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Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) afflict millions of individuals worldwide1, yet an effective treatment remains elusive. Following such injuries, the site is populated by a multitude of peripheral immune cells, including T cells, but a comprehensive understanding of the roles and antigen specificity of these endogenous T cells at the injury site has been lacking. This gap has impeded the development of immune-mediated cellular therapies for CNS injuries. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrated the clonal expansion of mouse and human spinal cord injury-associated T cells and identified that CD4+T cell clones in mice exhibit antigen specificity towards self-peptides of myelin and neuronal proteins. Leveraging mRNA-based T cell receptor (TCR) reconstitution, a strategy aimed to minimize potential adverse effects from prolonged activation of self-reactive T cells, we generated engineered transiently autoimmune T cells. These cells demonstrated notable neuroprotective efficacy in CNS injury models, in part by modulating myeloid cells via IFNγ. Our findings elucidate mechanistic insight underlying the neuroprotective function of injury-responsive T cells and pave the way for the future development of T cell therapies for CNS injuries.

Abstract: A search for an optimum technique for studying the electrical characteristics of thin n/p-InxGa1–xAs semiconductor layers with different doping levels has been carried out. The primary task has been to measure the main electrical characteristics by different methods using resistivity (conductivity), majority carrier concentration, dependence of the main electrical parameters on the doping type and level, and their comparison. Using the example of the p- and n-In0.01Ga0.99As solid solutions grown by MOCVD, a technique for studying the main electrical characteristics of the epitaxial layers has been proposed, which takes into account the estimated homogeneity on large-area samples. Results obtained by different methods, including photoluminescence, contactless surface resistivity measurement, van der Pauw (Hall effect), electrochemical capacitance–voltage profiling, and in situ control, have been compared. Basing on the results obtained and comparison with the literature data, conclusions have been drawn concerning the need, sufficiency, and complementarity of the methods for controlling and studying semiconductor epitaxial structures.

•Irgm1deletion leads to higher levels of IRGM3-dependent type I IFN signaling.•Elevated type I IFN inhibits expansion of CD4+T cells in dLN during Mtb infection.•IRGM1 is required to promote Mtb-specific T cell responses during infection.•IRGM1 supports TH1 responses that control Mtb infection in innate immune cells.

Currently, gas hydrate technologies are being developed for storing and transporting gas, separating gas mixtures, etc. This requires the development of methods for large-scale production of gas hydrates. One of the least studied stages in the processes of hydrate production is hydrate nucleation, which in general corresponds to the appearance of the first nucleus of the hydrate phase capable of further growth. In this work, we studied the influence of the reactor wall material and the addition of various surfactants on the nucleation of methane hydrate. It was shown that the material of the reactor walls most significantly affects the rate of methane hydrate nucleation, with a decrease in rates in the series Teflon > glass ≥ stainless steel. It was also shown that nucleation rates change in the presence of various surfactants in solutions. In particular, when moving from an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) to a cationic surfactant (N-decylpyridinium chloride), the nucleation rate decreases by an order of magnitude. We also discuss possible mechanisms for methane hydrate formation. Analysis of experimental data shows that the process of hydrate nucleation may have a nonclassical mechanism. We made an attempt to mathematically describe the nonclassical mechanism of a hydrate nucleation process. It was shown that the multistage nonclassical nucleation mechanism can lead to a complication of the shape of experimental survival curves characterizing the nucleation of gas hydrates.

Untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) experiments produce complex, multidimensional data that are practically impossible to investigate manually. For this reason, computational pipelines are needed to extract relevant information from raw spectral data and convert it into a more comprehensible format. Depending on the sample type and/or goal of the study, a variety of MS platforms can be used for such analysis. MZmine is an open-source software for the processing of raw spectral data generated by different MS platforms. Examples include liquid chromatography–MS, gas chromatography–MS and MS–imaging. These data might typically be associated with various applications including metabolomics and lipidomics. Moreover, the third version of the software, described herein, supports the processing of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) data. The present protocol provides three distinct procedures to perform feature detection and annotation of untargeted MS data produced by different instrumental setups: liquid chromatography–(IMS–)MS, gas chromatography–MS and (IMS–)MS imaging. For training purposes, example datasets are provided together with configuration batch files (i.e., list of processing steps and parameters) to allow new users to easily replicate the described workflows. Depending on the number of data files and available computing resources, we anticipate this to take between 2 and 24 h for new MZmine users and nonexperts. Within each procedure, we provide a detailed description for all processing parameters together with instructions/recommendations for their optimization. The main generated outputs are represented by aligned feature tables and fragmentation spectra lists that can be used by other third-party tools for further downstream analysis.

Geometric frustration occurs in a lattice system when not all the interactions can be satisfied simultaneously. The simplest example is antiferromagnetically coupled spins on a triangular lattice. Frustrated systems are characterized by having many nearly degenerate ground states, leading to non-trivial phases, such as spin ice and spin liquids. To date, most studies have looked at geometric frustration of spins whereas orbital geometric frustration has been much less explored. For electrons in twisted bilayer graphene, when the electronic bands are filled to a fraction with denominator 3, Coulomb interactions and the Wannier orbital shapes are predicted to strongly constrain spatial charge ordering, leading to geometrically frustrated ground states that produce a new class of correlated insulating states. Here we report the observation of dominant, denominator 3, fractional-filling, insulating states in large-angle twisted bilayer graphene. These states persist in magnetic fields and display magnetic ordering signatures and tripled unit cell reconstruction. These results are in agreement with a strong-coupling theory for symmetry-breaking in geometrically frustrated fractional states.

In this note, we discuss an integral representation for the vertex function of the cotangent bundle over the Grassmannian, X=T∗Gr(k,n). This integral representation can be used to compute the ħ→∞limit of the vertex function, where ħdenotes the equivariant parameter of a torus acting on Xby dilating the cotangent fibers. We show that in this limit, the integral turns into the standard mirror integral representation of the A-series of the Grassmannian Gr(k,n)with the Laurent polynomial Landau–Ginzburg superpotential of Eguchi, Hori and Xiong.

Abstract—Powders and ceramic composite materials in an Al2O3–ZrO2system with a concentration of ZrO2of 20 wt % are obtained. The effect of introduction of chromium oxide and yttrium oxide into Al2O3–ZrO2ceramic materials on the phase composition, porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties is studied. It is shown that the introduction of chromium oxide leads to the improvement of sintering and mechanical properties of the ceramic. Products with the predefined shape of a corresponding computer model are obtained by 3D printing, and also their multistage thermal treatment is carried out. Densely sintered ceramic materials are obtained at 1550 and 1600°C, the open porosity of which is below 1% and microhardness is up to 1646 ± 50 HV. The samples are characterized by a dense microstructure with the grain size of zirconium dioxide from 400 nm to 2 μm and of aluminum oxide from 800 nm to 3 μm. The thickness of the layer formed during 3D printing shows a positive impact of the addition of Cr2O3on the resolution during 3D printing.

Manganese complexes [(arene)Mn(CO)3]+were prepared in one step from arenes and Mn(CO)5Br. They were found to be efficient catalysts in the carbonyl cyanation with TMSCN, CO2fixation by epoxides, and direct reductive amination in the presence of syngas. The amination reaction tolerated various reducible functional groups. The synergy of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in syngas provides high efficiency of the catalytic system. The developed protocols do not require an inert atmosphere, and the catalysts can be handled in air.

Commonly considered bispecific, Acorusis one of the most phylogenetically isolated angiosperm genera that forms the order Acorales sister to the rest of the monocots. The Acorus calamusgroup is widely distributed in the Holarctic regions of Eurasia and America and has strong medicinal and other practical uses since prehistoric times. Earlier studies interpreted native diploids and invasive triploids occurring in North America as two species that differed in morphology and distribution ranges. In contrast, diploids, triploids, and tetraploids occurring in Eurasia are commonly interpreted as one species because they reportedly cannot be distinguished in collections. We resolve the controversy over taxonomic concepts between Eurasia and America and provide the first detailed multidisciplinary account of Acorusin temperate Asia. We used plastid and nuclear markers, leaf anatomy, seed micromorphology, pollen stainability, flow cytometry, and direct chromosome counts. Diploids and tetraploids show stable molecular and micromorphological differences. Triploids are their sterile hybrids, with the plastid genome inherited from the diploid parent. Diploids of America and Asia tend to differ in leaf characters. Coadaptative coexistence with pollinating beetles Platamartus jakowlewiand Sibirhelus corpulentus(Kateretidae) is conserved between diploids and tetraploids and over a distance of 4700 km between Japan and Western Siberia. Diploids are self‐compatible and can set seeds in the absence of kateretid beetles. Tetraploids are self‐incompatible and/or cannot set seeds in the absence of Platamartusand Sibirhelus. Diploids (A. americanus) and tetraploids (A. verus) are two biological species; the former has two subspecies. Acorus calamusshould be restricted to triploids; it apparently first evolved in temperate Asia. Diploids mostly occur in much cooler climates than triploids and tetraploids. Accessions of A. verusand A. calamusfrom tropical Asia are apparently derived from ancient introductions. Our data provide a new framework for the pharmacological use of Acorus.

The current work is dedicated to the study of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as extractants for the purification of esters from alcohols. Separation efficiency of the mixture of 1-butanol–1-butyl formate using various deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride with glycerol, ethylene glycol, urea, and glutaric acid was evaluated. The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the pseudoternary systems of 1-butanol–1-butyl formate–deep eutectic solvents at 293.15 and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure were obtained. The quantitative analysis was carried out using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The separation efficiency was evaluated based on the distribution coefficients and selectivity values. DES with urea and glycerol showed the highest separation selectivity, while DES with ethylene glycol and glutaric acid demonstrated the highest alcohol distribution coefficient. The reliability of the internal consistency of the liquid–liquid equilibrium data has been demonstrated by calculating the correlation equations of Othmer–Tobias, Hand, and Bachman. To confirm the experimental data, the LLE was calculated using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) equation. It was shown that the standard deviation (s) did not exceed 1.27%. A comparative analysis was carried out on the dependence of separation efficiency in other alcohol–ester systems using the same deep eutectic solvents.

Fungal 10-membered lactones (TMLs), such as stagonolide A, herbarumin I, pinolidoxin, and putaminoxin, are promising candidates for the development of nature-derived herbicides. The aim of this study was to analyze the structure–activity relationships (SAR) of C-9-methyl-substituted TMLs with a multitarget bioassay approach to reveal compounds with useful (phytotoxic, entomotoxic, antimicrobial) or undesirable (cytotoxic) bioactivities. A new TML, stagonolide L (1), along with five known compounds (stagonolides D (2) and E (3), curvulides A (4) and B1/B2(5a,b), and pyrenolide C (6)), were purified from cultures of the phytopathogenic fungus Stagonospora cirsii, and five semisynthetic derivatives of 3and 4(7–11) were obtained. The absolute configuration of 4was revised to 2Z, 4S, 5S, 6R, and 9R.The identity of 5a,band stagonolide H is discussed. The phytotoxicity of compound 4, the entomotoxicity of 5a,b, and nonselective toxicity of compound 6are demonstrated. The latter confirms the hypothesis that the a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl group is associated with the high general toxicity of TML, regardless of its position in the ring and other substituents. The epoxide in compound 4is important for phytotoxicity. The revealed SAR patterns will be useful for further rational design of TML-based herbicides including curvulide A analogs with a 4,5-epoxy group.

A variety of micro‐ and nanocomposite materials based on electrochemically‐acquired porous silicon are produced and evaluated in terms of their applicability to display technology. It is shown that porous silicon provides a versatile and well‐adjustable template for filling with other materials, which can outright change its electrophysical parameters. While, in terms of display applications, porous silicon layers are mostly prominent for their photohiminescence not akin to monocrystalline silicon, this property can be additionally enhanced by employing a variety of electrochemical techniques to form metal deposits of certain shapes.

In this paper, we examine the practical problem of minimizing the delay in traffic networks that are controlled at each intersection independently, without a centralized supervisory computer and with limited communication bandwidth. We find that existing learning algorithms have lackluster performance or are too computationally complex to be implemented in the field. Instead, we introduce a simple yet efficient and effective approach using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) that applies the Deep Q-Network (DQN) learning algorithm in a fully decentralized setting. First, we decouple the DQN into per-intersection Q-networks and then transmit the output of each Q-network’s hidden layer to its intersection neighbors. We show that our method is computationally efficient compared with other MARL methods, with minimal additional overhead compared with a naive isolated learning approach with no communication. This property enables our method to be implemented in real-world scenarios with less computation power. Finally, we conduct experiments for both synthetic and real-world scenarios and show that our method achieves better performance in minimizing intersection delay than other methods.

Abstract—: The need to assess timely the main indicators of the country’s socio-economic development determines the improvement in methods for short-term analysis and forecasting of low-frequency parameters reflecting economic and, among other things, investment development. The article proposes an approach to devising a structural dynamic model for the operational assessment of fixed capital investment. It is based on calculating the integral monthly supply index of investment products, including the composite supply index of investment machinery and equipment and the composite supply index of building products. This indicator definitively reflects the current dynamics of investment activity in the economy and it can be recommended as a proxy index of fixed capital investment.

Efficient second harmonic generation and broad-band photoluminescence from deeply subwavelength and nontoxic nanoparticles is essential for nanophotonic applications. Here, we explore nonlinear optical response from mesoporous Si/SiO2, SiO2, and Si nanoparticles, considering various fabrication and treatment procedures. We show that thermal annealing (including femtosecond laser treatment) of mesoporous Si/SiO2nanoparticles provides the transformation of Si phase from amorphous to crystalline, enhancing the second harmonic and nonlinear photoluminescent response. Notably, the SiO2mesoporous frame of the considered Si/SiO2nanoparticles plays a dual positive role for the nonlinear process: it stabilizes the Si material, and SiO2:OH−material has a second-order nonlinearity itself and impacts to the observed second harmonic signal.

The arachnoid barrier delineates the border between the central nervous system and dura mater. Although the arachnoid barrier creates a partition, communication between the central nervous system and the dura mater is crucial for waste clearance and immune surveillance1,2. How the arachnoid barrier balances separation and communication is poorly understood. Here, using transcriptomic data, we developed transgenic mice to examine specific anatomical structures that function as routes across the arachnoid barrier. Bridging veins create discontinuities where they cross the arachnoid barrier, forming structures that we termed arachnoid cuff exit (ACE) points. The openings that ACE points create allow the exchange of fluids and molecules between the subarachnoid space and the dura, enabling the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and limited entry of molecules from the dura to the subarachnoid space. In healthy human volunteers, magnetic resonance imaging tracers transit along bridging veins in a similar manner to access the subarachnoid space. Notably, in neuroinflammatory conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ACE points also enable cellular trafficking, representing a route for immune cells to directly enter the subarachnoid space from the dura mater. Collectively, our results indicate that ACE points are a critical part of the anatomy of neuroimmune communication in both mice and humans that link the central nervous system with the dura and its immunological diversity and waste clearance systems.

We consider a deterministic model of market evolution with trading constraints and apply a game-theoretic approach to the superhedging problem. We obtain sufficient conditions for the game equilibrium and prove under these conditions the existence of a Borel-measurable transition kernel describing dependence on price prehistory of the most unfavourable mixed strategy of the market.

The present paper continues the topic of our recent paper in the same journal, aiming to show the role of structural stability in financial modeling. In the context of financial market modeling, structural stability means that a specific “no-arbitrage” property is unaffected by small (with respect to the Pompeiu–Hausdorff metric) perturbations of the model’s dynamics. We formulate, based on our economic interpretation, a new requirement concerning “no arbitrage” properties, which we call the “uncertainty principle”. This principle in the case of no-trading constraints is equivalent to structural stability. We demonstrate that structural stability is essential for a correct model approximation (which is used in our numerical method for superhedging price computation). We also show that structural stability is important for the continuity of superhedging prices and discuss the sufficient conditions for this continuity.

The thermal decomposition of a number of analogues of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitan (CL-20), in where one or more N-nitro groups have been replaced by another explosophoric unit (diverse N-alkylnitramine groups or N- trinitroethyl), has been studied by methods of isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics. It was found that replacing the N-nitro group with even a more thermally stable substituent leads to a decrease in the stability of the nitrated hexaazaisowurtzitane framework. It was suggested that the substituent distorts the symmetry of the strained hexaazaisowurtzitane cage, which affects the strength of the N–NO2bond. When a substituent less stable than the N-nitro group in the parent CL-20 is installed, the initial stage of degradation is determined by the decomposition kinetics of this substituent. One of the objects of this study, 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetrakis (2,2,2-trinitroethyl) −2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (8), was synthesized for the first time; it was fully characterized and also confirmed by X-ray structural data.

In order to discover of high-energy materials with characteristics that surpass modern benchmarks, it is necessary to study the widest range of potential structures. The design of energetic compounds using high-nitrogen cage scaffolds provides new opportunities. One of the promising representatives of polycyclic multinitragen cages is the hexaazaisowurtzitane, since the most powerful explosive CL-20 is based on it. In recent years, the synthesis of CL-20 analogues has been actively developed. This review presents progress in the synthesis, performance and study of the structure-property relationship for energetic polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitanes over the past decade.