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The archaeology of coins is a multidisciplinary approach advocated to the understanding of the context, functions, life histories, and the agency themes that those material objects evoke. Since 2009, the Historical Archaeology Project at Hacienda San Pedro Cholul has recovered a collection of more than 80 metallic coins from the excavation of domestic floors within three workerś houses. With historic information, and the aim of different numismatic sources, we have identified different types of coins regarding its value, characteristic decoration, year of coinage and the metal used in its manufacture. This collection ranges in temporality from the second half of the nineteenth century through the twentieth century, period of development of this henequen plantation in the northeastern part of Merida city. One of the most interesting pieces of the collection is a token, dating from 1857, that was used as payment for labor, and as a form of debt, inside the Yucatec haciendas. Until now, we did not know exactly the material used to fabric these tokens and their provenance. To deal with those issues, we implemented an archaeometrical analysis on five coins and the token using Metallography, X-Ray Fluorescence analysis, and X-Ray Diffraction, to study their chemical composition, microstructure and composition of mineral phases formed due to degradation of these historic materials. The aim of these analyses is to complement the information dealing with the metallic composition of the selected coins and the token, and to contribute to the discussion regarding the circulation of money and debt peonage during Yucatan’s Gilded Age.

Postural balance is the result of a complex interaction of sensory input which keeps us upright. Haemodialysis patients have alterations which can lead to postural instability and a risk of falls. Our objective was to analyse postural stability and its relationship with the risk of falls in haemodialysis patients using a force platform.

El equilibrio postural es el resultado de una compleja interacción de aferencias sensoriales que nos mantiene erguidos. Los pacientes en hemodiálisis presentan alteraciones que pueden generar inestabilidad postural y riesgo de caídas. Nuestro objetivo es analizar, mediante una plataforma de fuerzas, la estabilidad postural en pacientes hemodializados y su relación con el riesgo de caídas.

Hypomagnesaemia in haemodialysis (HD) is associated with increased mortality risk: its relationship with dialysis fluid (DF).

La hipomagnesemia en hemodiálisis (HD) se asocia a mayor riesgo de mortalidad: su relación con el líquido de diálisis (LD).

Los pacientes en diálisis son un grupo de riesgo de sufrir la infección por el SARS-CoV-2 y posiblemente de tener más complicaciones, pero la información con la que contamos es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la experiencia del primer mes de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en una unidad hospitalaria de hemodiálisis (HD) que atiende al 2.odistrito madrileño con más en incidencia de COVID-19 (casi 1.000 pacientes en 100.000habitantes). Se presenta mediante un diario las acciones llevadas a cabo, la incidencia de COVID-19 en pacientes y en el personal sanitario, algunas características clínicas y el resultado de un cribado entre todos los pacientes de la unidad.

El Kt/V se ha usado como sinónimo de dosis de hemodiálisis. La supervivencia de los pacientes mejoraba con un Kt/V>1; este objetivo posteriormente fue elevado a 1,2 y a 1,3. En el estudio HEMO no se demostró una relación significativa entre Kt/V y la mortalidad. La relación Kt/V y mortalidad con frecuencia es una curva en «J». ¿Es la V el factor de confusión de esa relación? El objetivo de este estudio es buscar la relación de la mortalidad con el Kt/V, Kt y con el contenido de agua corporal (V) y masa magra (bioimpedancia).

Kt/V has been used as a synonym for hemodialysis dose. Patient survival improved with a Kt/V>1; this target was subsequently increased to 1.2 and 1.3. The HEMO study revealed no significant relationship between Kt/V and mortality. The relationship between Kt/V and mortality often shows a J-shaped curve. Is V the confounding factor in this relationship? The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between mortality and Kt/V, Kt and body water content (V) and lean mass (bioimpedance).

El líquido de diálisis con citrato no induce in vitroestrés oxidativo ni inflamación en comparación con el acetato.

Increased acetataemia during haemodialysis sessions has been associated with a number of abnormalities, including increased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthesis. Citric acid may play an alternative role to acetate as a dialysate stabilizer given that the effect of citrate on complement and leukocyte activation is different to that of acetate. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory effect in immunocompetent blood cells of acetate dialysate and citrate dialysate.

La adición de fósforo (P) en el líquido de hemodiálisis (LD) mediante enema con fosfato de sodio (enema Casen®) se utiliza habitualmente en pacientes con hipofosforemia. El cálculo de la cantidad y los problemas que puede presentar no se describen en la literatura. Nuestro trabajo hace un abordaje práctico de cómo poner fósforo en LD con una fórmula razonada para calcular cuánto volumen de enema añadir en función del concentrado de diálisis utilizado y los problemas que pueden aparecer.

The addition of phosphorus (P) to the dialysate (LD) in the form of enema Casen®is common practice in patients with hypophosphatemia. The estimation of the amount to be used and the identification of the problems that may occur are not well defined. As a result of our work we propose a practical approach of how to proceed to increase phosphate concentration in the hemodialysate. We present a reasoned formula to calculate how much enema has to be added and the problems that may arise.

One of the most important Mayan cities of the Classic period (A.D. 200–900) of Mesoamerica is Palenque, in Chiapas. The Mayan civilization attributed great importance to greenstone minerals, in particular jadeite. This study covers the analysis of greenstones found in royal tombs of several temples corresponding to the Classic period: the Temple of the Skull, Temple of the Cross and Temples XVIII and XVIII-A. The aim of this research is to determine the use of greenstone minerals and the raw materials’ sources as a first step in understanding the development of Palenque and its relationships to other sites in the Maya region. Here, we present a non-destructive in situ study of lithic objects carried out by means of a several spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and color measurements, at the Palenque site museum. FTIR and Raman allowed for the identification of minerals including jadeite, omphacite, amazonite, albite, muscovite and green quartz. Moreover, XRF was effective for in situ analysis of the elemental composition of the artifacts. This information was essential for sourcing the raw materials, in particular, jadeite. It was possible to infer the exploitation of an unknown source of jadeite for the earlier burial (A.D. 250–450). During this period the exploitation of the Verapaz and Motagua jadeite deposits also began. These sources were the primary deposits used for the manufacture of the artifacts studied from the period of A.D. 600–850. Also, a greater diversity of minerals is observed during the zenith of Palenque during this period, corresponding to the reign of Pakal. Although, between burials, the color of the artifacts is diverse, the color measurements indicated similarity in color among artifacts within individual burials.

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has been considered a relative contraindication for peritoneal dialysis (PD), although there are few specific studies available.Methods A multicenter historical prospective matched-cohort study was conducted to describe the outcome of ADPKD patients who have chosen PD. All ADPKD patients starting PD (n= 106) between January 2003 and December 2010 and a control group (2 consecutive patients without ADPKD) were studied. Mortality, PD-technique failure, peritonitis, abdominal wall leaks and cyst infections were compared.Results Patients with ADPKD had similar age but less comorbidity at PD inclusion: Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) 4.3 (standard deviation [SD] 1.6) vs 5.3 (SD 2.5) p< 0.001, diabetes mellitus 5.7% vs 29.2%, p< 0.001 and previous cardiovascular events 10.4% vs 27.8%, p< 0.001. No differences were observed in clinical events that required transient transfer to hemodialysis, nor in peritoneal leakage episodes or delivered dialysis dose. The cyst infection rate was low (0.09 episodes per patient-year) and cyst infections were not associated to peritonitis episodes. Overall technique survival was similar in both groups. Permanent transfer to hemodialysis because of surgery or peritoneal leakage was more frequent in ADPKD. More ADPKD patients were included in the transplant waiting list (69.8 vs 58%, p= 0.04) but mean time to transplantation was similar (2.08 [1.69 – 2.47] years). The mortality rate was lower (2.5 vs 7.6 deaths/100 patient-year, p= 0.02) and the median patient survival was longer in ADPKD patients (6.04 [5.39 – 6.69] vs 5.57 [4.95 – 6.18] years, p= 0.024).Conclusion Peritoneal dialysis is a suitable renal replacement therapy option for ADPKD patients.

We present evidence of volcano‐tectonic interactions at Sabancaya volcano that we relate to episodic magma injection and high regional fluid pore pressures. We present a surface deformation time series at Sabancaya including observations from ERS‐1/2, Envisat, Sentinel‐1, COSMO‐SkyMed, and TerraSAR‐X that spans June 1992 to February 2019. These data show deep‐seated inflation northwest of Sabancaya from 1992–1997 and 2013–2019, as well as creep and rupture on multiple faults. Afterslip on the Mojopampa fault following a 2013 MW5.9 earthquake is anomalously long lived, continuing for at least 6 years. The best fit fault plane for the afterslip is right‐lateral motion on an EW striking fault at 1 km depth. We also model surface deformation from two 2017 earthquakes (MW4.4 and MW5.2) on unnamed faults, for which the best fit models are NW striking normal faults at 1–2 km depth. Our best fit model for a magmatic inflation source (13 km depth, volume change of 0.04 to 0.05 km3yr−1) induces positive Coulomb static stress changes on these modeled fault planes. Comparing these deformation results with evidence from satellite thermal and degassing data, field observations, and seismic records, we interpret strong pre‐eruptive seismicity at Sabancaya as a consequence of magmatic intrusions destabilizing tectonic faults critically stressed by regionally high fluid pressures. High fluid pressure likely also promotes fault creep driven by static stress transfer from the inflation source. We speculate that combining high pore fluid pressures with sufficiently large, offset magmatic inflation can promote strong earthquakes during volcanic unrest. InSAR analysis provides evidence for laterally and vertically complex volcanic plumbing system at SabancayaHigh fluid pressure at Sabancaya promotes strong seismicity during 2012–2019 eruptive periodHigh fluid pressure and static stress transfer from deep inflation promote long‐lived fault creep