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Background and Purpose: Cryotherapy is an affordable and popular treatment of soft tissue injuries, which can reduce inflammation and pain. Studies have specifically addressed young adults and athletes, and these findings have been extended to older adults in clinical practice. Aging is associated with changes in the skin, including collagen degradation, decreased fat layer thickness, and reduced blood flow, which can alter the skin response to stress. Because of age-related changes, there are concerns about the direct use of ice on the skin of older individuals. Skin injuries were also observed after cryotherapy. This study aimed to assess the most effective and safe cryotherapy for superficial skin cooling among older women. Methods: Eighteen older women were enrolled in this blinded, randomized, crossover, clinical trial. The mean values (SD) of their age, height, and weight were 70.0 years (6.0), 156.0 cm (9.1), and 72.8 kg (19.5), respectively. The participants underwent cryotherapy using bagged ice, bagged ice plus a wet towel, or gel pack for 20 minutes. The surface temperature of the skin was measured at the end ofa 20-minute cryotherapy session using an infrared thermometer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to analyze the effect of cryotherapy modalities and time, as well as the interaction between these 2 factors. The secondary outcome wasthe presence ofcryotherapy-induced lesions. Results and Discussion: Cryotherapy modalities had significant effects on superficial skin temperature (P = .001). Time points after application also had an effect (P< .001) and no interaction was observed between cryotherapy modalities and time points (P = .051). Bonferroni post hoc evaluation showed that bagged ice (P = .008) and gel (P = .007) were more effective in decreasing the superficial skin temperature than bagged ice plus wet towel. No difference was observed between bagged ice and gel (P = .32). Three of the 18 patients experienced adverse effects with the gel pack. Conclusion: This study of older women found that ice and gel cooled the skin more effectively than ice wrapped in towels. However, the gel pack had some adverse effects. Therefore, bagged ice is recommended for cryotherapy in older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anal fissure (AF) is the most common cause of severe anorectal pain in adults, with an overall annual incidence of 0.1%. The primary objective of this pilot trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an Olea europaea leaf extract (OELE)-based hydrogel (EHO-85), as a supportive treatment for acute AF episodes. Methods Prospective, open-label, pilot study (May to October 2022). Adult patients with AF were recruited from three centers in Bulgaria and one in Romania. Patients were allocated 1:1 to each treatment using a computer-generated-based system and received either EHO-85 or customary supportive therapy (CST) for 60 days. The primary endpoint was the time to bleeding disappearance. Results 42 patients were included by web-based allocation to receive EHO-85 (n=21) or CST (n=21). All patients completed the 60 days' study. Patients reporting bleeding absence were significantly higher in the EHO-85 group at days 7 (p=0.032) and 15 (p=0.006). From day 29 or 36, no bleeding at defecation was reported in the EHO-85 and CST groups, respectively. On day 60, all subjects were bleeding-free. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion EHO-85 was feasible to deliver and showed efficacy, safety, and apparent superiority in promoting and speeding up the healing process. In a future definitive trial, the sample size and diversity may be increased, and new objective methods may be considered. Implications in clinical practice It highlights the combined wound-healing properties of EHO-85 as a promising noninvasive, cost-effective, and easy-to-apply alternative to current CSTs for AF wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is broadly defined as a low plasma glucose concentration that elicits hypoglycemia-induced impaired brain function. To date, no universally accepted threshold (reference range) for plasma glucose levels in newborns has been published, as data consistently indicate that neurologic responses to hypoglycemia differ at various plasma glucose concentrations. Infants at risk for NH include infants of diabetic mothers, small or large for gestational age, and premature infants. Common manifestations include jitteriness, poor feeding, irritability, and encephalopathy. Neurodevelopmental morbidities associated with NH include cognitive and motor delays, cerebral palsy, vision and hearing impairment, and poor school performance. This article offers a timely discussion of the state of the science of NH and recommendations for neonatal providers focused on early identification and disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of ocean scientific drilling, borehole accidents (e.g., borehole collapse, burying of drill tools, and sticking of drill tools) are often caused by borehole wall instability in loose and broken strata. It is very difficult to deal with such accidents, and the drill pipe in the borehole has to be discarded in serious cases. Therefore, the stability of the borehole wall seriously affects the drilling quality and efficiency. At present, there are three effective methods of ensuring wellbore stability: casing, drilling fluid, and agent plugging technology. Casing can effectively prevent instability of all types of unstable formations and can isolate different pressure zones. Using the proper drilling fluid can control drilling fluid loss, reduce free water infiltration into the borehole wall, and form a thin and dense mud skin, which is conducive to the stability of the borehole wall. Agent plugging technology, especially chemical gels, is mainly aimed at the broken zone. After entering the formation, it makes the entire broken zone form a single high strength unit, improves the cementation ability of the lost formation, and improves the sealing and bearing capacity in order to achieve the purpose of sealing and plugging of leaks. In this paper, the present situation, technical principles, and technological processes of wall protection technology in ocean scientific drilling are summarized, and the different types of wall protection technology were researched and tested. The results of this study provide a reference for international ocean scientific drilling in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In vitro culture of preantral follicles is a promising technology for fertility preservation. Objectives: This study aims to investigate an optimized three-dimensional (3D) fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free preantral follicle culture system having a simple and easy operation. Methods: The isolated follicles from mouse ovaries were randomly divided in an ultra-low attachment 96-well plates supplement with FBS or bovine serum albumin (BSA) culture or encapsulated with an alginate supplement with FBS or BSA culture. Meanwhile, estradiol (E2) concentration was assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of culture supernatants. The diameter of follicular growth was measured, and the lumen of the follicle was photographed. Spindle microtubules of oocytes were detected via immunofluorescence. The ability of oocytes to fertilize was assessed using in vitro fertilization. Results: The diameters were larger for the growing secondary follicles cultured in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates than in the alginate gel on days 6, 8, and 10 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the E2 concentration in the BSA-supplemented medium was significantly higher in the alginate gel than in the other three groups on days 6 and 8 (p < 0.05), and the oocytes in the FBS-free system could complete meiosis and fertilization in vitro. Conclusions: The present study furnishes insights into the mature oocytes obtained from the 3D culture of the preantral follicle by using ultra-low attachment 96-well plate with an FBSfree system in vitro and supports the clinical practices to achieve competent, mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug release properties for transdermal route can be better modified as per requirement which is mostly dependent upon the carrier system. In case of organic film-forming systems, the physical properties may not be achieved for successful delivery of drug through transdermal route. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming gel may fulfil these expectations to many extend. The present study focuses on the development of the organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming gel. A smooth, transparent, clear film-forming gel of tramadol was prepared for application on the intact skin with better comfort and modified drug release rate properties. The key properties of the adhesive films produced from the hybrid gels were investigated and the results showed that the incorporation of appropriate PVA: TEOS: Glycerine: HCl in the ratio of 46:12.5:25.5:6 respectively. Resultant hybrid film-forming gel has modified the physical properties and improved drug release properties. Furthermore, the investigations of skin irritation suggested no irritation to skin after topical application. This study has provided an alternative to the presently available organic gel and films for transdermal delivery of drugs with better patient compliance and modified physical and chemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Studies on the efficacy of erbium laser for enhancement of enamel resistance to acid attacks and its effects on fluoride uptake by the enamel are limited. Purpose: This study sought to assess and compare the effects of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation and application of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel (alone and in combination) on remineralization of artificial white spot lesions (WSLs). Materials and Method: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 90 buccal and lingual slabs of extracted human premolars. The specimens underwent pH cycling to induce WSLs. They were then randomly divided into 6 groups of caries-free positive control (c+), negative control with WSLs (ws), 1.23% APF gel applied on the enamel (F), Er:YAG laser irradiation (80 mJ, 10 Hz, and 8 J/cm² ) of enamel (L), APF gel application followed by laser irradiation (FL), and laser irradiation followed by fluoride gel application (LF). The fluoride ion content of specimens was measured before and after the intervention using a potentiometer. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (p< 0.05). Results: APF gel application before/after laser irradiation maximally increased the fluoride uptake by the enamel (p= 0.000). Application of APF gel in group F and laser irradiation in group L increased fluoride uptake by the enamel, compared with groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.000). Laser- treated (L) and APF-treated (F) groups had no significant difference in this respect (p= 0.945). Maximum fluoride concentration was noted in combined laser and fluoride groups (FL=332.07ppm and LF=341.27ppm) with no significant difference between the two (p= 1.000). Conclusion: Er:YAG laser irradiation changes the chemical composition of enamel and probably promote its remineralization, especially when combined with APF gel application, which highlights its cariostatic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of root canal filling pastes commonly used in primary teeth: iodoform paste, zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE), and analytical grade calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). The materials were evaluated in the following 6 combinations: iodoform paste (Rifocort [prednisolone + rifampicin] + iodoform + camphorated paramonochlorophenol); zinc oxide + eugenol in a proportion of 1:3; zinc oxide + eugenol in a proportion of 1:5; Ca(OH)2 + water; iodoform paste + ZOE (1:3) + Ca(OH)2; and ZOE (1:3) + Ca(OH)2. Chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) served as the positive control. A commercial strain of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 25175) was plated in petri dishes containing 10 mL of brain-heart infusion agar culture medium with a hole in the center. The filling pastes (3 g) were manipulated and inserted in the hole. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours, and then the inhibition zone associated with each paste was measured. The experiments were carried out in triplicate (n = 3 per group). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P < 0.05). Iodoform paste resulted in the largest mean (SD) inhibition zone, 7.06 (0.74) mm. The smallest was obtained with Ca(OH)2 + water, the mean (SD) of 0.00 (0.00) mm indicating that these specimens did not form an inhibition zone. The ZOE pastes in proportions of 1:3 and 1:5 resulted in statistically similar mean (SD) inhibition zones of 1.86 (0.50) and 1.30 (0.18) mm, respectively (P > 0.05). Of the test materials, the combination of iodoform paste + ZOE + Ca(OH)2 presented the second largest inhibition zone, 6.27 (3.08) mm, significantly different from that of the non-iodoform pastes (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that iodoform paste, alone or in combination with ZOE + Ca(OH)2, demonstrates high antimicrobial activity, while the combination of ZOE + Ca(OH)2 demonstrates moderate activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide widely used in various clinical applications including regeneration of skin tissue. Aloe vera has properties in healing burns on the skin, anti-inflammatory effect, and leaves a protective layer on the skin after drying so it provides protection to the wound. The spray gel of chitosan–A. vera was developed as a wound healing that has combined of effect of both component and easy to use. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical stability and irritability of chitosan–A. vera spray gel. The spray gel stability test was conducted using thermal cycling and centrifugation methods. The organoleptic, viscosity, and pH of the spray were evaluated. The irritation test was performed by Draize Rabbit Test method. Chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel characteristics has a weak yellow color, clear, and a strong A. vera odor. The pH of the spray gel was 4.88 ± 0.01; and the viscosity was 36.50 ± 0.23 cps. The result from the chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel stability test using thermal cycling method showed a decrease of viscosity, but remained stable when evaluated using centrifugation method. There was no difference in the pH and organoleptic observation from both tests. Based on the scoring and analysis of the reaction in rabbit skin, the Primary Irritation Index (PII) obtained was 0.56. The spray gel of chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) was stable and according to response category from the acute dermal irritation test, it can be concluded that chitosan (0.5%)–A. vera (1%) spray gel had a slightly irritating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear-thinning materials have held considerable promise as embolic agents due to their capability of transition between solid and liquid state. In this study, a laponite nanoclay (NC)/alginate gel embolic agent was developed, characterized, and studied for transcatheter based minimally invasive procedures. Both NC and alginate are biocompatible and FDA-approved. Due to electrostatic interactions, the NC/alginate gels exhibit shear-thinning properties that are desirable for transcatheter delivery. The unique shear-thinning nature of the NC/alginate gel allows it to function as a fluid-like substance during transcatheter delivery and as a solid-like embolic agent once deployed. To ensure optimal performance and safety in clinical applications, the rheological characteristics were thoroughly investigated to optimize the mechanical properties of the NC/alginate gel, including storage modulus, yield stress/strain, and thixotropy. To improve physicians' experience and enhance the predictability of gel delivery, a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches was used to assess the injection force required for successful delivery of the gel through clinically employed catheters. Overall, NC/alginate gel exhibited excellent stability and tunable injectability by optimizing the composition of each component. These findings highlight the gel's potential as a robust embolic agent for a wide range of minimally invasive procedures. [Display omitted] • A group of nanoclay-alginate gels was developed as shear-thinning embolic agents. • The gels exhibited tunable rheological properties for varying embolization conditions. • Transcatheter injectability was assessed for improved physician experience. • The embolic gels showed good stability, sterility, hemo- and bio-compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Alveolar bone resorption associated with periodontal disease is a common finding and generally irreversible. It impairs mastication and causes esthetic problems for patients. Bisphosphonates are the most commonly used antiresorptive agents for bone diseases. Purpose: Considering the risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, this study aimed to assess the effect of 2% risedronate gel on calvarial bone defects in rabbits. Materials and Method: In this animal study, critical-size defects of 8mm were created in the calvaria of 20 New Zealand white rabbits. In group 1 (n=10), 2% risedronate gel was applied into the right side defect while the left side defect remained empty and served as control. In group 2 (n=10), placebo gel was applied into the right side defect, while the left side defect remained empty and served as control. Five rabbits in each group were sacrificed at 1month and the remaining five at 2 month, post-operatively, and tissue samples were collected for histomorphometric analysis. Histomorphometric assessments included bone fill, degree of inflammation, number of osteoblasts, number of osteoclasts, and foreign body reaction at the site. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS version 25 via the Dunn test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: No bone remodeling was noted in any group at 1 month. The risedronate group showed significantly higher bone fill than the other groups after 2 months (p= 0.016). At 2 months, the number of osteoblasts was significantly higher in the risedronate group (p< 0.05). The groups were not significantly different in terms of inflammation score at 1 (p= 0.31) or 2 (p=0.69) months. Foreign body reaction was not observed in any group at any time point. No osteoclast was detected in any group at any time point. Conclusion: Risedronate gel showed superior efficacy with regard to regeneration of rabbit calvarial bone defects compared to the placebo and control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Aloe vera in the methylcellulose-induced ocular hypertension model. Fifty-six rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was raised by anterior chamber injection of 2% methylcellulose in all the groups except the normal control group. Disease control animals were treated with sterile water and active control with topical 0.5% timolol 12 hourly; 6 and 12% A. vera gel topical solutions 8 hourly were given in group IV and V, respectively; 6 and 12% A. vera gel solutions along with timolol were given in group VI and VII animals, respectively. Mean IOP values and percentage of reduction in IOP were compared at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h. A. vera gel solutions (6 and 12%) showed a significant reduction in mean IOP from 4 to 2 h time points, respectively, whereas, A. vera gel solutions (6 and 12%) + timolol showed significant less mean IOP from a 30 min time point as compared with disease control. A. vera gel solutions (6 and 12%) showed 8.6 and 10.4% more reduction in IOP, respectively (66.8 ± 4.9% and 68.6 ± 5.4% vs. 58.2 ± 2.3%; p > 0.05), whereas 6 and 12% A. vera gel solutions along with timolol showed 14.5 and 16.2% more reduction in IOP, respectively (72.7 ± 4.7% and 74.4 ± 4.1% vs. 58.2 ± 2.3%; p < 0.05), than disease control group at 48 h. Six and twelve percent A. vera gel solutions reduced the IOP effectively. Concurrent treatment with 12% A. vera gel and timolol produced the maximum reduction in IOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Despite yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) high strength in dental restoration application, Zr- the framework has a low tendency to react chemically with cement which is the main reason of these restoration failures. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of Y-TZP coating by nanocomposite of silica and aluminosilicate according to the sol-gel dip-coating technique on the bond strength of resin cement to Y-TZP. Materials and Method: In this experimental study, Y-TZP blocks (10×10×3 ) were prepared and sintered and assigned into 4 groups (n=10) for coating including control group without any further surface treatment, sandblasted using 110 μm alumina particles under 2.5 bar and tip distance of 10 mm, silica sol dip coating + calcination, aluminosilicate sol dip coating+ calcinations. To confirm chemical bonds of sol-gel covers, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) technique was used. The surface of the sample was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. Micro-shear bond strengths (μSBS) of zirconia-cement specimens were evaluated. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test in SPSS version 11.5 software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: μSBS of sandblasting, nano-silica, and nano-aluminosilicate specimens were significantly higher than control. μSBS of nano-silica was higher than other groups but no significant difference was observed in μSBS of sandblasting nano-silica, and nano-aluminosilicate groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Covering the zirconia surface with non-invasive nano-silica and nanoaluminosilicate using the sol-gel technique leads to improved cement bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral dextrose gel is an evidence-based treatment that has been shown to reduce NICU admissions and support exclusive breastfeeding. Purpose: We summarize a knowledge translation project to introduce dextrose 40 percent oral gel to treat hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Implementation took place during the months of May, June, and July 2017. Results: Through chart audit, rates for NICU admissions and exclusive breastfeeding were measured for a three-month period before implementation and the three-month period after implementation. There were 234 doses indicated, 128 doses given, 93 doses missed, and 13 doses declined by parents in the first three months of implementation. Admission rates to the NICU for the groups audited were 13 percent in 2016 and 6 percent in 2017. Principles of knowledge translation were used to successfully introduce this change. Centers providing maternal newborn care should consider similar projects to enable introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was done to develop a useful experimental model for analysis of the effects of physiologically active substances on atrophy and regeneration of salivary gland acinar cells. Resection wounds (diameter, 3 mm) were made in the submandibular glands of 8-week-old Wistar rats (n = 24) for histochemical examination on Days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 after implantation of a gelatin-based hydrogel sheet. The results showed that the sheet had nearly disappeared by Day 10. Regions around the resection wounds were classified as normal, atrophic, or necrotic. In atrophic regions, acinar cells atrophied after resection, and few acinar cells were observed on Day 7. On Days 5-7, striated and granular ducts resembled duct-like structures. On Day 10, newly formed acinar cells were confirmed by increased periodic acid-Schiff staining, and a greater number of mature cells was present thereafter. In necrotic regions, acinar and ductal cells were destroyed, and scattered enucleated acinar cells and duct-like structures were present, on Day 3; newly formed acinar cells were observed on Day 10. Thus, the experimental model demonstrated atrophy and regeneration of the submandibular gland and enabled analysis of the effects of sustained release of physiologically active substances contained within an implanted sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Statement of the Problem: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication consequent to chemotherapy or radiotherapy in cancer patients that affects their quality of life. Therefore, finding an effective treatment for OM is always imperative. Purpose: The purpose of this experimental study was to measure the stereological, antiinflammatory and antioxidant markers of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pistacia Atlantica (P. atlantica) leaves, Trachyspermum Ammi (T. ammi) fruits and their mixture on induced OM in hamsters. Materials and Method: In Experimental study, OM was generated by the method employed by Tanideh et al., in 90 hamsters, by 5-FU (5-fluorouracil 65 mg/kg, IP). All the animals were divided into 5 groups: control, topical gel base, hydro-alcoholic extract 3% of P. atlantica, hydro-alcoholic extract 1% of T. ammi, and a mixture of the extracts of the two plants. On days 13, 15, and 17, the cheek pouch samples were harvested. Stereological scores and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin-1B (IL-1B) in the pouch tissue were measured. Results: Lower levels of MPO, MDA, and IL-1B and an increase of SOD level were discovered in the mixture-treated group in comparison with other groups. As an aspect of MDA, no significant differences were detected between the topical gel form of P. atlantica and T. ammi groups on days 13 (p= 0.648), 15 (p= 0.981) and 17 (p= 0.540). No variations of MPO were detected among P. atlantica and T. ammi groups on days 13 (p= 0.159) and 15 (p= 0.694); however, the MPO activity of the T. ammi group was significantly lower than the P. atlantica group on day 17 (5.57±0.56 vs. 6.48±0.35 U/ml, p< .001). The volume density of the epithelium increased in the mixture- treated group (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the mixture of P. atlantica leaves and T. Ammi fruits might be effective in the treatment of OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of 3D bioprinting has rapidly grown, yet the fundamental ability to manipulate material properties has been challenging with current bioink methods. Here, we change bioink properties using our PEG cross-linking (PEGX) bioink method with the objective of optimizing cell viability while retaining control of mechanical properties of the final bioprinted construct. First, we investigate cytocompatible, covalent cross-linking chemistries for bioink synthesis (e.g. Thiol Michael type addition and bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction). We demonstrate these reactions are compatible with the bioink method, which results in high cell viability. The PEGX method is then exploited to optimize extruded cell viability by manipulating bioink gel robustness, characterized by mass flow rate. Below a critical point, cell viability linearly decreases with decreasing flow rates, but above this point, high viability is achieved. This work underscores the importance of building a foundational understanding of the relationships between extrudable bioink properties and cell health post-printing to more efficiently tune material properties for a variety of tissue and organ engineering applications. Finally, we also develop a post-printing, cell-friendly cross-linking strategy utilizing the same reactions used for synthesis. This secondary cross-linking leads to a range of mechanical properties relevant to soft tissue engineering as well as highly viable cell-laden gels stable for over one month in culture. We demonstrate that a PEG crosslinking bioink method can be used with various cytocompatible, covalent cross-linking reactions: Thiol Michael type addition and tetrazine-norbornene click. The ability to vary bioink chemistry expands candidate polymers, and therefore can expedite development of new bioinks from unique polymers. We confirm post-printed cell viability and are the first to probe, in covalently cross-linked inks, how cell viability is impacted by different flow properties (mass flow rate). Finally, we also present PEG cross-linking as a new method of post-printing cross-linking that improves mechanical properties and stability while maintaining cell viability. By varying the cross-linking reaction, this method can be applicable to many types of polymers/inks for easy adoption by others investigating bioinks and hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a common oral lesion, and the use of herbal remedies containing tannin and flavonoid has been reported to be effective in treating aphthous stomatitis. Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Punica granatum mucoadhesive gel on controlling the oral recurrent aphthous stomatitis and its comparison with Triadent oral paste. Materials and Method: In this double-blind clinical trial, 60 patients with minor aphthous stomatitis were enrolled. These patients had no systemic diseases and were not on any medications. The patients were randomly treated with Punica granatum formulated gel, Triadent oral paste and placebo. The time of pain elimination and the time of complete healing were recorded and the pain degree was assessed and recorded by each patient. The data were analyzed using survival analysis and ANOVA test. Results: The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that pain relief time in Punica granatum group was lower than placebo group (p= 0.002), even so, it caused no significant difference with the Triadent group in comparison with the placebo group (p= 0.08). The survival analysis also indicated that the wound healing time in Punica granatum group was significantly lower than the other two groups (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Punica granatum gel has a successful effect in controlling and treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis. It can be considered as an affordable and inexpensive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Impurity profile of a five teething gels based on herbs available in Polish pharmacies including Cu, Mn and Zn impurities. • The level of elemental impurities in a single administration is not a threat to babies in infancy period. • The results of the daily intake of EIs are satisfactory and confirm the safety of all teething gels. • All investigated teething gels meet the standards of directive ICH Q3D. • Each of the teething gels do not represent a health hazard to the infants. Abstract The monitoring of elemental impurities (EIs) in pharmaceutical materials is often not adequately treated, although it is a very important topic because the directive ICH Q3D requires a wide range of elements, often at low concentrations, to be monitored. This article describes the quantitative toxicological analysis of copper, manganese and zinc as EIs in the pharmaceutical gels for teething containing herbs available in Poland. The levels of EIs were measured to evaluate whether the intake of these metals through the gels was within recommended levels. The flame absorption spectrometry (FAAS) following microwave induced digestion (concentrated nitric acid) was applied to determine the levels of Cu, Mn and Zn in the products. This article was motivated especially by the facts that: (i) herbs can be a potential source of EIs; (ii) Cu, Mn and Zn are essential trace elements in the infancy period; (iii) there is a general lack of data around the risk assessment associated with exposure to these EIs in this kind of pharmaceutical. Our safety assessment is based on triple approach including: (1) profile of EIs in gels; (2) the actual amount of EIs in the appropriate amount of gel applied with a single administration (one drop) and (3) the daily exposure of EIs in analysed teething pharmaceuticals due to the maximum daily dose. Our results show that all EI levels meet the standards of directive ICH Q3D. It can be concluded that all of the teething gels investigated, based on herbs, available in Polish pharmacies do not represents a health hazard to babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract In the last decades, the decellularization (DC) of organs has become an established technique in the field of regenerative medicine to yield complex and vascularized bioscaffolds. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in vitro that these decellularized scaffolds retain their native tissue-specificity. This is also the case when this tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) is solubilized and used as hydrogels or coatings to create a biomimetic environment. In this study we investigated if this specificity not only remains when applied to distinct tissues but even more, that these differences can be distinguished within the same tissue at different stages of proliferation. To address this question, a sensitive in vitro animal model was used: rabbit embryos at the third day of development were cultured on coatings made from acellular endometrium that was non-proliferating (non-synchronous, NS) and proliferating (synchronous with the embryo, S) and their development was compared. For this, we obtained whole NS and S rabbit uteri and subjected them to an adapted decellularization protocol. The acellular endometrium was carefully separated by microdissection and converted into a pre-gel solution to be used as hydrogels and coatings for in vitro assays. First, the characteristics of these NS and S hydrogels were investigated by proteomic analysis, electron microscopy and gelling kinetics. When used as substrata for day 3 embryos culture, it became apparent that only the acellular ECM from synchronous endometrial coating achieved similar results to the gold standard culture protocols and conditions, possibly because of the slow release of growth factors present in the synchronous/proliferating endometrium. Statement of Significance It has been shown by in vitro culture of stem cells, progenitor cells and primary culture cells that decellularized tissues retain their specific functions and biochemical and structural compositions. The present work demonstrates that using a mild SDS and perfusion based decellularization (DC) protocol not only effectively decellularize whole rabbit uteri, adding to the growing field of reproductive tissue engineering, but more importantly that the differences in the proliferating endometrium are translated after DC. This implies that DC not only retains the interspecificity of tissues but also the intraspecificity of a developing hormonally stimulated tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that the coating from decellularized synchronous endometrium acts as a biological support for in vitro embryo development, achieving comparable results with the current gold standard that only uses serum-containing media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract We report herein an affinity-based hydrogel used in creating subcutaneous depots of antibodies in vivo. The biomaterials design centered on pG_EAK, a polypeptide we designed and expressed in E. coli. The sequence consists of a truncated protein G (pG) genetically fused with repeats of the amphiphilic sequence AEAEAKAK ("EAK"). Capture of IgG was demonstrated in vitro in gels prepared from admixing pG_EAK and EAK ("pG_EAK/EAK gel"). The binding affinities and kinetics of pG for IgG were recapitulated in the pG_EAK polypeptide. Injecting IgG antibodies formulated with pG_EAK/EAK gel into subcutaneous space resulted in retention of the antibodies at the site for at least six days, whereas only signal at background levels was detected in grafts injected with IgG formulated in saline or diffusion-driven gel. The local retention of IgG in pG_EAK/EAK gel was correlated with limited distribution of the antibody in liver, spleen and lymph nodes, in contrast to those injected with antibodies formulated in saline or non-Fc binding EAK gel. In addition, antibodies formulated with pG_EAK/EAK gel and injected in mouse footpads were found to retain at the site for 19 days. As a demonstration of potential bioengineering applications, thymic epithelial cells (TECs), the primary population of thymic stromal cells that are critical for the development of T-lymphocytes, were mixed with pG_EAK/EAK gel formulated with TEC-specific anti-EpCAM antibodies and injected subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. The injected TECs congregated into functional thymic units in vivo , supporting the development of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the mice. In conclusion, pG_EAK/EAK gel can be used to retain IgG locally in vivo , and can be tailored as scaffolds for controlling deposition of molecular and/or cellular therapeutics. Statement of significance The unique concept of the work centers on the genetic fusion of an Fc-binding domain and a self-assembling domain into a single polypeptide. To our knowledge, such bi-functional peptide has not been reported in the literature. The impact of the work lies in the ability to display IgG antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins of any specificity. The data shown demonstrate the platform can be used to localize IgG in vivo , and can be tailored for controlling deposition of primary thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The results support a biomaterials-based strategy by which TECs can be delivered as functional units to support T-lymphocyte development in vivo. The platform described in the study may serve as an important tool for immune engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices with multifaceted application potential is a need of an hour. Although, copper-based IUDs exert an effective contraceptive as well as anticancer effects in a long-term basis, but also results in multiple complications. In this regard, RISUG® a polymer based contraceptive device has been introduced as a suitable alternative. However, its potential to impart protective effects against development of endometrial cancer still remains unexplored. This article presents the hypothesis on this unexplored domain and provides scientific facts to support the hypothesis. The mechanism of anticancerous activity is hypothesized that RISUG® involves its lipid membrane destabilizing activity. This activity is modulated by both, the cellular microenvironment and lipid bilayer composition. Acidic environment along with the significantly higher fluidic nature of lipid bilayer of the cancerous cells make them more prone to lipid solubilisation effect of RISUG®. We here present an in-depth insight into the factors that would favour faster solubilisation of cancer cell membrane, thereby exerting an anticancer effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Exogenous testosterone decreases serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in men, but whether this alters cardiovascular risk is uncertain. Objective To investigate the effects of testosterone and estradiol on HDL particle concentration (HDL-Pima) and metrics of HDL function. Methods We enrolled 53 healthy men, 19 to 55 years of age, in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Subjects were rendered medically castrate using the GnRH receptor antagonist acyline and administered either (1) placebo gel, (2) low-dose transdermal testosterone gel (1.62%, 1.25 g), (3) full replacement dose testosterone gel (1.62%, 5 g) or (4) full replacement dose testosterone gel together with an aromatase inhibitor for 4 weeks. At baseline and end of treatment, serum HDL total macrophage and ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), HDL-Pima and size, and HDL protein composition were determined. Results Significant differences in serum HDL-C were observed with treatment across groups ( P = .01 in overall repeated measures ANOVA), with increases in HDL-C seen after both complete and partial testosterone deprivation. Medical castration increased total HDL-Pima (median [interquartile range] 19.1 [1.8] nmol/L at baseline vs 21.3 [3.1] nmol/L at week 4, P = .006). However, corresponding changes in total macrophage CEC and ABCA1-specific CEC were not observed. Change in serum 17β-estradiol concentration correlated with change in total macrophage CEC (β = 0.33 per 10 pg/mL change in serum 17β-estradiol, P = .03). Conclusions Testosterone deprivation in healthy men leads to a dissociation between changes in serum HDL-C and HDL CEC. Changes in serum HDL-C specifically due to testosterone exposure may not reflect changes in HDL function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess use of a two-step dentifrice/gel sequence versus chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on gingivitis prevention after dental prophylaxis. Methods: A 12-week, randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness and safety of a two-step dentifrice/gel sequence to a positive control in healthy adults with established gingivitis. After informed consent, gingivitis and stain levels were assessed by clinical examination. Eligible subjects received a dental prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to twice daily unsupervised use of either (1) twostep oral hygiene sequence: 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice followed by 3.0% hydrogen peroxide whitening gel for the test group; or (2) 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice for the control group. Clinical measurements of gingivitis bleeding sites and tooth stain area/intensity were collected after 4, 8 and 12 weeks use, while safety was assessed via clinical examination and oral status interview of the subjects. Results: A total of 44 subjects were enrolled and 35 completed the 12-week study. At baseline, bleeding sites ranged from 10-33. After prophylaxis and assigned treatment, both groups exhibited significant (P< 0.0001) reductions in bleeding sites. Responses were directionally better in the two-step sequence at all post-baseline timepoints, with groups differing significantly (P < 0.05) at Week 8. Tooth stain measurements demonstrated that the two-step dentifrice/gel sequence did not contribute to any significant (P> 0.13) stain accumulation. In contrast, stain accumulation was evident (P< 0.003) in the chlorhexidine group beginning at the Week 4 visit. Adverse events were more common in the positive control, and contributed to early termination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a two-step dentifrice/whitening gel oral hygiene sequence on natural gingivitis and extrinsic stain. Methods: The population consisted of healthy adults with clinical evidence of gingivitis and extrinsic stain. Consent, demographic information and clinical measurements were collected, after which subjects were randomized to treatment. Eligible subjects were dispensed blinded test kits containing over-labeled two-step 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice then 3% H2O2 whitening gel sequence or a regular 0.76% NaMFP dentifrice control (Colgate Cavity Protection), plus a regular soft manual toothbrush and instructions for use. Efficacy was assessed blind-to-treatment using the Gingivitis Bleeding Index (GBI) measured whole-mouth and the composite Lobene Stain Index (LSI) measured on the anterior dentition. Treatments were compared at Week 1 and Week 3 versus baseline for ΔGB1 and ALSI using a two-sided 5% level of significance. Results: A total of 61 subjects with a mean (SD) age of 33.4 (12.0) years were enrolled. Overall baseline means (SD) were 0.16 (0.05) for GBI and 1.30 (0.94) for LSI. After 1 week, only the two-step 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice then 3% FI20 2 whitening gel sequence demonstrated significant (P< 0.0001) reductions in both gingivitis and stain. Adjusted means for the changes with the dentifrice/gel sequence and control were -0.055 and -0.001 for ΔGBI, and -0.619 and -0.095 for ALSI, with groups differing significantly (P< 0.0001) on gingivitis and stain improvement. Outcomes at Week 3 were generally similar, with groups differing on bleeding and stain. Treatments were generally well-tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a two-step dentifrice/gel oral hygiene sequence in a vulnerable population. Methods: Prior to the research, institutional review was obtained for the protocol, consent and advertising. The study targeted adults with medication-associated xerostomia, because of the plaque accumulation and possible oral safety risks seen in this population. Eligible subjects with a medication history and measured hyposalivation were randomly assigned to one of two oral hygiene groups: (1) a two-step 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice and 3% H2O2 gel sequence or (2) a regular anticavity toothpaste control. Test products were dispensed with a regular manual brush in blinded over-labeled kits with usage instructions. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and after 2 and 6 weeks of test product use. Safety was assessed as adverse events from clinical examination and interview. Digital plaque image analysis of the anterior facial teeth measured fluorescein-disclosed daytime plaque levels, and unstimulated saliva was collected over a 5-minute period in pre-weighed vials. Results: A total of 49 subjects ranging from 31-80 years of age (53% female) were enrolled, and 45 completed Week 6. Only the two-step dentifrice and gel sequence differed significantly (P< 0.005) from baseline on daytime plaque coverage, and salivary flow increased significantly (P= 0.033) in that group as well. Between-group comparisons for daytime plaque favored the two-step sequence with 41-46% improvements in plaque control. At Week 6, adjusted daytime plaque means (SE) were 5.9 (0.7) and 10.0 (1.1) for the two-step and control groups, respectively (P< 0.004). Adverse events were mild in severity, groups differed significantly (P= 0.02) on occurrence, and events did not contribute to dropout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Topical application of menthol is a popular form of cold therapy and chemically triggers cold receptors and increases cutaneous blood flow. However, although cutaneous blood flow increases, it remains unknown where this increase arises from. Intramuscular temperature assessment may indirectly indicate a change in muscular blood flow. Purpose: To establish intramuscular temperature, blood flow responses and subjective temperature sensation following application of menthol-based cooling gel to the anterior thigh. Study design: Controlled, randomized cross over interventional study. Methods: Twenty (age: 21.4 + 1.7) healthy males were treated on three separate days in random order with ice, a menthol-based gel or placebo gel (participant single blinded) on one anterior thigh. All measurements were taken at baseline and for 80 mins following treatment: 1) Skin, core, and intramuscular temperatures (1 & 3 cm deep); 2) femoral arterial blood flow (duplex ultrasound); 3) cutaneous blood flow (laser Doppler) and 4) subjective cold sensation. Results: Ice and both gels decreased (p<0.0001, CI (Ice): -5.2 to -6.2 and CI (gels) -1.4 to -2.5) intramuscular temperature by 5.7 and 1.9°C respectively, but by 80 mins were similar to each other (1.5-2°C less than pre-treatment). Skin temperature mirrored muscle temperature with 8.8 and 4.2°C respective decline for ice and gels. Menthol gel increased (p<0.0001) cutaneous blood flow by 0.3 ml/min compared to unaltered flow associated with the placebo gel and a decline of 0.3 ml/min for the ice. Menthol gel cold sensation was subjectively reported to be cooler (p<0.0001) than the other two treatments. Core temperature and arterial flow were unaffected. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the intramuscular cooling effect of menthol-based gel. However, the likely cause was from evaporative cooling despite menthol-derived increases in cutaneous blood flow and cooling sensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous in vitro studies have suggested that simvastatin can be used as a direct pulp capping material due to its ability to induce odontoblastic differentiation and angiogenesis. The aim of this animal study was to evaluate the pulpal response to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and four concentrations of simvastatin/MTA in combination. The study was conducted in two stages using four different simvastatin concentrations and MTA as a capping material for rat maxillary molars. The grades of inflammation and continuity of dentin formation were evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained samples. Dentin thickness was determined by histomorphometric analysis, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. On day 3, mild inflammation was observed in all groups. On day 7, the simvastatin groups showed a slightly higher rate of chronic inflammation. Inflammation was not present on day 30. Discontinuous dentin was present in all methylcellulose (control) samples. Continuous dentin was formed in all of the samples treated with 1.5% simvastatin. The greatest dentin thickness was observed after treatment with 1.5% simvastatin and MTA, followed by 0.5% simvastatin. Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant differences in dentin thickness and continuity between MTA and simvastatin at 0.5% and 1.5% (P > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local anesthetics have been widely used for postoperative analgesia. However, multiple injections or local infiltration is required due to the short half-lives of local anesthetics after single injection, which results in poor compliance and increasing medical expense. In this study, an in situ forming gel (ISFG) based on lyotropic liquid crystal was developed to deliver bupivacaine hydrochloride (BUP) for long-acting postoperative analgesia. BUP-ISFG was designed to be administrated as a precursor solution which would spontaneously transform into gel with well-defined internal nanostructures for sustained drug release at the site of administration when exposed to physiological fluid. A lamellar-hexagonal-cubic phase transition occurred during the in situ gelation. The lamellar phase of the precursor solution endows it with low viscosity for good syringeability while the unique nanostructures of hexagonal and cubic phases of the in situ gel provide sustained drug release. Persistent analgesia effect in vivo was achieved with BUP-ISFG, and the plasma BUP concentration was found to be steadier compared to commercially available BUP for injection. In addition, the ISFG displayed acceptable biocompatibility and good biodegradability. The findings are positive about ISFG as a sustained release system for persistent postoperative analgesia. Statement of Significance To address the issue of insufficient postoperative analgesia associated with short half-lives of local anesthetics after single injection, an in situ forming gel (ISFG) based on lyotropic liquid crystal was developed to deliver bupivacaine hydrochloride (BUP) for postoperative analgesia over three days. The results demonstrated that persistent analgesia effect in vivo was achieved with single injection of BUP-ISFG, and the plasma BUP concentration was found to be steadier compared to commercially available BUP injection. The BUP-ISFG possessed a lamellar-hexagonal-cubic phase transition with corresponding crystal change in 3D nanostructure during the in situ gelation. The relationship between crystal nanostructure and carrier function, might provide some insights to the design and clinical applications of the drug delivery systems based on lyotropic liquid crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth extraction is one of treatment acts which is done by dentists in clinics, hospital, and even private practices. One thing that is needed to be observed after the treatment is the speed of wound recovery process post the tooth extraction. Binahong is commonly used as medicinal treatments in Asia, some of them to heal wounds, but there had never been research of the use of Binahong leaf in wound recovery after tooth extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Binahong Gel in accelerating the expression of HIF-1a and FGF-2 post tooth extraction on Wistar Rats. This study was used post test only control group design. 48 male Wistar Rats weight between 150-200 grams, 3 months of age are being used. Tooth extraction is being done on lower left incisor. The 48 rats are divided into four groups. The data were analyzed statistically using One-Way ANOVA and LSD0.05. The result of every tested group showed p>0.05, therefore all the data had a normal distribution. Therefore, a One-Way Anova test with 5% significant rate was done and continued by LSD test to find a significant difference in each groups. Examination showed there was significant difference in expression of HIF-1a and FGF-2 between Binahong gel and two other groups (p<0.05). The application of Binahong gel can accelerate the expression of HIF-1a and FGF-2 post tooth extraction on Wistar Rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: Sufficient bony support is essential to ensure the success of dental implant osseointegration. However, the reconstruction of vertical ridge deficiencies is still a major challenge for dental implants. This study introduced a novel treatment strategy by infusing poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) within a gelatin/hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate (gelatin/HA/β-TCP) cryogel composite to facilitate supra-alveolar ridge augmentation.Methods: The gelatin scaffold was crosslinked using cryogel technique, and HA/β-TCP particles were mechanically entrapped to form the gelatin/HA/β-TCP composite. Co-axial electrohydrodynamic atomization technology was used to fabricate PLGA microspheres encapsulating BMP-2. The composites of gelatin/HA/β-TCP alone, with infusion of BMP-2 solution (BMPi) or microspheres (BMPm), were fixed on rat mandibles using a titanium mini-implant for 4 weeks, and the therapeutic efficiency was evaluated by micro-computed tomography, bone fluorochrome, and histology.Results: The gelatin/HA/β-TCP composite was homogenously porous, and BMP-2 was sustained release from the microspheres without initial burst release. Ridge augmentation was noted in all specimens treated with the gelatin/HA/β-TCP composite, and greater bone deposition ratio were noted in Groups BMPi and BMPm. Compared with Group BMPi, specimens in Group BMPm showed significantly greater early osteogenesis and evident osseointegration in the supra-alveolar level.Conclusion: BMP-2 loaded PLGA microspheres effectively promoted osteogenic potential of the gelatin/HA/β-TCP composite and facilitated supra-alveolar ridge augmentation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of PRP-enriched gelfoam on the healing of chronic TM perforation in comparison with gelfoam alone. Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial Patients with chronic tympanic membrane were randomly allocated to two groups; intervention group underwent tympanoplasty with platelet rich plasma (PRP)- enriched gel foams and control group underwent operation with conventional gel foams alone. Patients information was recorded 4 and 12 months after surgery. Results: Eventually 24 patients (12 males and 12 females) with a mean age of 43.33 ± 12.34 years in intervention and 41.33 ± 10.02 years in control group underwent analysis (p = 0.667). Complete TM healing was seen in 8 (66.67%) patients in intervention group and 3 (25%) patients in control group three months after intervention (p = 0.031, OR = 5.98). Conclusion: Addition of PRP to conventional gelfoams used in TM perforation repair increases the complete healing rate of TM perforation with less morbidity and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Control of bacterial bioburden in wounds is an important step for minimizing the risk of wound infection. An antimicrobial hydrogel wound dressing is produced out of soft polymeric hydrogels in the form of solid sheets that contain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The goal of this work is to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of the antibacterial Hydrogels through a set of in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Method: AMPs are permanently bonded onto a soft nanostructured polymer via covalent attachment and physical entanglement. This improves stability, rapid antibacterial activity and prevents leaching of the AMPs. Results / Discussion: Antimicrobial analysis of the antimicrobial hydrogels using in-vitro wound models confirmed >99% killing efficiency against multiple bacterial strains including MRSA, MDR, E. Coli. Furthermore, the hydrogel retained its antibacterial activity for up to 4 days when exposed to 20% human serum. Tests confirmed no release of AMPs, and it was also proven non-toxic to mammalian cells. An in-vivo study on human intact skin showed a significant reduction of the bacteria for the part of the subject skin treated with antibacterial hydrogels. A similar result was detected through a qualitative study in veterinary trials on different types of surgery wounds in cats and dogs. Conclusion: Antimicrobial hydrogels wound dressings developed by permanent attachment of AMPs can effectively and rapidly kill bacteria that comes to contact with them. Such antibacterial hydrogels are non-toxic and do not release any antibacterial substances into the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Good circulation is very important factor in the healing process of chronic wounds. Besides, the use of platelet reach plasma (PRP), or platelet gel, has an important role in the treatment of chronic wounds. Method: Fifteen patients with chronic wounds were divided into three groups: five patients were treated with PRP, another five patients were treated with platelet gel, and the rest of five patients were treated with standard surgical dressing. All the patients were treated in the period of three months. Biopsy of the subcutaneous tissue was performed before, during, and after the treatment. Results / Discussion: On the basis of biopsy findings, an increase in the number of newly formed buds of the blood vessels was confirmed, which was in correlation with the clinical picture. The highest number of newly formed buds of the blood vessels was found in the patients who were treated with PRP, and the smallest number of newly formed buds of the blood vessels was found in the patients who were treated with standard surgical dressing. Conclusion: Formation of adequate granulation tissue in the patients with chronic wounds depends of the good local microcirculation, which good be improved using PRP and platelet gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Autologous nerve grafting has been applied as the best method of treating peripheral nerve defects but it has problems such as donor site morbidity. If the defect is more than 2 cm, direct suture is difficult and the nerve conduit is used for nerve regeneration. In addition, nerve repair by suture can damage nerve tissue. Therefore, we use mussel adhesive protein to induce nerve regeneration without suture of nerve injury site and compare with conventional nerve repair. Method: We made a 10mm long defect in the sciatic nerve of 46 rats and divided to subgroups. 1) Normal (positive control), 2)Sham (negative control), 3)Direct anastomosis --suture, 4)Direct anastomosis by fibrin glue, 5)Direct anastomosis by Mussel adhesive protein(MAP), 6)Direct anastomosis by MAP with Substance P, 7)15 mm gap model with silicon tube by suture, 8)15 mm gap model with silicon tube by fibrin glue, 9)15 mm gap model with silicon tube by MAP 10) 15 mm gap model with silicon tube by MAP with substance P. After 6 weeks, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and histological observations were made. Results / Discussion: In vivo results revealed that the NCV was improved more in the experimental groups after 6 weeks from nerve repairing by MAP than in the control group(suture). Histologic (H&E, Toluidine blue staining) and immunohistochemistry (Nestin, MAP-2, GFAP) staining showed more regenerated nerve findings. Conclusion: In this study, we propose nerve repair by MAP because of shortening operation time and additional nerve damage by suture, Additionally Mussel adhesive protein with substance P propose to be a good method of promoting nerve regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]