Search

AbstractBackground:Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a unique disease characterized by thrombus-like lipoprotein deposition in glomeruli and an increased serum apolipoprotein E level (ApoE protein or APOE gene). Several APOE mutations contribute to the occurring of LPG. Methods:We confirmed LPG in 7 individuals by renal biopsy, and investigated families of 2 patients with urinalysis, serum creatinine and serum lipid examination. Exons of APOE of all individuals as well as their relatives were amplified and sequenced directly. Results:Two types of APOE mutations were identified in the 7 patients and their relatives. APOE Maebashi (Arg142-Leu144→0) heterozygotes were found in 5 individuals who were from 4 different families. APOE Kyoto (Arg25-Cys) was confirmed heterogeneous in another 2 individuals. Both mutations present incomplete penetrance. Conclusion:Our research indicates that APOE Maebashi (Arg142-Leu144→0) is a common mutation in Chinese LPG. However, not all carriers of the 2 mutations have LPG, although hyperlipidemia and high serum ApoE level are tested. There are likely other reasons, such as a local mechanism in the glomeruli, which participated in the renal injury.Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

In this work, the phase behavior of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/alkyl ethoxysulfate (AES)/water ternary system is investigated at 25 °C. The PVA/AES/water ternary phase diagram is conducted which shows that there are two main phases corresponding to the solid phase and the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase (H) in the ternary system. Besides these two phases, a high-viscosity liquid phase (L2) and a micellar phase (L1) can also be found in the phase diagram, although they just occupy small areas. Polarizing optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering are used to characterize the different lyotropic liquid crystal types. Moreover, the viscosity distribution and oscillation tests are also performed by means of the rheometer. High elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) can be found in the H and the L2phase, whereas both moduli are low in the L1region. The PVA/AES/water ternary phase diagram provides a good guide for accelerating the selection of the detergent formula, whereas the rheological tests provide an application guidance for industrial operations. Beyond tis, the L1region is considered to be a reasonable range for slurry making because of its good fluidity and low viscoelasticity. This research enriches the content of polymer–surfactant aggregates and promotes the development of solid detergent manufacturing industry.