and isosteric heats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profenofos (PFF) is a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide that requires strict monitoring due to its potential environmental, ecological, and human health risks originating from residues in soil and water systems, as well as accumulation in crops. In this study, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to PFF was prepared for the first time and the recognition mechanism was investigated through molecular simulation. Subsequently, a mAb-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) was developed for the rapid screening of PFF in fruit and vegetable samples. The mAb exhibited an IC 50 value of 12.9 ng/mL, and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.6 ng/mL, respectively in indirect competitive immunosorbent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). After optimization, the developed GICA exhibited a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 20 ng/mL and a quantitative of detection (qLOD) of 5.2 ng/mL, with a linear range from 10.0 to 83.8 ng/mL. Good correlation was observed between the results of GICA and standard Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in matrix and recovery test. The developed GICA can be used for rapid sample detection within 15 min, which is an excellent tool for screening PFF in foods and environmental samples. [Display omitted] • Monoclonal antibody with good sensitivity and specificity to profenofos was produced. • Computer simulation was performed to study the interaction between antibody and profenofos. • Rapid and simple colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay was developed for visual detection of profenofos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of pesticides and plastic film residues in agricultural soils poses a significant threat to soil organisms due to their potential long-term contamination and combined toxic effects. Specifically, earthworms are at risk of simultaneously ingesting residual pesticides and microplastics, yet the impact of this combined exposure on their intestinal health and function remains poorly understood. In this study, earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were single and combined exposed to three particle sizes (10 μm, 500 μm, and 2 mm) of polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs) and imidacloprid (IMI) for 28 days, respectively. Our findings underscore that compared to single exposures, the combined exposure inflicted more profound injuries on intestinal tissues and elicited a heightened activation of intestinal digestive enzymes. Furthermore, the combined exposure significantly perturbed the relative abundance of several pivotal metabolic-associated gut microbiota, fostering an enrichment of pathogenic species. Metabolomics analysis showed combined exposure increased differential metabolites, disrupting amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism in earthworm intestines, potentially hindering nutrient absorption and causing toxic metabolite accumulation. An integrated omics analysis implies that combined exposures have the potential to disrupt the relative abundance of crucial gut microbiota in earthworms, thereby altering their intestinal metabolism and subsequently impacting intestinal health and functionality. Overall, the results reveal that combined exposure of IMI and PE MPs exacerbate the negative effects on earthworm gut health, and this study holds significant implications for the holistic understanding of the combined toxic effects of microplastics and pesticide on soil ecosystems. [Display omitted] • Microplastics and imidacloprid co-exposure exacerbate negative effects on earthworm gut health. • Co-exposure significantly altered gut bacterial communities, increasing pathogenic species. • Co-exposure interfered with the amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates metabolic pathways. • The disruption of intestinal microbia and metabolites might be the mechanism of intestinal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the increasingly severe issue of organophosphorus pesticide contamination globally, this study has developed a novel g-C 3 N 4 /WO 2.72 nanocomposite (abbreviated as CN/WO), featuring a specially designed S-scheme heterojunction and oxygen vacancies, to optimize the photocatalytic degradation of triazophos pesticides. Experiments demonstrate that the composite containing 30 % CN (termed 30-CN/WO) can efficiently degrade most of the triazophos within 100 minutes, and it exhibits exceptional stability across four successive cycles, significantly outperforming the individual CN and WO materials. Advanced analytical techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and surface work function assessments have confirmed the pivotal role of the S-scheme heterojunction and oxygen vacancies in enhancing charge separation efficiency. This work not only advances the development of high-performance photocatalytic materials but also provides new strategies and practical scientific evidence for addressing organophosphorus pesticide pollution globally, showcasing its broad application prospects and scientific significance in environmental management. • g-C 3 N 4 /WO 2.72 enhances triazophos degradation via S-scheme heterojunction and oxygen vacancies. • Techniques confirm S-scheme heterojunction and oxygen vacancies improve charge separation efficiency. • Study shows g-C 3 N 4 /WO 2.72 's potential in managing global organophosphorus pesticide pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are commonly employed in agriculture because they effectively control pests and increase crop output. However, most OPs are highly toxic. As a result, precise detection of OPs residues is critical for monitoring human disease and protecting the environment. In this work, we developed an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe of Sm-GSH-CuNCs for sensitive and visual detection of OPs by combining Sm3+ with glutathione-modified copper nanoclusters (GSH-CuNCs). Using glyphosate as the OPs model, the fluorescence of GSH-CuNCs was quenched due to the stronger affinity between Sm3+ and glyphosate than that between Sm3+ and GSH-CuNCs, as well as the formation of new P-O-Sm bonds between Sm3+ and glyphosate, resulting in the "on-off" response of the AIE probe. The Sm-GSH-CuNCs probe detected glyphosate throughout a linear range of 0.338–5.070 mg/L, with a detection limit of 0.013 mg/L. Furthermore, we have constructed an Sm-GSH-CuNCs agar slice detection platform that used smartphone assistance to detect glyphosate visually and quantitatively. A good linear relationship between R/B values and OPs concentrations(C i) was discovered: R/B =-0.316 C i +1.943 (R 2=0.9970). This work provided a simple, low-cost, and portable detection method for quantifying or visualizing OPs. • The AIE effects of GSH-CuNCs were amplified by Sm3+. • OPs were detected with high sensitivity using the AIE probe of Sm-GSH-CuNCs. • The agar slice with smartphone assistance could visually and quantitatively identify OPs on the spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are an integral part of our daily life, used in agricultural fields, store rooms, residences and educational institutions to kill or repel pests. Several chemical subtypes of these compounds are available, of which organophosphate (OP) is major one. These are broad spectrum pesticides used to kill insect pests. OPs are useful but indeed they are most frequent reasons of pesticide poisoning across the globe. OP inhibits acetylcholinesterase activities that results in continuous hyper-excitable state of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Intentional or unintentional exposure to OPs causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, muscular weakness, dementia, Central Nervous System (CNS) dysfunction and even death. Besides acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs are also known to trigger ROS generation within the cellular machinery which results in Oxidative Stress (OS). Free Radicals (FRs) are neutralized by antioxidant-defense system of the body. Vitamin C and vitamin E are the major exogenous antioxidants that scavenge a large amount of free radicals by donating their own electrons to FRs. This phenomenon reduces ROS and hence, OS is prevented. Therefore, vitamin C and E can be considered for daily dietary intake which might be providing prophylactic advantage against OP induced OS and pathophysiology in human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a potentiometric sensor was developed for the analysis of the parahtion which is a nerve agent simulant and pesticide. A molecularly imprinted polymer was used as the recognition layer in the electrode used in the potentiometric sensor. Parathion is also used as both an organophosphorus pesticide and a nerve agent simulant. For this reason, analysis methods to be developed for parathion are very important. The most important advantages brought by MIP-based sensor systems are; fast analysis, sensitive analysis, and the ability to analyze at very low concentrations. The sensor developed in our study was validated for parathion adsorption. In our study, first, Parathion imprinted polymers were synthesized. The synthesized MIPs are used as the recognition layer in the potentiometric sensor. The characterization of parathion imprinted polymers was done by FESEM, FT-IR, and zeta-sizer measurements. Optimization of the working conditions was carried out for the developed sensor system. The working pH was found to be 7.4.Measurements were taken for parathion samples with different concentrations under optimum operating conditions. When the results obtained were examined, a large linear range (10-8-10-4 mol L-1) and a satisfying detection limit against parathion (1.86 × 10-8 mol L-1) were calculated. Interference effect analysis was carried out within the scope of the performance tests of the potentiometric sensor. The analysis showed that interference did not affect the experimental results. In order to examine the matrix effect of the real sample environment, analyses were carried out in tap water and lake water. The recovery values in the analysis results are quite good. The results of the experiments show that the sensor we have developed can be used successfully in complex matrix environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Strains MEIS-07 and MEIS-11 were isolated from soil, which could effectively reduce and detoxify isofenphos-methyl. They were identified as Bacillus megaterium MEIS-07 and Bacillus altitudinis MEIS-11 based on the 16S rRNA analysis. Both MEIS-07 and MEIS-11 could also degrade many other organophosphorus pesticides. MEIS-07 had higher ability to degrade isofenphos-methyl and other organophosphorus pesticide than MEIS-11, and it was also highly tolerant to isofenphos-methyl. In addition, the rhamnolipid and G. hirsutum rhizosphere soil could accelerate the biodegradation of isofenphos-methyl by MEIS-07. The new microbial agent developed by MEIS-07could be used to degrade isofenphos-methyl in soil, and had achieved many satisfactory results. Based on the research results in this study, it was considered that MEIS-07 and its live bacterial agent could play an important role in bioremediation of isofenphos-methyl (or other organophosphorus pesticides) pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new electrochemical sensor for organophosphate pesticide (methyl-paraoxon) detection based on bifunctional cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanozyme is here reported for the first time. Methyl-paraoxon was degraded into p -nitrophenol by using CeO 2 with phosphatase mimicking activity. The CeO 2 nanozyme-modified electrode was then synthesized to detect p -nitrophenol. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode, which indicates that the signal enhancement effect may attribute to the coating of CeO 2 nanozyme. The current research also studied and discussed the main parameters affecting the analytical signal, including accumulation potential, accumulation time, and pH. Under the optimum conditions, the present method provided a wider linear range from 0.1 to 100 μmol/L for methyl-paraoxon with a detection limit of 0.06 μmol/L. To validate the proof of concept, the electrochemical sensor was then successfully applied for the determination of methyl-paraoxon in three herb samples, i.e., Coix lacryma-jobi, Adenophora stricta and Semen nelumbinis. Our findings may provide new insights into the application of bifunctional nanozyme in electrochemical detection of organophosphorus pesticide. [Display omitted] • A new electrochemical method for methyl-paraoxon detection by using bifunctional nanozyme was presented. • The cerium oxide nanozyme modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared to improve the sensitivity. • The developed method has been successfully applied in three herbal plant samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no evidence on the longitudinal and causal associations between multiple pesticides and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Chinese rural population, and whether physical activity (PA) modified these associations remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal and causal associations between pesticides mixture and T2DM, and determine whether PA modified these associations. A total of 925 subjects with normal glucose and 925 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were enrolled in this case-cohort study. A total of 51 targeted pesticides were quantified at baseline. Logistic regression, quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess the individual and combined effects of pesticides on IFG and T2DM. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to obtain the causal association between pesticides and T2DM. After 3-year follow-up, one-unit increment in ln-isofenphos, ln-malathion, and ln-deltamethrin were associated with an increase conversion of IFG to T2DM (FDR- P <0.05). One quartile increment in organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), herbicides and pyrethroids mixtures were related to a higher incidence of T2DM among IFG patients (P <0.05). The BKMR results showed a positive trend between exposure to pesticides mixture and T2DM. The MR analysis indicated a positive association between exposure to pesticides and T2DM risk (P<0.05). No any significant association was found between pesticides and IFG. In addition, compared to subjects with high levels of PA, those with low levels of PA were related to increased risk of T2DM with the increased levels of pesticides among IFG patients. Individual and combined exposure to pesticides increased the incidence of T2DM among IFG patients. MR analysis further supported the causal association of pesticides exposure with T2DM risk. Our study furtherly indicated that high levels of PA attenuated the diabetogenic effect of pesticides exposure. [Display omitted] • Individual and combined exposure to various pesticides increased T2DM incidence. • MR analysis supported the causal association of pesticides with T2DM risk. • High levels of PA attenuate the diabetogenic effect of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agriculture and household pest control, and its use also poses several environmental and health hazards. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of diazinon in Baiyangdian, evaluated its potential ecological risk and toxicity to aquatic organisms based on RQ (Risk quotient) and TU (Toxic unit) analysis, and assessed the potential effects of diazinon accumulation on probiotics and pathogens based on statistical analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. The results showed that diazinon in Baiyangdian posed a low to moderate chronic risk to sediment-dwelling organisms and a low toxicity effect on aquatic invertebrates, which was mainly concentrated in October and human-intensive areas. Meanwhile, increases in sediment electrical conductivity (EC), amorphous iron oxides content and phenol oxidase activity favored diazinon accumulation in sediments, whereas the opposite was the case for sediment organic carbon, β-1,4-glucosidase, phosphatase, catalase and pH, suggesting that environmental indicators play a key role in the behavior and distribution of diazinon. In addition, diazinon in heavily contaminated areas seem to inhibit the rare probiotics (Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Serratia sp.), while promoted dominant pathogens (e.g., Burkholderia cenocepacia), which can lead to increased disease risk to humans and ecosystems, disruption of ecological balance and potential health problems. However, probiotic Streptomyces xiamenensis resist to diazinon would be a potential degrader for diazinon remove. In conclusion, this study unveiled the effects of diazinon pollution on wetland ecosystems, emphasizing ecological impacts and potential health concerns. In addition, the discovery of diazinon resistant probiotics provided new insights into wetland ecological restoration. [Display omitted] • Low to medium potential risk of diazinon (DIZ) in Baiyangdian sediments. • Absolute abundance of probiotic and pathogen was highest in DIZ contaminated areas. • DIZ may inhibit relative abundance of probiotics B.adolescentis and Serratia sp. • Probiotic S.xiamenensis resistant to DIZ maybe a potential degrader of DIZ. • DIZ may promote growth of dominant pathogens B.cenocepacia and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichlorvos (DDVP) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) that has been frequently detected in the marine environment of China. Water quality criteria (WQC) is however not available for this emergent pollutant in the marine environment, which hinders its ecological risk assessment. This study, therefore, screened toxicity values of DDVP and conducted toxicity tests on six marine species to supplement toxicity data. The WQC for DDVP was derived with the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methodology, based on which the ecological risk of DDVP in the seawater of China was assessed. The results showed that the recommended short-term (SWQC) and long-term water quality criteria (LWQC) for DDVP were 1.47 and 0.0521 μg/L, respectively. Most marine waters of China showed low or negligible risk (HQ < 1, ORP < 2 %), whereas some estuarine waters warrant further concern due to higher risk. This study provides the scientific basis for seawater quality standard formulation and ecological risk management for DDVP. • The acute LC 50 or EC 50 toxicity values of DDVP on six marine species were obtained. • The chronic EC 10 or MATC toxicity values of DDVP on four marine species were achieved. • The SWQC and LWQC of DDVP in seawater were derived as 1.47 μg/L and 0.0521 μg/L, respectively. • The ecological risk of DDVP in seawater was generally low or negligible whereas the risk in estuarine waters was much higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential link between exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and suicidal ideation (SI) among adults. This study encompassed four cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), involving 5244 participants aged 20 and above. SI was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The levels of exposure to OPPs were estimated by analyzing concentrations of OPP metabolites in urine samples. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the association between exposure to each OPP and SI. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were conducted across various groups, including pairwise combinations of gender and age, as well as body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes. Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models were applied to assess the cumulative impact of exposure to the four OPPs on SI, along with their respective contributions. Additionally, the potential interactions among these four OPPs were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that only dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) among OPPs demonstrated a statistically significant positive association with SI [OR: 1.18; 95 % CI: 1.02–1.37]. Stratified analyses indicated that the influence of OPPs on SI was particularly pronounced in young and older men. The WQS regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the mixed metabolites of OPPs and SI [OR = 1.10, 95 % CI: 1.04–1.16], with DMTP (weighted 0.63) contributing the most. Furthermore, the BKMR model supported a positive trend in the overall impact of these OPP metabolites on SI, displaying notable individual exposure-response relationships for DMTP (PIP: 0.77). Our study suggests an association between exposure to DMTP and an increased risk of SI. Specifically, young adult males and older males appear particularly susceptible to the effects of OPP exposure. • People are simultaneously exposed to multiple opps present in the environment. • The Associations Were Investigated Using Logistic Regression, Bkmr, and Wqs. • Exposure to DMTP may increase the risk of SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An electrochemical system was established for one-step phosphorus removal and recovery. • BDD mediated anodic oxidation transformed organophosphorus pollutant into ortho-phosphate. • Ortho-phosphate precipitated with Ca2+ at cathode induced by the local basic environment. • Anodic oxidation of acephate into ortho-phosphate was more favorable in acid solution. • Mg2+ and bicarbonate were adverse to cathodic precipitation while Cl− was unfavorable to anodic oxidation. To address future phosphorus scarcity and organophosphorus pesticides discharge associated environmental problems, a filter-press type electrochemical system was developed for acephate, a typical organophosphorus pesticide, degradation and simultaneous recovery of phosphorus. In this reaction system, boron-doped diamond (BDD) mediated anodic oxidation could transform acephate into ortho-phosphate (o-PO 4) and then o-PO 4 was precipitated with Ca2+ at the cathode surface in the form of hydroxyapatite induced by the local basic environment. The phosphorus recovery efficiency raised from 57 % to 92 % within 180 min by elevating current density from 5 to 30 mA/cm2, accompanying the enhanced acephate mineralization efficiency from 77% to 97%. These enhancement trends were attributed to the increased yield of BDD(•OH) and higher local pH near the cathode, respectively, at higher current density applied. Phosphorus recovery efficiency swelled by 15% with solution pH decreasing from 9.0 to 4.0 since anodic oxidation of acephate into o-PO 4 was favorable in the acid solution. Moreover, phosphorus recovery was seriously depressed in the initial reaction stage with the presence of Mg2+, whereas bicarbonate posed the negative effect over the whole reaction process. Unexpectedly, the presence of Cl− inhibited the degradation of acephate since highly oxidative •OH was consumed by Cl−. In general, the electrochemical strategy of "anodic oxidation-cathodic precipitation" has been demonstrated practicable for phosphorus recovery from the organophosphorus wastewater. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are an important part of pests controlling strategies. Misuse of such chemicals has been linked to pollution of various environments and toxicities that lead to various health conditions and diseases. Importance of healthy and non-contaminated fish for human diet is essentially required. Samples of 14 local fresh fish (tilapia, grey mullet, and cat fish) were analyzed for seven pesticides (endosulfan, heptachlor, malathion, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and fenoxycarb) using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Heat processing applied for positive samples by two different cooking method (roasting at 79 °C for 10 min and frying at 210 °C for 40 min) have influenced the levels of studied pesticides and significantly reduced their levels by 53-95%. Freezing preservation of contaminated fish at -70 °C for one month only reduced the level of the pesticides by 6-30%, however, final reduced levels were not below recommended maximum residue limit values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

2 kinds of bacteria, named XLL-M04 and XLLM12, were isolated from the soil, which could degrade phoxim effectively. XLL-M04 and XLL-M12 were identified as Bacillus cohnii and Bacillus firmus. The degradation efficiency of 10mg/L of phoxim by XLL-M04 could reach about 99.0% in 7d, and the strain XLL-M12 could reach 98.0% under the same conditions. Both strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 could also effectively degrade chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion and fenitrothion. In addition, strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 had been successfully developed into a live microbial agent that could be used to degrade phoxim residue. These results suggest that strain XLL-M04 and strain XLL-M12 can be used for the bioremediation of phoxim or other organophosphorus pesticides contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive and selective method was developed for both UV–vis spectrophotometric and fluorimetric determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). This method used silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4). The AgNPs reduced the fluorescence intensity of g-C 3 N 4. Acetylthiocholine (ATCh) could be catalytically hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to form thiocholine, which induces aggregation of the AgNPs. This aggregation led to the recovery of the blue fluorescence of g-C 3 N 4 , with excitation/emission peaks at 310/460 nm. This fluorescence intensity could be reduced again in the presence of OPs because of the inhibitory effect of OPs on the activity of AChE. The degree of reduction was found to be proportional to the concentration of OPs, and the limit of fluorometric detection was 0.0324 μg/L (S/N = 3). In addition, the absorption of the g-C 3 N 4 /AgNPs at 390 nm decreased because of the aggregation of the AgNPs, but was recovered in presence of OPs because of the inhibition of enzyme activity by OPs. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of parathion-methyl in real samples. [Display omitted] • A g-C3N4/AgNPs sensor could be used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). • The method exhibits ultra-sensitivity and high-selectivity toward OPs. • Double-signal OPs probe was developed with low cost, simple interpretation and easy handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A highly sensitive label free electrochemical impedance biosensor based on gold nanocrystals (AuNCs) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) detection in blood serum was reported. A functional platform for measuring the geno-biosensor sensitivity for detecting HBV DNA based on AuNCs electrode was materialized. The adjusted morphologies of 50-100 nm beaded AuNCs on the In2O3 support layer were materialized and characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and a high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The bio-sensing measurements were conducted by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) approach under redox reactions process. The HBV DNA probe (ssDNA) was immobilized on the AuNCs surface by forming a special bond between ssDNA and gold. The DNA target was diagnosed using ssDNA/AuNCs biosensor through EIS measurements in concentration ranges from 0.1 pM to 0.1 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 fM. The selectivity property of the biosensor was investigated and it could distinctively distinguish the complementary DNA target from the non-complementary DNA, 1-, 2- and 3-mismatch targets. Finally, the capability of the electrode for detection of the HBV in blood serum samples was explored and biosensor showed interesting results in the HBV DNA sensing as a potential candidate for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to monitor pesticide residues in the blood of agricultural workers (farmers, pesticide dealers, and spraying workers) living in the Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Residue analysis revealed that 48, 76, and 84% of the farmers, pesticide dealers, and spraying workers had pesticide residues in their bloods, respectively. Eleven compounds were detected in the blood of examined individuals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, most of these pesticides (nine pesticides) were in moderately hazardous compounds. Carbofuran, a highlyhazardous compound was the most toxic. The compound with the lowest toxicity was hexytiazox, which is unlikely to pose an acute hazard in normal use. Chlorpyrifos was found in the blood of 38.3% of the study subjects, followed by acetamiprid (11.7%) and profenofos (10.7%), while fenvalerate was the lowest occurring compound (1.3%). Of the collected samples 41.3% was free of pesticide residues, while 58.7% of the samples was contaminated. Furthermore, the amounts of all detected pesticides were below the no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL). Also, 38.7% of the samples had only one pesticide, while 8% of them contained residues of two pesticides, and 5.3% contained more than two compounds. The worker's age did not affect the accumulations of pesticide residues in their bodies. However, there was a strong correlation between pesticide residues accumulation and an individual's exposure time. Therefore, from these results it can be seen that encouraging greater awareness among pesticide users of the need to improve safe usage and handling of pesticides by education, advice, and warning them of the risks involved in the misuse of these poisonous materials is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the adsorption of diazinon from aqueous solutions onto coconut shell-modified biochar using a batch system. The amount of dosage and initial pH are the main parameters being studied to obtain maximum adsorption capacity of the probe molecules. The carbonized coconut shell biochar (BC1), activated coconut shell biochar (BC2), chemically modified phosphoric acid (BC3) and sodium hydroxide coconut shell biochar (BC4) were prepared and tested as variables in the adsorption experiment. The characteristic of biochar via SEM, EDX and BET analysis revealed the large porous of surface morphology and slight changes in the composition with high surface area (405.97 – 508.07 m2/g) by following the sequence of BC3 > BC2 > BC4. Diazinon removal percentage as high as 98.96% was achieved at pH 7 with BC3 as adsorbent dosing at 5.0 g/L. The high coefficient of determination, R2 with a small value of ERRSQ and χ2 error analysis present the BC1 (0.9971) and BC2 (0.9999) are best fitted with Freundlich isotherm indicates multilayer sorption onto heterogeneous surface whereby the Langmuir isotherm model is the best fitting is described of monolayer adsorption process onto the homogenous surface of BC3 and BC4. The results indicated the maximum adsorption capacity (q m) was achieved by BC3 with 10.33 mg/g, followed by BC2 (9.65 mg/g) in accordance to the Langmuir isotherm while Freundlich isotherm showed the highest adsorption capacity (k F) with 1.73 mg/g (L/mg)1/n followed by BC4 with 0.63 mg/g (L/mg)1/n at favorable adsorption isotherm (1 ≤ n ≤ 10). Thus, the results obtained depicted that BC2 and BC3 are highly efficient adsorbents and both exhibit great potential in removing diazinon from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues and microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils are two major concerns for soil health and food safety. The degradation of chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus pesticide, releases phosphates. This process may be affected by the presence of MPs in the soil. The combination of CPF and MPs presence in the soil may thus produce interaction effects that alter the soil phosphorus (P) balance. This study explores the degradation pathways of CPF (6 mg kg−1, 12 mg kg−1 of CPF addition) in soils with different levels of polylactic acid MPs (PLA-MPs) (0.0 %, 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 % w/w), and analyzes soil P fractions and phosphatase enzyme activities to investigate soil P bioavailability under different treatments. Results show that the degradation of CPF fits to a first-order decay model, with half-lives (DT 50) ranging from 11.0 to 14.8 d depending on PLA-MPs treatment. The concentration of its metabolite 3, 5, 6-trichloropyridine 2-phenol (TCP) reached a peak of 0.93–1.67 mg kg−1 within 7–14 days. Similarly, the degradation of CPF led to a significant transient increase in P bioavailability within 3–7 days (p < 0.05), with a peak range of 22.55–26.01 mg kg−1 for Olsen-P content and a peak range of 4.63–6.76 % for the proportions of available P fractions (H 2 O-P+NaHCO 3 -P+NaOH-P), before returning to prior levels (Olsen-P: 11.28–19.52 mg kg−1; available soil P fractions: 4.15–5.61 %). CPF degradation (6 mg kg−1) was significantly inhibited in soil with 1.0 % PLA-MPs addition. The effects of MPs and CPF on soil P fractions occur at different time frames, implying that their modes of action and interactions with soil microbes differ. • Chlorpyrifos degradation was inhibited in treatment with 1.0 % microplastics addition. • Chlorpyrifos application contributed to a transient increase in phosphorus bioavailability. • Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased after 14 days of chlorpyrifos application. • 1.0 % microplastics showed adverse effects on phosphorus dynamics with chlorpyrifos application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbaryl as an important insecticide is always used in agricultures to achieve higher yields. So, rapid detection of carbaryl residues in agricultural products is very necessary due to its potential harm to human beings. Herein, a hollow covalent-organic frameworks (HCOF TFPB-DBD) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) nanospheres was used to construct a sensitive electrochemical carbaryl biosensor. The surface of electrode modified by HCOF TFPB-DBD- AuNPs nanospheres was negatively charged and repelled the [Fe(CN) 6 ]3-/4-. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on HCOF TFPB-DBD -AuNPs nanospheres catalyzed the hydrolysis of acetylcholine chloride to thiocholine (TCh). The obtained positively charged TCh was adsorbed on the electrode surface by Au-S, which made the electrode surface positively charged to adsorb the negatively charged [Fe(CN) 6 ]3-/4-, showing enhanced oxidation current of [Fe(CN) 6 ]3-/4-. After carbaryl was added, the oxidation current of [Fe(CN) 6 ]3-/4- deceased because ChE activity were inhibited by carbaryl. So, the sensitive detection of carbaryl was achieved at a low potential, which resulted in a high selectivity. The biosensor had a detection limit of 0.38 μM, a linear range of 1.10 μM-40.0 μM, a sensitivity of 0.00863 mA μM−1 and better performance in actual sample. [Display omitted] • Hollow covalent-organic framework-gold nanoparticles (HCOF TFPB-DBD -AuNPs) nanosphere was prepared. • An electrochemical carbaryl biosensor was prepared based on the HCOF TFPB-DBD -AuNPs nanosphere. • The detection of carbaryl was achieved at a low potential by using [Fe(CN) 6 ]3-/4- based on the principle of electrostatic repulsion. • The electrochemical carbaryl biosensor has high selectivity and sensitivity as well as wide linear range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl parathion is a typical organophosphorus pesticide that poses threats to the global environment and human health. In this study, we developed a portable 2D sensing pad for monitoring methyl parathion based on the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties of an innovated hybrid material that integrates cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs). The hybrid material enhanced the flexibility and moldability of LMOFs and significantly improved the scalability of sensing material. The resulting CNF/LMOF material was shaped into a 2D pad, exhibiting fluorescent properties under UV exposure. The fluorescence of the pad was quenchable upon exposure to methyl parathion. This host-guest interaction enabled the precise quantification of the pesticide's concentration by monitoring the intensity variation of the fluorescence at 405 nm wavelength. We further engineered these hybrid pads into a user-friendly and portable sensing prototype, and then validated them with real sample testing. Time-dependent Density Functional Theory calculations were employed to elucidate the underlying fluorescence quenching mechanism triggered by methyl parathion. This work introduces a practical and sustainable sensing platform for pesticide detection. [Display omitted] • Cellulose nanofibers biopolymer templated with luminescent MOFs for portable sensors. • The hybrid pad can quantify methyl parathion levels by tracking fluorescence intensity. • Time-dependent DFT reveals the primary host-guest interaction via charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever-increasing attention is being drawn towards single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) for colorimetric biosensing applications. A series of atomically dispersed cerium (Ce) nanozymes are synthesized with different feeding molar ratios of Ce/Zn or under various pyrolysis temperatures, and their enzymatic performance, including peroxidase-, oxidase-, and catalase-activities, is explored. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that Ce species symmetrically coordinate with nitrogen atoms to form CeN 4 moieties which exhibit peroxidase-like activity. The best Ce-based SAzyme achieves remarkable peroxidase-like specificity and enables the colorimetric sensing of H 2 O 2. This sensitivity provides a versatile reporter platform for detecting the activities of natural enzymes involved in H 2 O 2 generation and further monitoring their substrates as well as inhibitors, for example, organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) when integrating with the acetylcholine esterase-choline oxidase biocatalyzed cascade. More importantly, this proposed sequential catalytic biosensor exhibits the capability to monitor trace OPs in the real samples with high sensitivity yet insignificant interference. This work sheds new light on further design of highly active lanthanide-based SAzymes to boost enzyme-mimicking reactions for the applications in rapid on-site colorimetric analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental and food samples. [Display omitted] • A series of Ce-based SAzymes featured with CeN 4 moieties are synthesized through a bottom-up approach. • Optimized Ce-based SAzyme exhibits remarkable peroxidase-like specificity. • Specific peroxidase-like activity facilitates colorimetric detection of H 2 O 2 -generating enzymes and their substrates. • Proposed colorimetric biosensing system can monitor trace organophosphorus pesticides in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural run-off in Australia's Mackay-Whitsunday region is a major source of nutrient and pesticide pollution to coastal and inshore ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef. While the effects of run-off are well documented for the region's coral and seagrass habitats, the ecological impacts on estuaries, the direct recipients of run-off, are less known. This is particularly true for fish communities, which are shaped by the physico-chemical properties of coastal waterways that vary greatly in tropical regions. To address this knowledge gap, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to examine fish assemblages at four locations (three estuaries and a harbour) subjected to varying levels of agricultural run-off during a wet and dry season. Pesticide and nutrient concentrations were markedly elevated during the sampled wet season with the influx of freshwater and agricultural run-off. Fish taxa richness significantly decreased in all three estuaries (F = 164.73, P = <0.001), along with pronounced changes in community composition (F = 46.68, P = 0.001) associated with environmental variables (largely salinity: 27.48% contribution to total variance). In contrast, the nearby Mackay Harbour exhibited a far more stable community structure, with no marked changes in fish assemblages observed between the sampled seasons. Among the four sampled locations, variation in fish community composition was more pronounced within the wet season (F = 2.5, P = 0.001). Notably, variation in the wet season was significantly correlated with agricultural contaminants (phosphorus: 6.25%, pesticides: 5.22%) alongside environmental variables (salinity: 5.61%, DOC: 5.57%). Historically contaminated and relatively unimpacted estuaries each demonstrated distinct fish communities, reflecting their associated catchment use. Our findings emphasise that while seasonal effects play a key role in shaping the community structure of fish in this region, agricultural contaminants are also important contributors in estuarine systems. [Display omitted] • Three estuaries and a harbour were sampled in a wet and dry season. • Seasonal changes in taxa richness and composition of fish communities were observed. • Seasonal changes were correlated to environmental variables such as salinity. • Within the wet season, fish community composition differed among locations. • Variation in the wet season was notably correlated to agricultural runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Santa Barbara Amorphous-15-guar gum- grafted -poly (acrylic acid)/cobalt ferrite (SBA-15-GG- g -PAA/CoFe 2 O 4) mesoporous adsorbent was prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) onto guar gum (GG) in the Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) substrate presence, followed by incorporating CoFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Diverse analyses were conducted to identify the prepared mesoporous adsorbent's chemical and morphological properties, thermal resistance, magnetic characteristics, surface area, and porosity. Based on the magnetic hysteresis loops, the mesoporous adsorbent rendered ferromagnetic behavior. According to TGA, it has char yields of 72 wt% at 800 °C and superparamagnetic behavior (Ms of 3.22 emu.g−1). The crystalline structure and cubic phases of CoFe 2 O 4 MNPs in the GG- g -PAA amorphous matrix were demonstrated by XRD. The CoFe 2 O 4 MNP formation with partial aggregations onto smooth, nonporous, and regular surfaces of the GG was depicted by FESEM images. Also, the precisely-arranged hexagonal structure with cylindrical pores of SBA-15 was authenticated by FESEM images. Additionally, the SBA-15 substrate has increased the BET surface area of the prepared mesoporous adsorbent to 40.55 m2/g, which is higher than the composite without SBA-15 mesoporous silica. Several experimental setups were used to evaluate the effectiveness of adsorption, including pH of the medium (4–9), Adsorbent dosage (0.003–0.02 g), Interaction time (1–25 min), and Initial pollutant concentration (50–400 mg/L). Using 0.003 g of mesoporous adsorbent at 25 °C, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and malachite green (MG) had maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of 909.1 mg/g and 1000.0 mg/g, respectively. In this study, the Langmuir isotherm model fitted the adsorption data perfectly with R MG 2 = 0.9987 and R CPF 2 = 0.9994, and the pseudo-second-order model explained the adsorption kinetics with R MG 2 = 0.9644 and R CPF 2 = 0.9923. MG and CPF adsorption to the SBA-15-GG- g -PAA/CoFe 2 O 4 mesoporous adsorbent was successful due to hydrogen bonds, exchange interactions, diffusion, and entrapment in the hydrogel network. In addition to the three-dimensional structure, the mesoporous adsorbent has available adsorption sites for reactive molecules. The reusability of the SBA-15-GG- g -PAA/CoFe 2 O 4 was perused and showed that the mesoporous adsorbent can be separated efficiently and retrieved in three sequential cycles without considerable diminution in the adsorption efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF) and endosulfan (ES) have been associated with a plethora of adverse health effects. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can lead to gastrointestinal diseases by regulating several cellular processes. Thus, the current study focuses on the effect of the co-exposure to pesticides and H. pylori on gastric epithelial cells. We have used the in-silico approach to determine the interactive potential of pesticides and their metabolites with H. pylori -associated proteins. Further, various in-vitro methods depict the potential of ES in enhancing the virulence of H. pylori. Our results showed that ES along with H. pylori affects the mitochondrial dynamics, increases the transcript expression of mitochondrial fission genes, and lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential and biomass. They also promote inflammation and lower oxidative stress as predicted by ROS levels. Furthermore, co-exposure induces the multi-nucleated cells in gastric epithelial cells. In addition, ES along with H. pylori infection follows the extrinsic pathway for apoptotic signaling. H. pylori leads to the NF-κB activation which in turn advances the β-catenin expression. The expression was further enhanced in the co-exposure condition and even more prominent in co-exposure with ES-conditioned media. Thus, our study demonstrated that pesticide and their metabolites enhance the pathogenicity of H. pylori infection. [Display omitted] • ES metabolites may impact structural and functional integrity of H. pylori protein. • Simultaneous exposure to ES and H. pylori disrupts mitochondrial dynamics. • Co-exposure induces an inflammatory response and reduce ROS in AGS cells. • ES and H. pylori co-exposure induces genomic instability in AGS cells. • Co-exposure of ES and H. pylori -induced NF-κB, and β-catenin activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection and monitoring of organophosphate pesticides in environmental samples are of paramount importance due to their potentially harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. In this study, we present the detection of paraoxon ethyl (POE), a widely used organophosphate pesticide, utilizing an electrochemical method. We synthesized graphene oxide-incorporated pyrochlore-type lanthanum stannate (La 2 Sn 2 O 7 @GO) as a sensing material for enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity. The electrochemical detection of POE was performed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with the synthesized nanocomposite. The modified electrode La 2 Sn 2 O 7 @GO/GCE exhibited a remarkable electrochemical response towards POE, showing a significant reduction potential and an increase in the peak current compared to the bare and other modified electrodes. The proposed electrochemical method showed excellent detection sensitivity and selectivity for POE, with a linear response range of concentrations from 0.01 to 360 μM and a low detection limit (LDL) of 2.73 nM. The sensor also exhibited good stability and reproducibility, making it a promising tool for practical pesticide detection applications. The developed sensor offers a cost-effective, sensitive, and reliable platform for the rapid monitoring of organophosphate pesticides in environmental samples, contributing to the advancement of pesticide detection technologies and environmental protection efforts. • La 2 Sn 2 O 7 @GO nanocomposites with more active sites/edges were synthesized. • La 2 Sn 2 O 7 @GO possessed the rapid heterogeneous electron transfer towards POE. • The developed sensor detects the POE with a detection limit of 2.73 nM. • Practical analysis of prepared sensor shows good recoveries on food and environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of scientific researches has constantly studied the electrochemical detection of different pesticides due to their serious effects on humans. Imidacloprid (IMD) is a pesticide that belongs to the neonicotinoids group. In the current work, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with bismuth ferrite microflowers (BiFeO3/CPE) was used for sensing of IMD in water samples in the presence of fipronil (FIP). The modifier (BiFeO3) was characterized by different techniques. To evaluate the efficiency of the developed electrode towards the detection of both IMD and FIP in water samples, the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique was employed and spiked water samples were used. The calibration curves were within the range of 1.0-100.0 µM for both analytes. The detection limits (LODs) for IMD and FIP were determined as 0.97 µM and 0.81 µM, respectively. The recovery percentages for IMD and FIP in environmental water samples varied from 90.0%-105.0%. In conclusion, the developed sensor was successfully optimized and can be used for the simultaneous detection of both IMD and FIP in environmental water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reported a dual-amplification electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of profenofos (PFF) in vegetables. A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTGr) and Au nanoshell was used as a test platform, which ensured a rapid detection process and showed a favorable electrochemical performance. MWCNTGr and Au nanoshell enhanced the electrical conductivity and the surface area, thus the detection signal was amplified. The affinity between PFF and its aptamer (Apt) was verified firstly by dot blot hybridization (DBH), and the result was exciting. Furthermore, the effects of the aptamers modified respectively with -NH2 and -SH on the current signal were compared with each other by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and results showed that the aptamers modified with -NH2 made the current signal change more obvious. Based on all above, a high-efficiency electrochemical aptasensor was fabricated with a wide linear range from 0.1-1 × 105 ng · ml-1 and a detection limit of 0.052 ng · ml-1 under the optimized conditions. This aptasensor had great specificity, stability and reproducibility. Hence, the developed aptasensor was successfully used to detect PFF in vegetables. The proposed method also has a potential for the detection of other organophosphorus pesticide (OPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/nitrogen--doped vertically oriented reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs/NVRGO) film was developed for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). The AuNPs/NVRGO film was prepared by single--step electrodeposition of nitrogen--doped reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) in the presence of HAuCl4. This film resulted in excellent electrochemical response and electron--transfer efficiency because of the synergistic effect of AuNPs with NVRGO. In addition, the AChE biosensor exhibited a strong linear relationship for OPs concentrations ranging from 3.0 x 10-9 to 3.0 x 10-15 mol L-1 for malathion and 3.8 x 10-9 to 3.8 x 10-15 mol L-1 for methyl parathion. Under optimum conditions, the results displayed high sensitivity of the derived biosensor for monitoring malathion and methyl parathion in water down to detection limits of 3.0 x 10-16 mol L-1 and 2.3 x 10-14 mol L-1, respectively. The biosensor also revealed operational stability, satisfactory reproducibility, and good recovery. The proposed approach provides an effective and sensitive means of OPs detection because of its several advantages such as simplicity, low cost, and high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-mode analytical method by employing nanozyme was developed for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) for the first time. The detection principle is that the pesticide could be hydrolyzed to para-nitrophenol (p-NP) in the presence of nanoceria as nanozyme. p-NP exhibits the bright yellow color, and its color intensity has a positive correlation with the pesticide concentration. Meanwhile, the characteristic absorption peak at 400 nm of p-NP increases gradually with the raised concentration of pesticide. Therefore, a dual-mode method including smartphone-based colorimetric and spectroscopic strategies was rationally developed. Herein, methyl-paraoxon was selected as the representative compound. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of both two strategies were calculated to be 0.42 μmol L−1. Finally, the present method was successfully applied in three edible medicinal plants (Semen nelumbinis, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Rhizoma Dioscoreae). The present work offers a reliable and convenient approach for routine detection of pesticide based on two different detection mechanisms. Image 1 • A novel dual-mode method was developed for OPP detection. • Both spectroscopic and colorimetric strategies showed good analytical performance. • Nanoceria with remarkable enzyme-like activity was employed instead of natural enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the numerous agents, genetic factors and environmental elements such as pesticides have an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. The present study aimed to investigate the probable-role of some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) in patients with CRC. In this case-control study, 42 patients with CRC and 30 healthy subjects were selected. The serum levels of some OCPs (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, 2,4 DDE, 4,4 DDE, 2,4DDT and 4,4DDT) were measured by gas chromatography (GC) method. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as the enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and arylesterase activity of Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) were evaluated in all participants. The methylation specific PCR (MSP) assay was used for determining the methylation status of CpG island of p16 and MGMT genes in CRC patients. The mean serum levels of each OCPs were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The AChE and arylesterase activity of PON-1 in the patient group were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001). The mean serum levels of MDA and TAC in the serum of the patient group were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.002, respectively). The current findings demonstrated significantly hypermethylation of p16 promoter in CRC patients. Regarding the higher levels of OCPs in CRC patients, along with hypermethylation of the p16 promoter gene, diminishing in AChE and PON-1 activity and increasing in oxidative stress factors, the role of OCPs and OPPs in the CRC progression in the South - East of Iran may be assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive sampling techniques have been considered robust tools for monitoring freely dissolved concentrations of contaminants in aquatic systems. However, few passive samplers are currently available for the simultaneous sampling of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemicals. In this study, we developed a novel passive sampler (a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance sorbent-embedded cellulose acetate membrane (HECAM)) for estimating the time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic contaminants in water. In our laboratorial controlled dynamic experiments, the accumulation results of thirty-seven target chemicals (including organophosphorus flame retardants, phenols, estrogens, organophosphorus pesticides, and triazine herbicides) with a wide polarity range (1.44 < log K ow < 9.49) in the HECAM followed first-order kinetics well, and the passive sampling parameters were estimated successfully. The estimated sampling rates for the target chemicals in the HECAM ranged from 0.14 to 6.90 L d−1 in the laboratory experiment, and the log K sw (equilibrium partition coefficient between the sampler and water) values ranged from 2.75 to 6.00. The HECAM exhibited high sampling rate for moderately hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic chemicals. The field validation study in an urban river resulted in the detection of four target chemicals (tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate, prometryn, and 4- tert -octylphenol) by the HECAM at estimated TWA concentrations of 10.9–179.5 ng L−1, which were in agreement with the measured levels found in traditional grab samples by solid-phase extraction. In summary, both the laboratory tests and field deployment showed practicable results for the HECAM passive sampling, which suggests that it is an efficient approach for simultaneous monitoring of hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic contaminants in water. Image 1 • The HECAM can estimate freely dissolved time-weighted averaged concentrations. • A novel membrane-based passive sampling device (HECAM) was first published. • The HECAM can simultaneously sample both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contaminants. • The HECAM has high sampling rates for chemicals with moderate polarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]