Search

This paper provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of various types of ionic liquids (ILs) for the catalytic conversion of CO 2. The highlight of this paper is a detailed summary of future improvements and directions for the development of ILs. [Display omitted] The conversion of CO 2 into fuels or valuable chemical feedstock can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Ionic liquids (ILs) can be applied as designable catalyst for the catalytic chemical conversion of CO 2 , which can react with different substrates to produce valuable chemicals. This review emphasizes the properties of ILs and the research progress of catalytic conversion of CO 2 into organic carbonates, including the reaction mechanism and the advantages and limitations of various ILs. Modification strategies to enhance the catalytic conversion efficiency of CO 2 are highlighted. Functional groups can be introduced to the anions and cations of ILs to form functionalized ILs, and then multiple active sites are constructed to increase the alkalinity of ILs through synergistic action. However, the phase state of homogeneous ILs limits the continuous conversion of CO 2. Later, new types of supported ILs have been explored for the catalysis of CO 2 , mainly with inorganic or organic carriers. Polymerized ionic liquids can be more stable through chemical bonding and improve the stability of the catalytic system. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of industrial large-scale application of ILs in the future are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a ternary BiOCl/g-C3N4/Ag2CrO4composite with a dual Z-scheme heterojunction was prepared based on a g-C3N4photocatalyst and applied in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. The optimal CH4and CO yields of the ternary composite catalyst could be achieved on BOC/CN/ACO-1% with 81.21 and 30.20 μmol g–1for 6 h, respectively, which was considerably enhanced compared to that for pure g-C3N4. The apparent quantum efficiency was achieved to be 2.68% for the BOC/CN/ACO-1% catalyst in the photoreduction of CO2at 420 nm. This performance enhancement resulted from constructing the dual Z-scheme and the improved light response, which had efficient charge migration and an excellent response to sunlight. This study provides a vital reference for developing dual Z-scheme heterojunction catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2.

The chemical experiment in this study is specifically created for undergraduate students studying energy and the environment. The target of the experiment is for students to comprehend the deactivation mechanism of the Ce/TiO2catalyst by oxides of phosphorus through practical experiments and enhance their knowledge of environmental technologies. More significantly, experiments can enable students to understand the poisoning mechanism of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts and understand various equipment for developing SCR catalysts. Fly ash containing oxides of phosphorus can deactivate SCR catalysts. The student group investigates and explains the poisoning effect of oxides of phosphorus on the Ce/TiO2catalyst in this study, using experimental and characterization techniques such as BET, XRD, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, XPS, and DRIFT to support the findings. Then, the students’ grades in the laboratory experiments are determined by their performance in experimental operations, catalyst preparation, SCR activity, and poisoning effect analysis. It is encouraging that with this experiment, students may link their understanding of chemistry with practical operation, motivating them to carry out more research on SCR catalysts.

Photocatalytic CO2reduction (PCO2RR) is regarded as a promising means to mitigate the effects of climate change and current energy shortage. However, photocatalysis is not very effective because of the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. S-scheme heterojunctions can effectively separate photogenerated carriers and significantly improve the redox ability of photocatalysts. In recent years, S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts have become a popular topic of research because of their superior photocatalytic performance. This review examines the recent research advancements in S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. First, the principle of PCO2RR is briefly introduced. Various types of heterojunctions are introduced, the charge transfer mechanisms and characterization methods of S-scheme heterojunctions are described, and the applications of metal oxides, metal sulfides, and other S-scheme photocatalysts in CO2reduction are discussed and reviewed, respectively. In conclusion, the limitations and prospective directions of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts in CO2photoreduction are discussed to provide direction for the design of high-performance S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.

Solar-energy-driven CO2hydrogenation is a promising strategy to alleviate the climate crisis. Methane is a desirable derivative of CO2reduction. However, developing a photocatalyst for highly active and selective CH4generation remains challenging. Herein, we report a double Z-scheme Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalyst for efficient reduction of CO2to CH4. In situ characterization techniques confirmed that the charge migration mechanism in Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S promotes charge separation through double internal electric fields. As a result, the optimized C0.01B0.02C catalyst displayed a formation rate high up to 25.34 μmol g–1h–1and a selectivity of 96.52% of CH4. Moreover, the AQY of CO2conversion on C0.01B0.02C (1.84%) was almost 41 times higher than that of the bare CN. This study provides a novel perspective to develop heterojunction photocatalysts for selective CO2conversion to CH4.

[Display omitted] Recently, the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction technology is an effective solution to remit the energy crisis. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance, Z-scheme W 18 O 49 /NiAl-LDH composite catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. Fortunately, the prepared catalysts revealed excellent photocatalytic performance under the simulated sunlight, and CO and CH 4 could be detected in the reduction products. WO/LDH-0.5 catalyst possessed the optimal activity, with CO and CH 4 yield of 37.09 and 8.01 µmol g-1h−1 separately, which were 7.9 and 3.6 times that of NiAl-LDH monomer. In addition, W 18 O 49 endowed W 18 O 49 /NiAl-LDH catalysts with photothermal effect, which raised the surface temperature and facilitated the catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, the Z-scheme heterojunction composed of flower-like NiAl-LDH and urchin-like W 18 O 49 accelerated the separation of photoexcited carriers and enhanced the redox ability. Through a series of characterizations and investigations, this work is promising to break new ground for the design of photocatalysts with photothermal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting CO2into valuable energy and chemicals is an effective way to solve environmental problems and energy crises. Compared with other CO2conversion methods, electrocatalytic CO2conversion can be combined with clean energy, enhancing its energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and sustainability; the process can be improved significantly. In recent years, the self-assembly of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands to form crystalline compounds, known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), has attracted considerable attention. These materials have gained prominence due to their diverse range of potential applications and distinctive properties. This Review briefly introduces the basic principles of electrocatalytic reduction of CO2and the composition and properties of MOF materials. It summarizes the research progress of MOFs in the field of electrocatalytic CO2reduction from the following aspects: pristine MOF catalysts, MOF-based composites, and MOF-derived electrocatalysts. Finally, the development prospects of MOFs are discussed in combination with the current research status, providing a reference for the development of more efficient and stable MOF electrocatalysts.

Excessive greenhouse gas emissions have led to a series of environmental problems, such as the increasing greenhouse effect, rising sea levels, and melting glaciers at the poles, threatening the global environment for human existence. In view of this, the development of CO2capture technologies with commercialization potential is imperative, as CO2is the primary contributor to greenhouse gases. In recent years, chemical absorption techniques founded on sterically hindered amines, such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), have garnered escalating interest owing to their benefits of large absorption capacity and diminished energy consumption for regeneration as compared to traditional amine-based methods. In this review, the steric hindrance effect of a sterically hindered amine and its reaction mechanism with CO2are reviewed. Subsequently, sterically hindered amine absorbents are classified into four kinds, single amine absorbents, blended amine absorbents, biphasic amine absorbents, and nonaqueous amine absorbents, and recent advancements in investigating the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of carbon dioxide sequestration through the utilization of sterically hindered amine sorbents are comprehensively evaluated. Technical-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of the CO2capture processes based on sterically hindered amine absorbents have been comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, future work for CO2capture technologies based on sterically hindered amines is suggested.

The photocatalytic CO2reduction technology can effectively decrease the CO2content in air while converting CO2into high-value-added chemicals and turning waste into treasure. In this study, Cu2O with a concave cubic structure was fabricated by selective etching, and ZnIn2S4nanosheets were successfully loaded on it uniformly, which significantly elevated its catalytic activity. The maximum CO yield of 9.98 μmol/g/h was obtained on the Z-scheme ZIS/Cu2O-0.3 photocatalyst, which was 3.7 and 4.3 times as high as the bare Cu2O concave cube and ZnIn2S4, respectively. The excellent photocatalytic performance could be attributed to the construction of Z-scheme heterojunction which facilitated the efficient separation of electron–hole pairs, a large specific surface area that provided an abundance of reactive sites, and positive visible light response.

Photoreduction of CO2can effectively alleviate the troublesome global energy crisis and environmental problems by converting CO2into hydrocarbons. Due to the discovery of photocatalysts that can respond to infrared light, the application of full spectrum in photocatalysis has attracted many researchers. This review comprehensively summarizes the progress in CO2photocatalytic reduction based on full-spectrum photocatalytic systems, and the basic theory of photoresponse, the mechanism of photocatalysis and photoreduction of CO2, and the representative photocatalytic materials working under ultraviolet, visible, and infrared irradiation are discussed. The strategies and related mechanisms of realizing full-spectrum photocatalysis are introduced, and the contribution of photoreactors to CO2photocatalytic reduction is also mentioned. Finally, the application prospects of light-driven reactions in CO2reduction are prospected. It is hoped that this review can offer clearer guidance for CO2reduction and construction of full spectrum-driven photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic CO2reduction in the future.

Constructing heterostructures and designing excellent structures to simulate natural photosynthesis are effective ways to efficiently and selectively convert CO2into products with high energy. Herein, a novel 0D/3D heterostructure composed of Cd0.5Zn0.5S quantum dots and CdIn2S4nano-octahedron was resoundingly fabricated via a simple solvothermal–coprecipitation method. The optimal yields of CO2photoreduction to CO and CH4over the Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CdIn2S4composite material could reach up to 14.07 and 4.23 μmol/g/h, respectively, which was primarily due to the synergistic effect of the 0D/3D heterostructure and unique morphology, thus accelerating the transfer of light-induced carriers. In addition, the as-fabricated composite exhibited excellent stability and weaker photocorrosion. Hence, this work could provide a simple and efficient route for the design and construction of photocatalysts with superior activity for CO2photoreduction.

In this work, an urchinlike W18O49/g-C3N4composite was fabricated via a simple hydrothermal process. The photocatalytic CO2conversion reaction was applied to evaluate the photocatalytic behavior of this catalytic system, and the WOCN-20 wt % heterojunction displayed superior photocatalytic behavior under full spectrum light irradiation, which was 6.46 μmol·h–1·g–1for CO and 3.97 μmol·h–1·g–1for CH4, respectively. Furthermore, in the near-infrared region, the composite photocatalysts also displayed excellent photocatalytic performance. A large number of characterizations and testing measures were carried out to study the components, morphology, and physicochemical properties of W18O49/g-C3N4photocatalyst, which were helpful to exploring and understanding the reasons for the improvement of catalytic performance. The boosted activity resulted from the tight contact between W18O49and g-C3N4and the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction. The local surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of W5+also contributed to the realization of efficient photocatalysis under near-infrared light. The Z-scheme electron transport model could realize the efficient separation of light-induced e––h+pairs and reduce the recombination rate, thereby boosting the CO2photocatalytic reduction process.

In this study, novel Schottky-junction photocatalysts Bi-metal-deposited g-C3N4were constructed via a one-step solvothermal process for photocatalytic CO2reduction under simulated irradiation. The photocatalytic performance illustrated that the nanohybrid catalysts have extreme activity and excellent stability. The maximum CO yield of 3.78 μmol h–1g–1was reached on the BiCN-0.6 hybrid, which was about 3 times as much as that of pure g-C3N4. The phase, microstructure, and optical and photoelectrochemical properties were demonstrated by related characterization methods. The improvement mechanism could be ascribed to the enhanced photon absorption capacity and the decreased recombination rate of photoinduced carriers arising from the Schottky barrier in the system. This work may provide a meaningful approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity through a simple and green strategy.

Nd was used as the modifier to improve the NH3-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) performance of MnOxcatalyst used in NOxabatement. The results of the activity test indicated that MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst displayed remarkable catalytic activity and N2selectivity in the temperature range of 50–300 °C. Characterization results proved the enhanced reducibility and the facilitated NH3and NOxadsorption over MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst, accompanied by the existence of more Mn4+and surface adsorbed oxygen species over its surface. The results of the in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform study pointed out that the NH3-SCR reaction over the MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst was mainly under the control of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism (≤100 °C); when the reaction temperature was over 200 °C, the Eley–Rideal mechanism was dominant. More adsorbed NOxand NH3species over the MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst, along with the activation effect of Nd on the adsorbed reactants, had a facilitation impact on the SCR reaction process over the MnNdOx-0.1 catalyst.

In this study, Bi was used as the modifier to elevate the performance of Ce/TiO2catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. Experimental results indicated that the CeBi/TiO2catalyst with a Bi/Ce molar ratio of 0.15 exhibited excellent low-temperature SCR performance and SO2/H2O resistance compared with the Ce/TiO2catalyst. Characterization results revealed that the introduction of a proper amount of Bi to Ce/TiO2catalyst could generate more Ce3+and chemisorbed oxygen species on its surface, along with the enhanced reducibility and surface acidity. From the results of an in situ DRIFT study, the formation of more adsorbed NH3and NO2species could be detected, as a result, greatly facilitating the low-temperature NH3–SCR reaction over CeBi/TiO2-0.15 catalyst through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood route.

The conversion of CO2into commercially available chemical fuels is a meaningful strategy for mitigating the greenhouse effect. Photocatalytic CO2reduction is an attractive strategy due to its clean and environmentally friendly properties, and seeking efficient photocatalysts is crucial to accomplish high yield and selectivity of CO2. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are favorable for photocatalytic reactions due to their high specific surface areas and abundant active sites. To facilitate the search for practical, green, and sustainable MOF photocatalysts, this paper summarizes the effects of different preparation processes on the photoresponsiveness and pore structure of MOFs, and describes the challenges of large-scale industrial production in the future. Moreover, the mechanism of MOFs photocatalytic reduction of CO2and the factors affecting the photocatalytic performance were summarized in detail. Based on this, this review focuses on the design of band structure, construction of heterojunction, and design of goal-oriented MOF morphology to propose modification strategies and point out the key to improving photocatalytic performance. Finally, the challenges and application prospects of MOFs in photocatalytic reduction of CO2are further discussed.

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOxwith ammonia is an effective method to remove NOxfrom stationary and mobile sources. Cerium oxides (CeOx) have been studied extensively as low-temperature SCR catalysts since they manifest prominent oxygen storage capacity in catalysis. This paper reviews the recent progress on the Ce-based catalysts for low-temperature SCR de-NOxwith NH3, including three categories, single CeOx, Ce-based multimetal oxide, and Ce-based multimetal oxides with support. In the section on single CeOx, the reasons for the significant catalytic activity and the function of CeOxin the catalytic reactions are systematically reviewed. For multimetal oxide catalysts, the various roles played by the components of catalysts are summarized from several aspects. In the introduction of supported metal oxide catalysts, according to the type of support, the function of each support in the reaction is analyzed methodically. Additionally, we investigated the reaction mechanism of low-temperature SCR of NOx, including Eley–Rideal (E–R) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) mechanisms. Finally, the development outlook and direction of the application of cerium oxide-based catalysts in the field of low-temperature SCR of NOxis prospected.

In this study, MnO2nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles were synthetized by a hydrothermal method, after which the NO removal process with sodium persulfate solution catalyzed by MnO2of different shapes was studied and compared. It could be verified that MnO2nanowires showed the best NO removal efficiency of 91.2% with the catalyst concentration of 0.06 mol/L. As illustrated from the XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS analysis results, the relatively higher activity of MnO2nanowires could be attributed to its low crystallinity and the presence of more lattice oxygen. The reaction mechanism was further confirmed by using the electron paramagnetic resonance technique, which verified the promotional effect by capturing the signal of hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4–•) radicals. Additionally, free radical-quenching experiments also verified the decisive impacts of these two radicals on the removal system, where sulfate (SO4–•) radicals played a major role.

Mn–TiO2catalysts were utilized as an ozonation catalyst for the first time to study the simultaneous catalytic ozonation of Hg0and NO at low flue gas temperatures. BET, SEM–EDS, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NOx-TPD and Hg0-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. The Mn–TiO2catalyst, in which the molar content of metal Mn was 60%, exhibited the best catalytic activities of Hg0and NO oxidation, compared with other Mn–TiO2catalysts. It was found that within the range of experiment, the catalytic ozonation efficiency of Hg0and NO was higher than that of ozonation or catalytic oxidation. The results also showed that the presence of NO gas inhibited the catalytic ozonation of elemental mercury, and the inhibition was enhanced with the NO inlet concentration, while few elemental mercury molecules did promote the catalytic ozonation of NO. The addition of H2O vapor promoted the catalytic ozonation of Hg0and NO. In addition, 0.6Mn–TiO2catalyst demonstrated a good TOS and cyclic stability. The catalytic ozonation of NO and Hg0on Mn–TiO2catalyst likely followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, where the hydroxyl radicals reacted with adjacently adsorbed NO molecules and elemental mercury on catalyst surface.

It is well recognized that both alkali and alkali earth metals have a poisoning effect on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. In this study, the different poisoning effects of K and Mg on Mn/TiO2catalyst were investigated. It was found that the deactivation effect of K was much stronger than that of Mg. The effect of K or Mg addition on the physicochemical properties of Mn/TiO2catalyst was investigated based on N2adsorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, and NO-TPD techniques. The results indicated that the addition of K or Mg on Mn/TiO2catalyst would decrease its specific area, promote the crystallization of TiO2, and lead to a decrease of Mn4+and surface chemisorbed oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of K or Mg on Mn/TiO2catalyst would lead to the drop of reducibility and the adsorption capacity of NH3and NOx species. In addition, the adsorption behavior of NH3and NOx and their surface reactions over the fresh and poisoned Mn/TiO2catalysts were investigated by in situDRIFT study. It was found that the NH3–SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2–Mg was mainly controlled by the L–H mechanism (≤150 °C) and E–R mechanism (>200 °C), while the NH3–SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2–K mainly followed the E–R pathway. The deactivation of Mn/TiO2–Mg mainly resulted from the inhibited adsorption and oxidation of NO, and the seriously suppressed adsorption of NH3species made a great contribution to the deactivation of Mn/TiO2–K.

The extensive use of fossil fuels in residential and industrial fields has resulted in massive emission of gaseous pollutants, which poses a severe threat to the environment and human health. Consequently, it is critical to develop affordable air cleaning technology, catalytic oxidation is one of the most promising technologies for this purpose. CeO2-based catalysts with special morphologies have aroused widespread attention because of their environmental friendliness, surface binding defects, excellent redox ability, and significant oxygen storage capacity. In addition, the morphologies of these catalysts also modulate the valence state of the element, defect sites, and acid-base properties. Therefore, they have been extensively utilized to reduce air pollutants. In this review, the preparation and application of CeO2-based catalysts with special morphologies, such as hollow, cubic, rod-like, and others, have been summarized, followed by an in-depth examination of the advantages and mechanisms of these catalysts toward eliminating air pollutants. Finally, the challenges associated with the preparation and application of CeO2-based catalysts with special morphologies are presented. We hope to provide some reference for the future design and synthesis of novel CeO2-based catalysts used for the abatement of gas pollutants.

The chemical experiment is designed for undergraduates majoring in chemistry, energy, and environment. The intended purpose is that the students will comprehend the reaction mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of CO2through hands-on experiments and deepen their understanding of sustainable energy technologies. More importantly, the experiment can make students strengthen the understanding of basic theory of photochemistry and become familiar with the operation process of laboratory instruments, such as a photocatalytic reactor and gas chromatograph. The novel graphene quantum dots/NiAl layered double hydroxide (GQDs/NiAl-LDH) composites are prepared by undergraduates, and the photocatalytic activity is investigated through a series of characterizations and tests. Then the reaction mechanism analysis is carried out in the form of group discussion after the experiment. The student’s grade in the laboratory experiment depends on the experimental operation, catalyst synthesis, photocatalytic activity, and mechanism analysis. It is promising that students can organically combine chemistry knowledge with experimental operation through this experiment, so as to encourage them to continue the research related to photocatalytic CO2reduction.

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2into hydrocarbon fuels, utilizing inexhaustible solar energy to simulate natural photosynthesis, is a promising approach to simultaneously alleviate environmental issues and energy crises. Among the developed photocatalysts, bismuth (Bi)-based materials have been extensively applied for photocatalytic CO2reduction due to their unique electronic configuration and excellent physicochemical properties. Various approaches have been investigated to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Bi-based photocatalysts for CO2reduction, among which constructing direct or indirect Z-scheme by coupling Bi-based materials with matching semiconductors is an effective method. In this review, the latest major advancements in the design of high-efficient Bi-based Z-scheme photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2reduction are summarized, including structural engineering strategies for direct Z-scheme and several patterns of indirect Z-scheme construction. Moreover, the proposed S-scheme structure based on the Z-scheme structure is also briefly discussed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of the future development of the Bi-based Z-scheme structure for CO2photoreduction are also presented and discussed.

The characteristics of working medium is one of the important factors for organic Rankine cycle.The study is based on the waste heat of power plant,7 kinds working medium are selected,include R245fa, R600, R600a, R601a, R236fa, R236ea and RC318.ORC's thermodynamic cycle characteristics are calculated based on the first law of thermodynamics,then,compared the thermal efficiency,evaporating pressure and power ratio of different working medium.Results show that R245fa and R601a as the ORC system working medium have higher thermal efficiency and power ratio,and lower evaporating pressure than other five working medium,are ideal organic working medium to recycle flue gas waste heat of power plant.Secondly,R600 as system cycle working medium also has relatively good performance,can be the appropriate choice of working medium.

MnO x –CuO x /TiO2 and MnO x –CuO x /Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by sol–gel method and used for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3. The results showed that MnO x –CuO x /TiO2 had better catalytic activity and SO2 resistance than MnO x –CuO x /Al2O3 in the temperature range of 100–250°C. The properties of the catalysts were characterized by using XRD, N2 adsorption, temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). It was found that the support has a great impact on the acidity of catalyst; TiO2 and Al2O3 can promote the formation of Lewis acid sites and Brönsted acid sites respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: CeO2–CuO catalyst prepared by citric acid method was investigated for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3. The activity of the CeO2 catalyst was enhanced about 8–27% in the temperature range of 125–225°C at a space velocity of 28,000h−1 by the addition of Cu. It was found that the state of Cu species had great impact on the SCR performance of CeO2–CuO catalyst. Cu2+ can enhance the low temperature activity of SCR reaction, while CuO would promote NH3 oxidation before SCR reaction at high temperature, which would cause the decrease of its high temperature SCR activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

CeO2-Fe3O4/TiO2 and CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method, and their activities for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 were investigated. As can be seen from the experimental results, the CeO2-Fe3O4/TiO2 catalyst prepared showed the best SCR activity and SO2 resistance. Based on the characterization results of BET, XRD, NH3-TPD and XPS the excellent performance of CeO2-Fe3O4/TiO2 catalyst should be resulted from its large surface area, high NH3 adsorption capacity and high concentration of surface chemisorbed oxygen.

Life cycle analysis combined with technical economic evaluation method in the paper to control the cost of denitration. A simple model for denitration cost is developed. The influence of different flue gas concentration of NOx to the cost of unit denitration is analysed by life cycle analysis, includes construction, operation and decommissioning, which based on 600 MW coal-fired units. Preliminary calculations reveal that comparing with directly using the denitration technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR), after using Air staged Low NOx Combustion Technology reduced NOx below 400mg/m3, using SCR denitration further decreased the concentration of NOx in flue gas to 100mg/m3 can save more than 44% of the general denitration cost. This can improve effectively the environmental protection and economy of the coal-fired unit.