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L'épidémie de Covid-19 a atteint l'île de Mayotte, département français d'outremer en mars 2020. Depuis cette date, et jusqu'à début septembre, 3 374 cas ont été diagnostiqués, dont 75 cas en service de réanimation, ayant évolué vers un décès dans 40 cas. Le dépistage et les mesures barrière sont difficiles à contrôler dans ce pays The Covid-19 epidemic has reached the island of Mayotte, a french overseas department on march 2020. Since that date, and until the beginning of September, 3 374 cases have been diagnosed, including 75 cases in intensive care unit which progressed to death in 40 cases. Screening and barrier measures are difficult to control in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La leptospirose, zoonose la plus fréquente dans le monde, a l'incidence la plus élevée des départements et régions d'outre-mer à Mayotte. Un Comorien de 32 ans immigré à Mayotte se présente pour fièvre et myalgies depuis huit jours. Les examens mettent en évidence une leptospirose, rapidement résolutive sous doxycycline. L'incidence en 2017 est de 66,3 cas pour 100 000 habitants, soit 170 cas déclarés. L'activité agricole et les co-expositions à la maladie (vie rurale, habitat dégradé, divers animaux et rats dans l'environnement, accumulation de déchets dans les rues) sont des facteurs majeurs de risque de contamination à Mayotte. Une amélioration de l'hygiène générale est indispensable pour diminuer l'incidence de cette infection. Leptospirosis, the most common zoonosis in the world, has the highest incidence of overseas departments in Mayotte. A 32-year-old Comorian immigrated to Mayotte presents for fever and myalgia for 8 days. The examinations show a leptospirosis, quickly resolving under doxycycline. The incidence in 2017 is 66,3 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, 170 cases reported. Agricultural activity and co-exposure to the disease (rural life, degraded habitat, various animals and rats in the environment, accumulation of waste in the streets) are major risk factors for contamination on Mayotte. An improvement in general hygiene is essential to reduce the incidence of this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Une famille revenue d'un voyage au Salvador a présenté des troubles digestifs (douleurs abdominales, diarrhées). L'examen parasitologique des selles a révélé la présence d'oocystes de Cyclospora cayetanensis , qui ont disparu sous triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole. Ce parasiter est un protozoaire, de l'ordre des coccidies, connu chez l'homme depuis 1877. Il est cosmopolite mais plus fréquent en zone tropicale, avec une prévalence de 2 à 11% selon les pays. L'infestation, due à l'ingestion des parasites avec l'eau et les crudités contaminées, provoque des troubles digestifs variés, plus importants chez le sujet immunodéprimé (amaigrissement, deshydratation). Le diagnostic est basé sur l'examen parasitologique des selles. Le traitement par triméthoprime--sulfaméthoxazole est efficace. La prophylaxie nécessite le respect des règles de l'hygiène alimentaire. A family, returning from a trip to El Salvador, complained of digestive disorders (abdominal pain, diarrhea). Stool examinations highlighted oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis which have disappeared under treatment by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. This parasite is a protozoan, of the order of coccidia, known in humans since 1877. It is cosmopolitan, but more common in tropical areas, with a prevalence of 2 to 11%, depending on the countries. Infection, due to ingestion of water or contamined food, causes various digestive disorders, which are more severe in immunocompromised patients with weight loss and dehydration. The diagnosis is based on parasitologic stool examination, identifying the oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis. Trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole treatment is effective. Prevention requires compliance with the rules of food hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’orf est une zoonose cosmopolite due à un parapoxvirus ayant un tropisme pour les cellules épidermiques. L’infection, ou ecthyma contagiosum est endémique dans de nombreux troupeaux de moutons et de chèvres. Les lésions des animaux sont surtout localisées sur le museau. La transmission à l’homme s’effectue par contact direct avec un animal infecté. La lésion évolue en plusieurs phases (macule, papule, nodule puis croûte) avant de guérir spontanément en 4 à 6 semaines. L’examen histologique montre un infiltrat inflammatoire et des inclusions éosinophiliques dans les cellules épithéliales. L’infection par le parapoxvirus est confirmée par RT-PCR. Il n’y a pas de traitement spécifique. La prévention est basée sur l’hygiène de l’élevage des animaux. Summary Orf is a worldwide zoonosis due to a poxvirus, with a tropism to epithelial cells. Orf infection, or ecthyma contagiosum , is endemic in many sheeps and goats herds. The lesions are located mostly in the muzzle of the animals. Transmission to humans occurs through direct contact with infected animals. The lesions progress through different stages (macule, papule, nodule and crust) and heal spontaneously without four to six weeks. Histological examination revealed inflammatory cellular infiltrate and typical eosinophilic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells. Parapoxvirus infection is confirmed by RT-PCR. No specific treatment is available. Prevention is based on the hygiene of the breeding animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les zoonoses parasitaires sont cosmopolites et représentent un important problème pour les populations habitant dans le grand nord, où la prévalence de certains parasites est plus élevée que dans le reste du continent nord Américain. Giardia intestinalis est très répandu dans les régions du grand nord et des kystes de Giardia ont été retrouvés chez les animaux domestiques et sauvages, comme les castors et les phoques. La prévalence de Cryptosporidium est relativement faible dans ces contrées froides. Des sérodiagnostics positifs de toxoplasmose ont été décelés chez les animaux et les populations locales. Des cas humains et animaux de trichinellose ont été signalés dans ces régions polaires, suite à l’ingestion de viande mal cuite d’ours ou de phoque. D’autres nématodoses ( Anisakis , Toxocara ) ont été répertoriées dans le grand nord, ainsi que différentes espèces de Diphyllobothrium . Echinococcus canadensis est retrouvé chez les canidés et les cervidés (caribous, rennes) au Canada et en Alaska, mais pas au Groenland. Les hôtes définitifs de Echinococcus multilocularis sont les renards polaires, les renards roux et les chiens. En raison de l’éducation sanitaire et de la surveillance épidémiologique, aucun cas humain n’a été signalé en Alaska depuis 1986. Le réchauffement climatique va provoquer des perturbations écologiques terrestres, fluviales et maritimes en facilitant la survie et la multiplication des parasites et donc leur dissémination parmi les animaux, les populations locales et les visiteurs. Summary Zoonotic parasitic diseases are present worldwide and are an increasing problem in people living in northern countries, where the prevalence of some parasites is higher than in general north America population. Giardia intestinalis is widespread in northern America and Greenland. Giardia cysts have been found in different domestic and wild animals as beavers and seals. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in northern Canada is relatively low. Antibodies of Toxoplasma gondii have been reported in animal and people in northern countries. Human cases and wildlife of Trichinella sp have been reported in the same countries, due to bear and walrus meat. Toxocara canis is transmitted among dogs, wolves, coyotes and foxes. Anisakid nematod have been detected in wildlife, mostly in marine animals. Diphyllobothrium cestodes are present in marine and freshwater animals. Echinococcus canadensis is present in Alaska and in northern Canada but not in Greenland. The definitive hosts are canid and cerviid, as caribous and reindeers. The definitive hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis are found in arctic foxes, red foxes and dogs. Due to the education and control program, no reports of human case have been reported since 1986 in Alaska. Climate warming and ecological perturbations are modifying the structure of terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems, facilitating parasites survival and transmission among wildlife, local population and visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La balantidiose, zoonose parasitaire due à un protozoaire cilié, est cosmopolite, mais se rencontre surtout dans les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux. Elle se transmet à l’homme par ingestion d’eau ou d’aliments souillés contenant des kystes provenant des excréments des porcs. Comme les animaux, le sujet infesté reste le plus souvent porteur asymptomatique. Dans le cas contraire, les troubles cliniques peuvent prêter à confusion avec une amoebose intestinale. Les complications graves sont rares mais parfois mortelles. Le diagnostic biologique est facile par l’examen parasitologique des selles. Le traitement, à base de tétracyclines ou de nitro-imidazolés, est très efficace. Summary Balantidiosis, parasitic zoonosis due to a ciliated protozoon, covers a broad spectrum, but mostly in tropical areas. Human is infested by fecal-oral route, with contaminated drinking water and food which are contaminated by cysts shed in feces of pigs. Humans remain mostly asymptomatic as does the pig. In other cases, the patients may develop dysentery similar to intestinal amoebiasis. Complications are seldom and death is infrequent. Laboratory diagnosis is made by stools examination, Tetracyclines and metronidazole are treatments of choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Un cas de granulome inflammatoire contenant des oxyures a été découvert fortuitement lors d’une biopsie pour carcinome différencié de la vulve. A case of casual discovery of a enterobiasic vulvar granuloma arising on the vulva is reported in a patient treated by surgery for a squamous carcinoma of the vulva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the use of bitumen in medicine from prehistory to 2010. Topics discussed include the chemical properties of bitumen and methods of acquiring it, as well as background on its uses in ancient times, particularly for medical purposes; the ancient Egyptian tradition of treating mummies with bitumen, and the use of bitumen by various societies, for purposes ranging from cosmetics, art and photography, and caulking boats, to medical treatment for illness including lung disease, digestive troubles and bone fractures.

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prevention is an important but neglected issue in geriatric medicine. Vaccination plays a major role in prevention of infectious diseases, but its implementation in clinical practice is far from perfect. To improve practice, a group of French experts composed of geriatricians and infectious disease specialists prepared a set of educational material about vaccination for older subjects. The tool has been designed to be used by medical teachers to help them teach this topic to other physicians, nursing staff and students. The group first defined teaching objectives and reviewed the scientific literature on the efficacy and use of various vaccines in the elderly. Results were recorded in 217 slides. These slides were grouped to allow their use for short presentations: the immune system in the elderly and general information about vaccination; universal vaccines, influenza vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, Herpes zoster vaccine, pertussis vaccine, vaccines for old travellers. Written comments were added to most slides to help presenters teach the topics. The content and design of the slides were analyzed and discussed by the whole group. The set was collected in a CD with ready-to-use files for oral presentations. This educational tool was presented and given to French teachers in geriatrics. It has been used for educational sessions in geriatric hospital wards, for continuous medical education for general practitioners and for courses for physicians learning geriatrics. It has also been proposed to physicians in charge of medical coordination of nursing homes and is available on a web site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention is an important but neglected issue in geriatric medicine. Vaccination plays a major role in prevention of infectious diseases, but its implementation in clinical practice is far from perfect. To improve practice, a group of French experts composed of geriatricians and infectious disease specialists prepared a set of educational material about vaccination for older subjects. The tool has been designed to be used by medical teachers to help them teach this topic to other physicians, nursing staff and students. The group first defined teaching objectives and reviewed the scientific literature on the efficacy and use of various vaccines in the elderly. Results were recorded in 217 slides. These slides were grouped to allow their use for short presentations: the immune system in the elderly and general information about vaccination; universal vaccines, influenza vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, Herpes zoster vaccine, pertussis vaccine, vaccines for old travellers. Written comments were added to most slides to help presenters teach the topics. The content and design of the slides were analyzed and discussed by the whole group. The set was collected in a CD with ready-to-use files for oral presentations. This educational tool was presented and given to French teachers in geriatrics. It has been used for educational sessions in geriatric hospital wards, for continuous medical education for general practitioners and for courses for physicians learning geriatrics. It has also been proposed to physicians in charge of medical coordination of nursing homes and is available on a web site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The REMn0.5Ni0.5O3 (RE=La, Nd) and YMn0.5Co0.5O3 compounds, prepared by solid-state reaction under air, were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). The La-compound contains some lanthanum vacancies decreasing the lattice parameters and increasing the crystal distortion. Nearly stoichiometric compositions were found for the other compounds prepared under similar conditions. The NPD data of all compounds indicate some ordering of the mixed transition ions over the octahedral site, since the crystal structure is better described in monoclinic space group P21/n that accounts for two distinguishable octahedral sites, rather than in orthorhombic Pbnm. Such results contrast with those obtained from X-ray diffraction where the mixed ions appear to be randomly distributed over the only octahedral site of the Pbnm space group. The low-temperature NPD patterns of YMn0.5Co0.5O3 exhibit some magnetic peaks, below 70K. The magnetic structure at 1.4K consists of two collinear ferromagnetic sublayers with saturated magnetic moments of 3.26(2)μB and 2.14(2)μB per ion, at the 2c- and 2d-site, respectively. The low-temperature NPD patterns of LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3 and NdMn0.5Ni0.5O3 exhibit an obvious increase in intensity over the only nuclear peak, at 2θ ∼36.89° and 36.40°, respectively. Although such behavior indicates a ferromagnetic ordering, the magnetic structure could not be refined because of the faint magnetic properties, more likely due to the incomplete atomic ordering. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]