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Backstory is an essential element in storytelling as it provides context and depth to characters and their world. It explains the motivations, behaviors, and choices of characters, including secondary characters and antagonists. Backstory can be revealed through various techniques such as dialogue, flashbacks, prologues, and planted information. It is important to strategically and gradually reveal backstory to avoid overwhelming the reader. Backstory can be used in different genres and narrative styles, and it plays a significant role in shaping characters and their development. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I present a qualified defence of Raz's account of responsibility in response to Erasmus Mayr's important criticisms in this contribution to this issue.

Periodontal diseases can negatively impact the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of pregnant women. This study investigates the association between maternal oral inflammatory load (OIL), sociodemographic characteristics, and the OHRQoL in postpartum women. In this cross‐sectional study, breastfeeding mothers were recruited from St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto within 2–4 weeks postpartum. Mothers were categorized into “Normal/low” and “High” OIL groups based on the absolute counts of oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs). The Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 questionnaire was used to assess the impact of the maternal OIL on the OHRQoL. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association between maternal sociodemographic factors including age, marital status, education level, employment status, parity, and their OHRQoL. Forty‐seven mothers were included in this study. Mothers with high OIL reported higher impact on their OHRQoL (30%) than mothers with normal/low OIL (21%), but these differences were not statistically different. There was a negative relationship between the mother's education level and the extent of impact of OHRQoL on the “physical pain” dimension (p< 0.05), and between the mothers’ age and employment status and the “physical disability” dimension (p< 0.05). A positive correlation was noted between multi‐parity and the extent of impact of OHRQoL on the “physical disability” dimension (p= 0.009), and between the marital status and the “psychological disability” dimension (p< 0.05). This study highlighted the significant impact of sociodemographic characteristics on the OHRQoL of mothers, showcasing the importance of considering these factors when implementing targeted preventive dental care programs for mothers.

For integer n⩾ 1 and real u, let Δ(n, u):= ∣{d: d∣ n, eu< d⩽ eu+1}∣. The Erdős-Hooley Delta-function is then defined by Δ(n):=maxu∈ℝΔ(n, u). We improve the current upper bounds for the average and normal orders of this arithmetic function.

This article provides an overview of the rules and exceptions surrounding unrelated business income tax (UBIT) for nonprofit organizations. It explains the conditions that determine whether income is considered unrelated business income and subject to UBIT. The article also discusses exclusions and deductions that can exempt income from UBIT, as well as the option for nonprofits to create taxable subsidiaries for unrelated business activities. It provides guidance on qualified corporate sponsorships, royalties, endorsement arrangements, and convention and trade show income. The article emphasizes the need for updated guidance from the IRS and the importance of understanding the rules to strategically plan and mitigate UBIT. [Extracted from the article]

Given an integer b⩾2$b\geqslant 2$and a set P${\EuScript P}$of prime numbers, the set TP${\EuScript T}_{\EuScript P}$of Toeplitz numbers comprises all elements of [0, b[ whose digits (an)n⩾1$(a_n)_{n\geqslant 1}$in the base‐bexpansion satisfy an=apn$a_n=a_{pn}$for all p∈P$p\in {\EuScript P}$and n⩾1$n\geqslant 1$. Using a completely additive arithmetical function, we construct a number in TP${\EuScript T}_{\EuScript P}$that is simply Borel normal if, and only if, ∑p∉P1/p=∞$\textstyle \sum _{p\not\in {\EuScript P}} 1/p=\infty$. We then provide an effective bound for the discrepancy.

There are the legal risks inherent with ESG-related initiatives for nonprofit organizations and provides practical tips and guidance on how nonprofits can effectively mitigate those risks. You know the term "ESG.". [Extracted from the article]

Background: Following first-time lateral patellar dislocation (FTLPD), most patients are treated conservatively, although 50% of patients will have recurrent dislocations. Typically, radiographs followed by CT and/or MRI are used to assist the clinician in determining treatment strategy and, combined with clinical findings, intraarticular free bodies (CT/MRI), significant medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) tear (MRI) and lateral displacement of the patella (CT) form relative indications for surgery. Methods: Radiographs, MRI and CT knee studies of 34 patients after lateral patellar dislocation (26 FTLPD) were evaluated for intraarticular free bodies, patellar/trochlear fracture, lateral femoral condyle compression, MPFL tear, tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and surgery indications. Free bodies and fractures were also evaluated on knee radiographs. FTLPD was analyzed as a subgroup. Surgical indications were compared between imaging modalities. Results: Among FTLPD (26 patients); free bodies were identified in 13 and 19 patients using MRI and CT respectively, compared with 5 patients on radiographs; this was statistically significant. In 8 cases surgery was indicated based on MPFL tear (MRI) combined with lateral patellar displacement (CT). When MRI and CT results were combined, 21 of 26 patients had imaging indications for surgery compared to 13 and 19 patients based on the MRI or CT alone, respectively. Conclusion: An MRI or CT study is warranted to determine the need for surgery. A second imaging study (different from the first) should be considered, if surgical indication was not established from the initial study or clinical presentation.

ABSTRACTUpon the emergence of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (CP), football referees were forced to cope with the interruption of leagues and experience quarantines, with a potential threat to their physical and psychological well-being. This study examined referees’ perceptions of the CP change-event, particularly the effects on refereeing engagement and performance, in part to facilitate more effective support. For this study, an online inventory was circulated during January–February 2021 to 198 referees and assistants from Israel and Portugal, asking them to reflect on the CP in the context of their careers, and the potential effects on their refereeing engagement and performance. The results indicated that the CP was perceived as a moderate change-event in terms of significance, severity, and coping, although many participants did consider it as significant. The participants indicated just a minor reduction in their refereeing quality between the 2019–2020 and the 2020–2021 seasons. The main areas affected were training on a grass field, decision-making training, and financial status. Still, refereeing instruction (conducted mainly online) improved. The behavioural effects were more forceful among the non-professional referees, suggesting that Referee Associations must pay closer attention to support these populations. The participants’ motivation, refereeing identity, and self-efficacy were actually improved. Finally, the absence of the crowd in matches allowed the referees to be more aware of their actions and better communicate with players and coaches, which related to better performance. These findings further emphasize the social aspect of football refereeing and the importance of having upright management and communication skills.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to consider oral health during the first 1000 days of a child's life with a view to developing appropriate educational programmes. Context: The first 1000 days of life represent a window of opportunity for prevention in children. This concept is built on a consideration of the overall health of mother and child, taking into account social inequalities in health. It is now established that the oral health of the mother determines the oral health of her child. Furthermore, parents' knowledge and behaviour have a direct influence on their child's health. Conclusion: The majority of the population does not have the necessary skills to adopt behaviours that promote oral health. The need for oral health education begins in the first 1000 days of life. Following the model of family health education, these programmes would involve providing pregnant women and, therefore, families with the skills they need to manage their own oral health and that of their future child as early as possible.

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition in which women without diabetes are diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. Early diagnosis, along with a better understanding of its pathophysiology during the first trimester of pregnancy, may be effective in reducing incidence and associated short-term and long-term morbidities.DesignWe comprehensively profiled the gut microbiome, metabolome, inflammatory cytokines, nutrition and clinical records of 394 women during the first trimester of pregnancy, before GDM diagnosis. We then built a model that can predict GDM onset weeks before it is typically diagnosed. Further, we demonstrated the role of the microbiome in disease using faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) of first trimester samples from pregnant women across three unique cohorts.ResultsWe found elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in women who later developed GDM, decreased faecal short-chain fatty acids and altered microbiome. We next confirmed that differences in GDM-associated microbial composition during the first trimester drove inflammation and insulin resistance more than 10 weeks prior to GDM diagnosis using FMT experiments. Following these observations, we used a machine learning approach to predict GDM based on first trimester clinical, microbial and inflammatory markers with high accuracy.ConclusionGDM onset can be identified in the first trimester of pregnancy, earlier than currently accepted. Furthermore, the gut microbiome appears to play a role in inflammation-induced GDM pathogenesis, with interleukin-6 as a potential contributor to pathogenesis. Potential GDM markers, including microbiota, can serve as targets for early diagnostics and therapeutic intervention leading to prevention.

BOOK BUILDING Writing a novel is like embarking on a road trip. The selected tips can keep an author on the road not only for plotting a series' overall route, but also in developing the world, the characters, and the plot it will travel through. A character might also learn something important to help reach the final destination, but if the finding doesn't appear until the second or third book, think of how that affects what can be included in the story before that. One, the overall journey of the character/plot which will unfurl over the course of the series, and two, the significant points reached in getting there, aka, the arcs of individual books and characters within the series. [Extracted from the article]

Constraining the actions of AI systems is one promising way to ensure that these systems behave in a way that is morally acceptable to humans. But constraints alone come with drawbacks as in many AI systems, they are not flexible. If these constraints are too rigid, they can preclude actions that are actually acceptable in certain, contextual situations. Humans, on the other hand, can often decide when a simple and seemingly inflexible rule should actually be overridden based on the context. In this paper, we empirically investigate the way humans make these contextual moral judgements, with the goal of building AI systems that understand when to follow and when to override constraints. We propose a novel and general preference-based graphical model that captures a modification of standard dual processtheories of moral judgment. We then detail the design, implementation, and results of a study of human participants who judge whether it is acceptable to break a well-established rule: no cutting in line. We then develop an instance of our model and compare its performance to that of standard machine learning approaches on the task of predicting the behavior of human participants in the study, showing that our preference-based approach more accurately captures the judgments of human decision-makers. It also provides a flexible method to model the relationship between variables for moral decision-making tasks that can be generalized to other settings.

ABSTRACTThe present study tests the new Expanded Sport Official’s Decision-Making Model (ESODMM), which expands the existing Official’s Specific Decision-Making Model by integrating emotion, anticipation, and information-processing into its conceptual framework. To test the role of anticipation and emotion in the ESODMM, 56 basketball officials (32 high school level, 24 NCAA division 1) were assigned to either high (crowd noise and peer evaluation) or low (no crowd noise or peer evaluation) stress conditions and asked to make calls on occluded or non-occluded basketball video clips while wearing eye tracking glasses. MANOVA and ANOVA analyses revealed that officials in the high-stress condition experienced more stress resulting in less accurate decisions than those in the low-stress condition. Additionally, experienced officials made more accurate decisions and goal-directed gaze behaviours than novices did. Moreover, decision-making accuracy was lowest in the occluded trial block. The findings support the important role that emotion, information-processing, and anticipation have in officials’ decision-making. Implementing the ESODMM can provide researchers with a comprehensive model to guide their understanding of officials’ decision-making processes.

En 2020, el informe sobre la salud dental en el mundo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud afirma que la caries dental sigue siendo un importante problema de salud bucodental y que existen considerables desigualdades en los programas de prevención entre países. La caries es una enfermedad infecciosa y crónica que implica la interacción de varios factores de riesgo biológicos, individuales y sociales. Cualquier estrategia de control de la caries debe tener en cuenta el contexto social y médico y basarse en la eliminación de los factores de riesgo. La evaluación del riesgo de caries de un paciente se basa en la identificación de los factores de riesgo, pero también de los factores de protección. Esto permite adaptar las estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas a la persona. Paralelamente, se pueden desarrollar estrategias preventivas a escala de la población. Los programas colectivos se dirigen al conjunto de la población o a las poblaciones objetivo. Lo más apropiado parece ser un enfoque ecológico, que tenga en cuenta el sistema en su conjunto, los factores individuales y sociales, y que integre un enfoque de riesgo común con otras enfermedades crónicas. Así, los modelos de intervención podrían basarse en un fundamento básico y universal e incluir un enfoque «medicalizado» para las poblaciones más expuestas a la enfermedad, que se consideraría en el marco de los programas de educación terapéutica de los pacientes.

Background: The well-accepted treatment of septic arthritis of the hip joint (SAHJ) is surgical drainage of the joint, but repeated aspirations of the hip joint under sonography, have been used for over twenty years with significant success in some centers, including ours. In recent years, we identified some children who did not respond to aspirations and had to undergo arthrotomies. We were concerned that some children may have reached the operating room after a longer than ideal time. Objective: Identification of the characteristics of patients who did not respond to repeated aspirations and development of a treatment algorithm that expedites decision-making regarding the necessity of surgery. Methods: This is a single-center retrospective cohort analysis. All the patients diagnosed with SAHJ between 2007 and 2019 were identified. Patients who responded to repeated aspirations were compared to those who did not improve and required surgery. Demographic and clinical data and laboratory results were obtained from the patients’ electronic medical records. Results: Forty-eight children (88.9%) were treated successfully with repeated aspirations and six children (11.1%) did not improve after aspirations and underwent hip arthrotomies. Five out of 48 children from the aspiration group (10.4%) and 4 out of 6 from the arthrotomy group (66.7%) had chronic comorbidities (p= 0.0051). The mean duration of fever over 38.5 degrees centigrade and the length of stay were higher in the arthrotomy group (p= 0.0040, p= 0.0301, respectively). When we examined the change in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels before and after the first aspiration (Delta CRP), we found a decrease in the aspiration group and an increase in the arthrotomy group (p= 0.0044). Conclusion: The new algorithm which we present allows an expeditious assessment of the patient’s response to the repeated aspiration method and thus prevents unnecessary surgeries for the treatment of SAHJ. Patients with chronic comorbidities, prolonged fever, and an increase in CRP level following the first aspiration, are at risk of treatment failure and should be treated with an arthrotomy. Level of evidence: (for clinical articles): Level 4—cohort study.

ObjectiveTo evaluate individual and group long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in individuals with episodic migraine (EM) for whom 2–4 prior preventatives had failed.MethodsParticipants completing the 12-week double-blind treatment phase (DBTP) of the LIBERTY study could continue into an open-label extension phase (OLEP) receiving erenumab 140 mg monthly for up to 3 years. Main outcomes assessed at week 112 were: ≥50%, ≥75% and 100% reduction in monthly migraine days (MMD) as group responder rate and individual responder rates, MMD change from baseline, safety and tolerability.ResultsOverall 240/246 (97.6%) entered the OLEP (118 continuing erenumab, 122 switching from placebo). In total 181/240 (75.4%) reached 112 weeks, 24.6% discontinued, mainly due to lack of efficacy (44.0%), participant decision (37.0%) and adverse events (AEs; 12.0%). The ≥50% responder rate was 57.2% (99/173) at 112 weeks. Of ≥50% responders at the end of the DBTP, 36/52 (69.2%) remained responders at ≥50% and 22/52 (42.3%) at >80% of visits. Of the non-responders at the end of the DBTP, 60/185 (32.4%) converted to ≥50% responders in at least half the visits and 24/185 (13.0%) converted to ≥50% responders in >80% of visits. Change from baseline at 112 weeks in mean (SD) MMD was −4.2 (5.0) days. Common AEs (≥10%) were nasopharyngitis, influenza and back pain.ConclusionsEfficacy was sustained over 112 weeks in individuals with difficult-to-treat EM for whom 2–4 prior migraine preventives had failed. Erenumab treatment was safe and well tolerated, in-line with previous studies.Trial registration numberNCT03096834

ABSTRACTThe benefits of exercise on cognitive functioning in older adults are well recognised. One limitation of the current literature is that researchers have almost exclusively relied on well-controlled laboratory tasks to assess cognition. Moreover, the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise in older adults have received limited attention. The proposed study addresses these limitations by assessing the effects of a single bout of exercise on a more ecologically valid task – driving. Seventy-one participants (Mage = 66.39 ± 4.70 years) were randomly allocated to 20 min cycling at moderate intensity or sitting and watching driving videos. Participants were then tested on their driving performance using a driving simulator. Driving performance was measured with three different scenarios assessing decision making, driving errors, reaction time, and attention. On a subsequent session, all participants were tested on executive functioning before and after a fitness test. Non-significant effects of exercise were observed on driving performance. However, participants performed better on the Trail Making Test (Cohen’s d = 0.25) and Stroop test (d = 0.50) after the fitness test compared to their baseline. These results suggest that post-exercise cognitive improvements do not transfer to improved driving performance among healthy older adults. This study also highlights the importance of assessing expectations as a possible moderator of the effects of acute exercise on activities of daily living. Future studies must examine other relevant ecologically valid tasks and ensure similar expectations between experimental and control groups to further advance the knowledge base in the field.

If readers are there for the characters as much as the story, be careful about changing point of view or leaving out a well-loved protagonist which brought them to the story to begin with. The selected tips can keep an author on the road not only for plotting a series' overall route, but also in developing the world, the characters, and the plot it will travel through. One, the overall journey of the character/plot which will unfurl over the course of the series, and two, the significant points reached in getting there, aka, the arcs of individual books and characters within the series. A character might also learn something important to help reach the final destination, but if the finding doesn't appear until the second or third book, think of how that affects what can be included in the story before that. [Extracted from the article]