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AbstractDecomposition of biodegradable waste in municipal waste centers may produce odor emissions and subsequently cause discomfort to nearby residents. The public health importance of the resulting nuisance has not been sufficiently characterized. The aim of this study was to study the perception and annoyance of waste odor among residents in relation to distance from the large-scale source. In 2006, 1142 randomly selected residents living within 5 km from the boundaries of five waste treatment centers were interviewed by telephone. These centers were landfilling municipal waste and composting source-separated biowaste and/or sludge. The questionnaire consisted of 102 items containing questions on perceived environmental nuisance. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated adjusting for sex and age. The proportion of respondents perceiving odor varied by center and distance (<1.5 km: 66–100%; 1.5 to <3 km: 13–84%; 3 to <5 km: 2–64%). The pooled OR for odor annoyance was 6.1 (95% CI 3.7–10) in the intermediate and 19 (95% CI 12–32) in the innermost zone compared with residents in the outermost zone. Intensity of odor characterized as very strong or fairly strong affected odor annoyance more than weekly or more frequently perceived odor. The high level of odor perception and annoyance in residents living near waste treatment centers draws attention to the need to prevent odor nuisance constricting emission peaks and frequent emissions. Because odors may affect fairly distant (even 1.5 to <3 km) residential areas, planning of the locations of waste treatment operations is essential.